Jump to content

Fox News controversies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Fox News talking point)

The logo of Fox News

Fox News is an American basic cable and satellite television channel currently owned by Fox Corporation. Since its inception by Rupert Murdoch's original News Corporation in 1996, it has been the subject of several controversies and allegations.

Fox News has been described by academics, media figures, political figures, and watchdog groups as being biased in favor of the Republican Party in its news coverage,[1][2][3][4] as perpetuating conservative bias,[5] and as misleading their audience in relation to science, notably climate change[6][7][8][9] and the COVID-19 pandemic.[10][11][12][13]

Fox News was sued for defamation in 2021 by two voting machine companies alleging the network's hosts and guests knowingly promoted falsehoods that voting machines were rigged to deny Donald Trump's reelection in the 2020 presidential election. The companies sought a total of $4.3 billion in damages. Fox News agreed to pay $787.5 million to resolve the defamation suit filed by Dominion Voting Systems over the network's promotion of misinformation about the 2020 election.

Allegations of bias

[edit]

Political figures

[edit]

Former Democratic National Committee chairman Howard Dean has referred to Fox News as a "right-wing propaganda machine",[14] and several Democratic politicians have boycotted events hosted or sponsored by the network.[15][16] In 2007, several major Democratic presidential candidates (Hillary Clinton, John Edwards, Barack Obama, and Bill Richardson) boycotted or dropped out of Fox News-sponsored or -hosted debates.[17][18][19] The DNC reaffirmed their boycott in 2019.[20][21]

Similar accusations were levied against Fox News in response to its decision to exclude Ron Paul and Duncan Hunter from the January 5, 2008, Republican primary debate.[22] In response, many individuals and organizations petitioned Fox News to reconsider its decision. When Fox News refused to change its position and continued to exclude Paul and Hunter, the New Hampshire Republican Party officially announced it would withdraw as a Fox News partner in the forum.[23]

While Fox News has been criticized for its tendency to support the Republican Party and its interests, David Frum, former speechwriter for George W. Bush, has also said, "Republicans originally thought that Fox worked for us and now we're discovering we work for Fox."[24]

Media figures

[edit]

CNN personality Larry King said in a January 17, 2007, interview with the Chicago Sun-Times: "They're a Republican brand. They're an extension of the Republican Party with some exceptions, [like] Greta Van Susteren. But I don't begrudge them that. [Fox News CEO] Roger Ailes is an old friend. They've been nice to me. They've said some very nice things about me. Not [Bill] O'Reilly, but I don't watch him."[25]

Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Republican and conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg stated: "Look, I think liberals have reasonable gripes with Fox News. It does lean to the right, primarily in its opinion programming but also in its story selection (which is fine by me) and elsewhere. But it's worth remembering that Fox is less a bastion of ideological conservatism and more a populist, tabloid-like network."[5]

Then-Fox News host Bill O'Reilly stated in 2004, in the context of the Iraq War, that "Fox does tilt right", but that the network does not "actively campaign or try to help Bush-Cheney."[26][27]

Media watchdogs

[edit]

Progressive media watchdog groups such as Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR)[3] and Media Matters for America,[4] have argued that Fox News' reporting contains conservative editorializing within news stories. FAIR has asserted that the ratio of conservative to non-conservative guests on Fox News shows strongly favors conservatives. In a study of a nineteen-week period from January 2001 to May 2001 on Special Report with Brit Hume, the ratio was 25:3, and FAIR obtained similar data from other Fox News shows.[28][29]

The conservative watchdog group Accuracy in Media has claimed that there was a conflict of interest in Fox News' co-sponsorship of the May 15, 2007, Republican presidential debate, pointing out that candidate Rudy Giuliani's law firm had tackled copyright protection and legislation on the purchase of cable television lineups for News Corporation, the then-parent company of Fox News, Fox Sports, Foxtel, Fox Footy, Fox Sports News, Fox Television Studios, Fox Television Stations, Foxstar Productions, 20th Television, 20th Century Fox Television, 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and DirecTV, and suggesting that Fox News might be biased in favor of Giuliani's candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination.[30]

Response

[edit]

Fox News has publicly denied such charges, stating that the reporters in the newsroom provide separate, neutral reporting, while acknowledging their opinion programming is not intended to be neutral.[31][32]

Ownership and management

[edit]

