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Durham University Observatory

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Durham Observatory
Observatory front view
Durham University Observatory is located in Durham, England
Durham University Observatory
Location within Durham, England
General information
TypeObservatory
LocationPotters Bank, Durham
Coordinates54°46′05″N 1°35′10″W / 54.768°N 1.586°W / 54.768; -1.586
Construction started1839
Completed1841
OwnerDurham University
Design and construction
Architect(s)Anthony Salvin
Website
durhamweather.webspace.durham.ac.uk

The Durham University Observatory is a weather observatory owned and operated by the University of Durham. It is a Grade II listed building[1] located at Potters Bank, Durham and was founded in 1839 initially as an astronomical and meteorological observatory (owing to the need to calculate refraction from the air temperature) by Temple Chevallier, until 1937 when the observatory moved purely to meteorological recording.[2]

The observatory's current director is Professor Tim Burt of the Geography Department, who is also Master of Hatfield College.

After the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford (from 1772) and the Armagh Observatory (from 1795), Durham has the third longest unbroken meteorological record in the UK, with records dating back to 23 July 1843,[3] principally due to the work of Gordon Manley in creating a temperature record that would be comparable to Oxford's.[4] In 2022, Oxford University Press published Durham Weather and Climate since 1841, analysing the observatory's weather records and giving a history of the observations, as a sister volume to their Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 (2019).[5] Observations were made manually until 1999, since when a Met Office automatic weather station has been used.[3]

The observatory is a World Meteorological Organization Centennial Observing Station.[6]

History

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The university established the observatory in 1839. Funds were raised by a public appeal and the site was made available by the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral. The building was designed by Anthony Salvin and was completed by 1841 with the telescope installed in 1842. The latitude of the observatory was determined in 1843 and its longitude in 1851, by Richard Carrington. An obelisk was installed in the grounds of St Leonard's School, due north of the observatory, in 1850 to check the alignment of the telescope.[7]

Former observers

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Weather records

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Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3)
17.4
(63.3)
21.8
(71.2)
24.1
(75.4)
29.0
(84.2)
30.4
(86.7)
36.9
(98.4)
32.5
(90.5)
30.0
(86.0)
25.3
(77.5)
19.3
(66.7)
15.9
(60.6)
36.9
(98.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4)
7.8
(46.0)
9.9
(49.8)
12.5
(54.5)
15.4
(59.7)
18.0
(64.4)
20.2
(68.4)
19.9
(67.8)
17.4
(63.3)
13.5
(56.3)
9.7
(49.5)
7.1
(44.8)
13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4)
4.6
(40.3)
6.2
(43.2)
8.3
(46.9)
10.9
(51.6)
13.6
(56.5)
15.8
(60.4)
15.6
(60.1)
13.3
(55.9)
10.0
(50.0)
6.6
(43.9)
4.2
(39.6)
9.5
(49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)
1.4
(34.5)
2.5
(36.5)
4.1
(39.4)
6.5
(43.7)
9.3
(48.7)
11.3
(52.3)
11.3
(52.3)
9.2
(48.6)
6.5
(43.7)
3.6
(38.5)
1.4
(34.5)
5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −16.9
(1.6)
−18.0
(−0.4)
−15.0
(5.0)
−11.1
(12.0)
−4.8
(23.4)
−0.8
(30.6)
1.4
(34.5)
0.0
(32.0)
−1.7
(28.9)
−5.3
(22.5)
−12.0
(10.4)
−16.4
(2.5)
−18.0
(−0.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.8
(2.04)
44.6
(1.76)
41.1
(1.62)
51.2
(2.02)
44.4
(1.75)
61.0
(2.40)
60.9
(2.40)
66.5
(2.62)
56.9
(2.24)
63.4
(2.50)
73.0
(2.87)
61.0
(2.40)
675.7
(26.60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.8 9.9 8.6 9.1 8.6 9.9 10.7 10.3 9.4 11.8 12.0 12.0 124.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.9 84.4 121.7 160.8 187.1 167.1 174.3 167.3 135.3 98.9 64.6 57.6 1,480
Source 1: Met Office[11]
Source 2: Durham Weather[12][13][14]

References

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  1. ^ "Durham Observatory". Heritage Gateway. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  2. ^ Documentation Preserved – Spr. 1998 Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b "Overview and brief history". Durham Weather. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  4. ^ "The History". Archived from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2008. The Observatory's History
  5. ^ "Durham Weather and Climate since 1841". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  6. ^ "Centennial Observing Stations". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Kenworthy, J. M.; Burt, T. P.; Cox, N. J. (2007). "Durham University Observatory and its meteorological record". Weather. 62 (10). Royal Meteorological Society: 265–269. Bibcode:2007Wthr...62..265K. doi:10.1002/wea.86.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Durham University: Earlier Foundations and Present Colleges, Fowler, Joseph Thomas (1904)" (PDF). Kessinger Publishing. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  9. ^ Rochester, G. D. (1980). "The History of Astronomy in the University of Durham from 1835 TO 1939". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21: 369. Bibcode:1980QJRAS..21..369R.
  10. ^ "Durham". CEDA Archive. Natural Centre for Environmental Data Analysis. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Durham (Durham) UK climate averages". Met Office. 1991–2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  12. ^ Burt, Stephen; Burt, Tim (2022). Durham Weather and Climate since 1841. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  13. ^ Tim Burt. "The weather at Durham in 2022". Durham Weather. Durham University. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  14. ^ Tim Burt. "The weather at Durham in 2023". Durham Weather. Durham University. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
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