Guided democracy
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Guided democracy, also called directed democracy[1] and managed democracy,[2][3] is a formally democratic government that functions as a de facto authoritarian government or, in some cases, as an autocratic government.[4] Such hybrid regimes are legitimized by elections, but do not change the state's policies, motives, and goals.[5][page needed]
In a guided democracy, the government controls elections such that the people can exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. While they follow basic democratic principles, there can be major deviations towards authoritarianism. Under managed democracy, the state's continuous use of propaganda techniques prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.[5][page needed]
The concept is also related to semi-democracy, also known as anocracy.
Regimes
[edit] | This section is missing information about regime examples. (August 2024) |
Laos under Nosavan
[edit]Peru in the 1990s
[edit]Poland under Sanacja
[edit]The Sanacja regime that governed interwar Poland from 1926 to 1939[6] is considered an example of guided democracy, during both its first phase from 1926 to 1930,[7] as well as the final 1930-1939 phase.[8] The regime retained much of the structures and institutions of Polish parliamentary democracy, even though Józef Piłsudski exercised such large influence on the government that he "assumed some of the postures of a dictator".[6][7] The 1935 April Constitution of Poland implemented by Sanacja centralized most state power in the hands of President, but the Polish guided democracy nevertheless stayed pluralistic, even if authoritarian.[8] The opposition sat in the parliament and local governments, and political parties were allowed to function legally.[6]
Polish historian Andrzej Chojnowski notes that elections under Piłsudski's regime were still organised along the principles of parliamentary democracy,[6] and the Sanacja regime was genuinely popular as the opposition parties were blamed for failing to prevent the Great Depression.[9] Writing about late Sanacja, Antony Polonsky stated that even after 1930, "parties survived, the press was fairly free, criticism was allowed", thus maintaining the system of guided democracy.[10] While the actions of the opposition were hampered, repressions were rare and only two parties were banned: Camp of Great Poland and National Radical Camp.[6][11]
Indonesia under Sukarno
[edit]After World War II, the term "guided democracy" was used in Indonesia for the approach to government under the Sukarno administration from 1959 to 1966.[12]
Russia under Putin
[edit]The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of Russia under Vladimir Putin by former Putin advisor Gleb Pavlovsky,[13] by media,[14][15] and by Russian intellectual Marat Gelman.[16]
Singapore under PAP
[edit]Singapore under the People's Action Party (PAP) has been mentioned in the context of guided democracy.[17][18][19] Proponents of this view point to the party's dominant position in parliament, which they argue limits effective political competition. Additionally, they raise concerns about restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly, which they see as hindering the ability of opposition voices to gain traction.[18] However, supporters of the PAP counter that its sustained electoral success reflects broad public approval for its governance, emphasizing the party's focus on economic development, social stability, and national unity. They further argue that Singapore's specific circumstances, including its diverse ethnic makeup and historical vulnerability, necessitate a strong and stable government, which the PAP's model is said to provide.[citation needed]
United States under lobbyism
[edit] | This subsection relies largely or entirely on a single source. (August 2024) |
In his book Democracy Incorporated, Sheldon Wolin contends that the United States has transformed into a managed democracy dominated by corporate power and the interests of the wealthy elite. Lobbying plays a central role in this system, as corporations and wealthy individuals use their financial resources to influence legislation and policy decisions in their favor.[5][page needed]
Wolin highlights several key points about the influence of lobbying and the nature of the managed democracy:[5][page needed]
- The influence of money in politics has dramatically increased, with corporations and wealthy individuals spending vast sums on lobbying and campaign contributions. This creates an uneven playing field, where the voices of ordinary citizens are dampened.
- The close relationship between corporations, lobbyists, and government officials creates a revolving door, which is characterized by individuals moving back and forth between the private and public sectors, often serving the interests of their former employers.
- The excessive influence of money has weakened democratic institutions, with some strategically placed politicians defending the interests of special groups over the interests of the broader public, ultimately undermining the core principles of democracy.
Wolin's concept of managed democracy describes a system that is hiding the rule of a powerful elite behind a democratic facade. This elite uses its influence and financial resources to shape public opinion and manipulate the political system to serve its own agenda.[5][page needed]
See also
[edit]- Conservative democracy
- Dictablanda
- Dominant-party system
- Enlightened absolutism
- Ethnic democracy
- Herrenvolk democracy
- Illiberal democracy
- Sovereign democracy
- Totalitarian democracy
- Types of democracy
References
[edit]- ^ Sultana, Tasneem. (2012). The Evolution of Democracy through the Ages: Focus on the European Experience. 28. p. 38. "[Guided democracy] is also called Directed Democracy."
- ^ E. Akıllı, H. Tabak, O. Tufekci, A. Chiriatti. (2017). Eurasian Politics and Society: Issues and Challenges. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443891820, 1443891827. p. 158.
- ^ Rohmann, Chris (2000). A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers. Ballantine Books ISBN 978-0-345-43706-8
- ^ Vanbergen, Graham (March 28, 2024). "Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society". The Economic Times. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Wolin, Sheldon S. (2008). Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13566-3.
- ^ a b c d e Chojnowski, Andrzej (2009). Rządy pomajowe. Muzeum Historii Polski. ISBN 978-83-11-11629-0. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- ^ a b Plach, Eva (2006). The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935 (PDF). pp. 13–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-12. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- ^ a b di Gregorio, Angela (2021). "European and Polish constitutionalism in the aftermath of WW1". DPCE Online. 48 (3): 31. doi:10.57660/dpceonline.2021.1388. ISSN 2037-6677.
- ^ "Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl". Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
- ^ Polonsky, Antony (1972). Politics in Independent Poland 1921-1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827182-6.
- ^ Andrzej Friszke, Henryk Samsonowicz (2010). "Józef Piłsudski". KSAP XX LAT (PDF). pp. 349–379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
- ^ Lindsey, Tim (2021-08-20). "Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Weir, Fred (October 1, 2003). "Kremlin lobs another shot at marketplace of ideas". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ Sauer, Pjotr (2023-12-08). "Vladimir Putin to run for Russian president again in March 2024". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Shukla, Sebastian; Chernova, Anna; Sebastian, Clare; Picheta, Rob (2024-02-08). "Russian anti-war election candidate barred from running against Putin". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Managed Democracy". The Moscow Times. July 8, 2005. Archived from the original on 2014-08-15.
- ^ Shen, Rujun (March 23, 2015). "All roads lead to Singapore: Asians study Lee Kuan Yew's mantra". Reuters.
- ^ a b Han, Kirsten (2024-08-07). "Opinion: Opposition Victories Force a Crack in Singapore's Carefully Managed Democracy". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ^ "Does democracy hurt or help growth in the tiger economies of Asia?". The Economist. December 5, 2019. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-08-04.