Australian-born media mogul Rupert Murdoch is the chairman of Fox Corporation, the News Corp subsidiary which owns Fox News. He has been a subject of controversy and criticism as a result of his extensive interests in print and broadcast media. In the United States, he is the publisher of the New York Post newspaper and the magazine The Weekly Standard. Accusations against him include the "dumbing down" of news and introducing "mindless vulgarity" in place of genuine journalism, and having his own outlets produce news that serves his own political and financial agendas. According to the BBC News website: "To some, he is little less than the devil incarnate, to others, the most progressive mover-and-shaker in the media business."[33]

Then-presidential candidate George W. Bush's cousin, John Prescott Ellis, was Fox News' projection team manager during the 2000 presidential election. After speaking numerous times on election night with his cousins George and Jeb,[34] Ellis, at 2:16 AM, reversed Fox News' call for Florida as a state won by Al Gore. Critics allege this was a premature decision, given the impossibly razor-thin margin (officially 537 of 5.9 million votes),[35] which created the "lasting impression that Bush 'won' the White House – and all the legal wrangling down in Florida is just a case of Democratic 'snippiness'."[36] Others, such as researcher John Lott, have responded that, by this reasoning, Fox News and the other networks were even more premature in initially calling the state for Al Gore, a call made while polls were still open, and which may have depressed voter turnout for Bush[37] and actually affected the election, whereas the call for Bush later could not have, as the polls were closed by then.[citation needed]

On January 9, 2010, the son-in-law of Rupert Murdoch and the husband of Murdoch's daughter Elisabeth, Matthew Freud, stated he and other members of the media mogul's family are "ashamed and sickened" by the right-leaning tendencies of Fox News in the opening salvo in a bid to displace Roger Ailes, the founder, and CEO of Fox News.[38] In a New York Times profile on Ailes, Freud was quoted saying "I am by no means alone within the family or the company in being ashamed and sickened by Roger Ailes' horrendous and sustained disregard of the journalist standards that News Corporation, its founder and every other global media business aspires to. What you heard was a declaration of war. There are, practically speaking, now two factions inside of News Corp: Ailes and Fox News, and the Murdoch children – with Rupert caught between them." Although Murdoch did not respond to the remark directly, a spokesperson for News Corporation put a statement after a Financial Times inquiry claiming "Matthew Freud's opinions are his own and in no way reflect the views of Rupert Murdoch, who is proud of Roger Ailes and Fox News."[39] Tim Arango also claims in Murdoch's 2008 biography that he voiced concerns privately to Ailes about his conduct, claiming he was purportedly "embarrassed" by Fox News. Murdoch denied that claim.[40]

In June 2010, News Corporation donated $1 million to the Republican Governors Association.[41][42][43] News Corporation's political action committee had previously split their contributions to Democrats and Republicans by a margin of 54% to 46%, respectively.[44]

On March 20, 2018, Fox News contributor Lt. Col. Ralph Peters left the network. Referencing the Trump administration, Peters stated that Fox News had become a "propaganda machine for a destructive and ethically ruinous administration" and objected to the network helping "Putin's agenda by making light of Russian penetration of our elections and the Trump campaign".[45] On March 22, 2019, Vox interviewed media critic Tom Rosenstiel, who argued Fox News had shifted from a partisan network to a propaganda network in support of President Donald Trump.[46]

Reports, polls, surveys and studies

[edit]

Polls and surveys

[edit]

A poll conducted by Rasmussen Reports during September 2004 found that Fox News was seen as second to CBS as the most politically biased network in the public view. 37% of respondents thought CBS, in the wake of the Killian documents controversy, was trying to help elect Senator John Kerry, while 34% of respondents said they believed that Fox News' goal was to "help elect Bush".[47] However, a poll by Public Policy Polling in January 2010 found Fox News to be the only U.S. television news network to receive a positive rating by the public for trustworthiness, with results strongly split depending on the political affiliation of the respondents.[48] A survey by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press showed "a striking rise in the politicization of cable TV news audiences ... This pattern is most apparent with the fast-growing Fox News Channel."[49] Another Pew survey of news consumption found that Fox News has not suffered a decline in credibility with its audience, with one in four (25%) saying they believe all or most of what they see on the network, virtually unchanged since Fox News was first tested in 2000.[50]

According to the results of a 2006 study by the Project for Excellence in Journalism found that Fox News was rarely cited by 547 surveyed journalists as an outlet taking an ideological stance in its coverage, and most identified as advocating conservative political positions.[51] In the 2004 survey, 69% of national journalists cited Fox News as being especially conservative in its coverage of news.[52]

A 2019 Pew survey found that Fox News is the fifth most trusted source in America for political and election news, with 43% of all polled voters (compared with 47% of second-place CNN and 34% of ninth-place MSNBC). However, it is also the least trusted with 40% of all polled voters (compared with 32% of second-place CNN and 26% of fourth-place MSNBC).[53]

