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• [1] Further south, the implications of Charles's unusual move were still being felt in 890 when Louis was crowned king of Provence. The acts of his election at Valence are laced with imperial mementos. The archbishops observed that when that most glorious Emperor died, Provence had been left without a king and had suffered severely.
• [2] At any rate, Charles the Fat was deposed later in 887 and died early in 888, and no one else immediately took up the imperial title. This left the broad strip of Burgundy and Provence which had been attached to the empire since 843 without a ruler, making possible both Rudolf's accession to upper Burgundy in 888, as already noted, and Louis' election to lower Burgundy (Provence) in 890. He was elected in an assembly at Valence withaout any apparent opposition.
• [3] In 888, three separate non-Carolingians were elected king (or "kinglets," reguli, as the Annales of Fulda called them): Odo in France (the first king fron the Robertian/capetian line), Berengar in Italy, and Rudolph I in trans-Saône Burgundy/Capetian line), Berengar in Italy, and Rudolph I in trans-Sône Burgundy (in the region northeast of where Boso had ruled). In the aftermath of these three elections, there was little reason to be reticent in electing another "kinglet." This was especially true as, according to the Annales of Fulda, Charles de Fat had been persuaded by Emergand, Boso's widow and his own cousin, to "quasi-adopt" Boso's young son Louis as his own son. In 890 Louis was elected without opposition to succeed his father in Provence.

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