File:Grand Canyon National Park Kaibab Formation 2504 (8045908561).jpg
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Summary
DescriptionGrand Canyon National Park Kaibab Formation 2504 (8045908561).jpg |
The Sinking Ship (left in the distance) Kaibab formation slabs (right foreground) View is from along the canyon rim east of Buggeln Picnic Area on the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park. NPS photo by Kristen M. Caldon. Kaibab Formation: Thickness: 200-500 ft. Deposited 270 million years ago, during the Paleozoic Era - Early Middle Permian Period, the Kaibab Formation is the topmost rock layer at the Grand Canyon. It is largely made up of light colored limestones and is a cliff forming unit. The Kaibab Formation contains numerous fossils indicative of a warm and shallow water environment, including crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoans, and sponges. Chert, which forms irregular blobs and nodules, is common in the Kaibab. Chert is composed of silica and, as it is more resistant to weathering, can often be seen protruding from the rock around it. It often forms where there is an empty space in the rock, such as in a worm burrow. It also forms where an organism made primarily of silica, such as a sponge, has been buried. Most of the sponges in the Kaibab Formation are preserved in chert. The Kaibab Limestone is also distinct in that it is readily dissolved, resulting in the formation of karst topography on the canyon’s rims. Numerous caves and sinkholes are present in the Kaibab, particularly on the North Rim. While the Kaibab Limestone now caps Grand Canyon’s rims, many more rock layers once sat above the Kaibab. Perhaps as much as one mile (1.6 km) of Mesozoic rock layers once covered the Kaibab Formation. Remnants of these rock layers exist near Grand Canyon, including Cedar Mountain and Red Butte. |
Date | |
Source | Grand Canyon National Park: Kaibab Formation 2504 |
Author | Grand Canyon National Park |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Grand Canyon NPS at https://flickr.com/photos/50693818@N08/8045908561. It was reviewed on 21 November 2020 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
21 November 2020
Items portrayed in this file
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27 September 2012
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 21:06, 21 November 2020 | 4,288 × 2,848 (3.97 MB) | Tm | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D300 |
Author | NPS photo by Kristen M. Caldon |
Exposure time | 1/320 sec (0.003125) |
F-number | f/11 |
ISO speed rating | 320 |
Date and time of data generation | 14:20, 27 September 2012 |
Lens focal length | 20 mm |
Short title |
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Image title |
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Width | 4,288 px |
Height | 2,848 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows |
File change date and time | 20:22, 1 October 2012 |
Exposure Program | Manual |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 14:20, 27 September 2012 |
Shutter speed | 8.321928 |
APEX aperture | 6.918863 |
Exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3 APEX (f/2.83) |
Subject distance | 1.19 meters |
Metering mode | Spot |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 31 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 31 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 31 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 30 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Serial number of camera | 3104646 |
Lens used | 17.0-35.0 mm f/2.8 |
Rating (out of 5) | 0 |
Date metadata was last modified | 13:22, 1 October 2012 |
Unique ID of original document | 9D0A4B01FE80C0192682365CFA0D0125 |
Copyright status | Copyright status not set |
IIM version | 108 |