Studies and reports

[edit]

The "2011 State of the News Media" Report by the Pew Center on Excellence in Journalism found that in 2010, Fox News had an average daytime audience of 1.2 million and nighttime viewership of 1.1 million, higher than its cable competitors but down 11% and 9% respectively from 2009. Fox News' cumulative audience (unique viewers who watched at least sixty minutes in an average month) was 41.1 million, coming in second to CNN with 41.7 million. For 2010, CNN's digital network continued to lead Fox News' digital network online; CNN with 35.7 million unique visitors per month, compared to Fox News' 15.5 million. For the first time Fox News outspent its competitors, with a total news investment of $686 million. 72% of this investment went to program costs, reflecting their focus on high-profile hosts. They also increased their revenues 17% over 2009 to $1.5 billion, well ahead of second-place CNN at $1.2 billion.[54][55]

Content analysis studies

[edit]

The Project on Excellence in Journalism report in 2006 showed that 68 percent of Fox News cable stories contained personal opinions, as compared to MSNBC at 27 percent and CNN at 4 percent. The "content analysis" portion of their 2005 report also concluded that "Fox was measurably more one-sided than the other networks, and Fox News Channel journalists were more opinionated on the air."[56]

A 2006 University of California, Berkeley, study cited that there was a correlation between the presence of Fox News in cable markets and increases in Republican votes in those markets.[57] A 2010 study found that with respect to coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2005, "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the [Bush] administration than NBC."[58]

Studies of reporting bias

[edit]

In a 2006 academic content analysis of election news, Rasmussen Reports showed that the 2004 election coverage from Fox News favored George W. Bush significantly more than John Kerry.[59] In a 2010 study of the news coverage of the 2004 political party conventions, Morris and Francia found that Fox News' reporting was more negative toward the Democratic convention and gave Republicans more opportunity to voice their message than the other networks. The study also found that viewers who relied on Fox News' coverage exhibited attitude change toward both candidates, but particularly a lowering opinion toward Kerry. In contrast the study found that CNN's coverage was more fair and balanced.[60]

A study published in November 2005 by Tim Groseclose, a professor of political science at UCLA, scoring political bias from twenty mainstream news reporting outlets, concluded that all "except Fox News' Special Report and The Washington Times, received scores to the left of the average member of Congress." In particular, Special Report with Brit Hume had an Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) rating that was right of the political center. Groseclose's model used the number of times a host cited a particular think tank on his or her program and compared it with the number of times a member of Congress cited a think tank, correlating that with the politician's ADA rating.[61][62]

Geoff Nunberg, a professor of linguistics at UC Berkeley and a National Public Radio (NPR) commentator, criticized the methodology of Groseclose's study and labeled its conclusions invalid.[63] He pointed to what he saw as Groseclose's reliance on interpretations of facts and data that were taken from sources that were not, in his view, credible. Groseclose and Professor Jeff Milyo rebutted, saying Nunberg "shows a gross misunderstanding [of] our statistical method and the actual assumptions upon which it relies."[64] Mark Liberman (a professor of computer science and the director of Linguistic Data Consortium at the University of Pennsylvania), who helped post Groseclose and Milyo's rebuttal, later posted how the statistical methods used to calculate this bias pose faults.[65][66] Liberman concluded "that many if not most of the complaints directed against G&M are motivated in part by ideological disagreement — just as much of the praise for their work is motivated by ideological agreement. It would be nice if there were a less politically fraught body of data on which such modeling exercises could be explored."[65]

A December 2007 study by Samuel R. Lichter, of the self-described nonpartisan Center for Media and Public Affairs, found that Fox News' evaluations of all of the 2008 Democratic presidential candidates combined was 51% positive and 49% negative, while the network's evaluations of the Republican presidential candidates 51% negative and 49% positive. The study, however, did find that Fox News' coverage was less negative toward Republican candidates than the coverage of broadcast networks.[67]

