Cuboid

In geometry, a cuboid is a hexahedron with quadrilateral faces, meaning it is a polyhedron with six faces; it has eight vertices and twelve edges. A rectangular cuboid (sometimes also called a "cuboid") has all right angles and equal opposite faces. Etymologically, "cuboid" means "like a cube", in the sense of a convex solid which can be transformed into a cube (by adjusting the lengths of its edges and the angles between its adjacent faces). A cuboid is a convex polyhedron whose polyhedral graph is the same as that of a cube.^[1]^[2]

Cuboids have different types. A special case of a cuboid is a rectangular cuboid, with six rectangle faces and adjacent faces meeting at right angles. When all of the rectangular cuboid's edges are equal in length, it results in a cube, with six square faces and adjacent faces meeting at right angles.^[1]^[3] Along with the rectangular cuboids, parallelepiped is a cuboid with six parallelogram. Rhombohedron is a cuboid with six rhombus faces. A square frustum is a frustum with a square base, but the rest of its faces are quadrilaterals. The square frustum is formed by truncating the apex of a square pyramid.

In attempting to classify cuboids by their symmetries, Robertson (1983) found that there were at least 22 different cases, "of which only about half are familiar in the shapes of everyday objects".^[4]

Some notable cuboids
(quadrilateral-faced convex hexahedra • $8$ vertices and $12$ edges each)
Name	Faces	Symmetry group
Cube	$6$ congruent squares	$O h, [4,3], (*432)$ order $48$
Trigonal trapezohedron	$6$ congruent rhombi	$D 3d, [2 +,6], (2*3)$ order $12$
Rectangular cuboid	$3$ pairs of rectangles	$D 2h, [2,2], (*222)$ order $8$
Right rhombic prism	$1$ pair of rhombi, $4$ congruent squares	$D 2h, [2,2], (*222)$ order $8$
Right square frustum	$2$ non-congruent squares, $4$ congruent isosceles trapezoids	$C 4v, [4], (*44)$ order $8$
Twisted trigonal trapezohedron	$6$ congruent quadrilaterals	$D 3, [2,3] +, (223)$ order $6$
Right isosceles-trapezoidal prism	$1$ pair of isosceles trapezoids; $1$ , $2$ or $3$ (congruent) square(s)	$?, ?, ?$ order $4$
Rhombohedron	$3$ pairs of rhombi	$C i, [2 +,2 +], (\times)$ order $2$
Parallelepiped	$3$ pairs of parallelograms	$C i, [2 +,2 +], (\times)$ order $2$

There exist quadrilateral-faced hexahedra which are non-convex.

References

^ ^a ^b Robertson, Stewart A. (1984). Polytopes and Symmetry. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780521277396.
^ Branko Grünbaum has also used the word "cuboid" to describe a more general class of convex polytopes in three or more dimensions, obtained by gluing together polytopes combinatorially equivalent to hypercubes. See: Grünbaum, Branko (2003). Convex Polytopes. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 221 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 59. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0019-9. ISBN 978-0-387-00424-2. MR 1976856.
^ Dupuis, Nathan F. (1893). Elements of Synthetic Solid Geometry. Macmillan. p. 53. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
^ Robertson, S. A. (1983). "Polyhedra and symmetry". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 5 (4): 57–60. doi:10.1007/BF03026511. MR 0746897.

[alexander84-1] Robertson, Stewart A. (1984). Polytopes and Symmetry. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780521277396.

[grunbaum-2] Branko Grünbaum has also used the word "cuboid" to describe a more general class of convex polytopes in three or more dimensions, obtained by gluing together polytopes combinatorially equivalent to hypercubes. See: Grünbaum, Branko (2003). Convex Polytopes. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 221 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 59. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0019-9. ISBN 978-0-387-00424-2. MR 1976856.

[dupius-3] Dupuis, Nathan F. (1893). Elements of Synthetic Solid Geometry. Macmillan. p. 53. Retrieved December 1, 2018.

[robertson-4] Robertson, S. A. (1983). "Polyhedra and symmetry". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 5 (4): 57–60. doi:10.1007/BF03026511. MR 0746897.

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See also

References