A study by Media Matters for America found that between August 1 and October 1, 2013, on Fox News, "69 percent of guests and 75 percent of mentions cast doubt on climate science," compared to "[half] of those quoted in The Wall Street Journal ... about 29 percent in the Los Angeles Times, about 17 percent in The Washington Post and about 12 percent in Bloomberg News."[6][7] Fox News' argument against criticism that it disproportionately represents the views of climate change deniers was to itself deny the factual figures which indicate that 97% of climate science experts worldwide hold the consensus view of human-caused global warming.[8] A 2012 report by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that, from February 2012 to July 2012, 93% of global warming coverage by Fox News was misleading. The report put the figure significantly lower—81 percent—for The Wall Street Journal. The misleading statements identified in the report included "dismissals of human-caused climate change, disparaging comments about individual scientists, rejections of climate science as a body of knowledge, and cherry picking of data."[68][69] A similar 2013 report, also conducted by the Union of Concerned Scientists, found that 28% of global warming coverage by Fox News was accurate, a nine-fold increase from the aforementioned report but still significantly behind CNN and MSNBC respectively (70% and 92%).[9]

Croft concluded that Fox News coverage glorified the Iraq War and its reporting framed the discussion in such a way as to drown out critics.[2] He quotes Christiane Amanpour as stating that there was a culture of self-censorship created by "the administration and its foot soldiers at Fox News".[2]

A May 2017 study conducted by Harvard University's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy examined coverage of President Trump's first 100 days in office by all major mainstream media outlets and broadcast networks including CNN, HLN, Fox News, MSNBC, NBC, ABC and CBS.[70] It found that, altogether, Trump received 80% negative coverage from the media, and that he received the least negative coverage on Fox News – 52% negative and 48% positive.[71]

Tests of knowledge of Fox News viewers

[edit]

A study by the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Maryland School of Public Affairs, as published in the Winter 03–04 issue of the Political Science Quarterly,[72] reported that poll-based findings[73] indicated that viewers of Fox News Channel, the Fox broadcast network and local Fox affiliates, including in New York City and Los Angeles, were more likely than viewers of other news networks to hold three misperceptions:[72]

In response, conservative columnist Ann Coulter, a frequent guest on Fox News, characterized the PIPA findings as "misperceptions of pointless liberal factoids" and called it a "hoax poll".[74] Bill O'Reilly called the study "absolute crap".[75] Roger Ailes referred to the study as "an old push poll".[76] James Taranto, editor of OpinionJournal.com, The Wall Street Journal's online editorial page, called the poll "pure propaganda".[77] PIPA issued a clarification on October 17, 2003, stating that, "The findings were not meant to and cannot be used as a basis for making broad judgments about the general accuracy of the reporting of various networks or the general accuracy of the beliefs of those who get their news from those networks. Only a substantially more comprehensive study could undertake such broad research questions," and stated "that the correlation between viewing Fox News and holding misperceptions does not prove that Fox News' presentation caused the misperceptions", inferring that causality is not necessary to prove correlation.[78][79]

PIPA also conducted a statistical study on purported misinformation evidenced by registered voters before the 2010 midterm election. According to the results of the study, "... false or misleading information is widespread in the general information environment ..."[80] but viewers of Fox News were more likely to be misinformed on specific issues when compared to viewers of comparable media,[81] that this likelihood also increased proportionally to the frequency of viewing Fox News[81] and that these findings showed statistical significance.[82]

A 2007 Pew Research Center poll of general political knowledge ("Who is the governor of your state?", "Who is the President of Russia?") indicated that Fox News viewers scored 35% in the high-knowledge area, the same as the national average. This was not significantly different than local news, network news, and morning news, and was slightly lower than CNN (41%). Viewers of The O'Reilly Factor (51%) scored in the high category along with Rush Limbaugh (50%), NPR (51%), major newspapers (54%), Newshour with Jim Lehrer (53%) The Daily Show (54%) and The Colbert Report (54%).[83]

A 2010 Stanford University survey found "more exposure to Fox News was associated with more rejection of many mainstream scientists' claims about global warming, [and] with less trust in scientists".[84] A 2011 Kaiser Family Foundation survey on U.S. misperceptions about health care reform found that Fox News viewers had a poorer understanding of the new laws and were more likely to believe in falsehoods about the Affordable Care Act, such as cuts to Medicare benefits and the death panel myth.[85] A 2010 Ohio State University study of public misperceptions about the so-called "Ground Zero Mosque", officially named Park51, found that viewers who relied on Fox News were 66% more likely to believe incorrect rumors than those with a "low reliance" on Fox News.[86]

In 2011, a study by Fairleigh Dickinson University found that Fox News viewers living in New Jersey were less well-informed than people who did not watch any news at all. The study employed objective questions, such as whether Hosni Mubarak was still in power in Egypt.[87][88][89]

Internal memos and email

[edit]

Daily memos

[edit]

Fox News executives exert a degree of editorial control over the content of the network's daily reporting. The channel's vice president of news, John Moody, controls content by writing memos to the news department staff. In the documentary Outfoxed, former Fox News employees talk about the inner workings of the channel. In memos from the documentary, Moody instructs employees on how to approach particular stories and on what stories to approach. Critics of Fox News claim that the instructions on many of the memos indicate a conservative bias. The Washington Post quoted Larry C. Johnson, a former Fox News contributor, describing the Moody memos as "talking points instructing us what the themes are supposed to be, and God help you if you stray."[90]

Photocopied memos from Moody instructed Fox News' on-air anchors and reporters to use positive language when discussing anti-abortion viewpoints, the Iraq War, and tax cuts, as well as requesting that the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal be put in context with the other violence in the area.[91] Such memos were reproduced for the film Outfoxed, which included Moody quotes such as, "The soldiers [seen on Fox News in Iraq] in the foreground should be identified as 'sharpshooters,' not 'snipers,' which carries a negative connotation."[92]

Two days after the 2006 midterm election, The Huffington Post reported that its news department had acquired a copy of a leaked internal memo from Moody that recommended the following: "... [L]et's be on the lookout for any statements from the Iraqi insurgents, who must be thrilled at the prospect of a Dem-controlled congress." Within hours of the memo's publication, Fox News anchor Martha McCallum went on-air on the program The Live Desk with reports of Iraqi insurgents cheering the firing of Donald Rumsfeld and the results of the election.[93][94]

Bill Sammon email

[edit]

In December 2010, Media Matters for America released a leaked October 2009 email between Fox News Washington managing editor Bill Sammon and the network's senior producers, which seemed to issue directives slanting network's coverage of President Barack Obama's health care reform efforts. In the email, Sammon instructed producers to not use the phrase "public option" when discussing a key measure of President Obama's reform bill, and instead use the terms "government option" or "government-run health insurance[,]" noting negative connotations; Sammon also suggested that the qualifier "so-called" be used before any proper mention of the public option. Another email by Fox News senior vice president Michael Clemente accepted Sammon's conditions. Critics claimed that Sammon took advice from Republican pollster Frank Luntz, who appeared on Hannity shortly before the email was written and made the same suggestions in identifying the public option. Critics also noticed that reporters and panelists on Special Report with Bret Baier used the term "public option" before the email was sent, but used the term "government option" immediately afterward. Sammon, in an interview with Howard Kurtz for The Daily Beast, defended the directive and denied he was trying to skew Fox News' coverage.[95]

Later that month, Media Matters released an email by Sammon from December 2009, in which he pressured Fox News reporters to assert that "theories are based upon data that critics have called into question" in light of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy.[96][97]

English Wikipedia edits

[edit]

In August 2007, a new utility, WikiScanner, revealed that English Wikipedia articles relating to Fox News had been edited from IP addresses owned by Fox News,[98] though it was not possible to determine exactly who the editors were. The tool showed that the article for Shepard Smith was edited from Fox News computers, removing mention of an arrest.[99]

Photo manipulation

[edit]

2008

[edit]
Fox News Channel image of Steinberg superimposed on a poodle, and Reddicliffe superimposed on the man holding the poodle's leash
Left: Original photo of Jacques Steinberg. Right: Photo aired on Fox News Channel.
Left: Original photo of Steven Reddicliffe. Right: Photo aired on Fox News Channel.

On the July 2, 2008, edition of Fox & Friends, cohosts Brian Kilmeade and Steve Doocy aired photos of New York Times reporter Jacques Steinberg and Times television editor Steven Reddicliffe that appeared to have been crudely doctored and photoshopped, apparently in order to portray the journalists unflatteringly. This occurred during a discussion of a June 28 piece in the Times, which pointed out what Steinberg called "ominous trends" in Fox News' ratings.[100]

According to Media Matters, the photos depict Steinberg with yellowed teeth, "his nose and chin widened, and his ears made to protrude further." The other image, of Reddicliffe, had similar yellow teeth, as well as "dark circles ... under his eyes, and his hairline has been moved back."[101] During the discussion, Doocy called the Times report, written by Steinberg, a "hit piece" ordered up by Reddicliffe.[100] The broadcast then showed an image of Steinberg's face superimposed over a picture of a poodle, while Reddicliffe's face was superimposed over the man holding the poodle's leash.[100]

Times culture editor Sam Sifton called Fox News photos "disgusting", and the criticism of the paper's reporting a "specious and meritless claim" while denying that it was a "hit piece".[100]

2020

[edit]

In June 2020, Fox News' website published digitally altered photographs of Seattle's Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone to include a man armed with an assault rifle from earlier Seattle protests; also added to the photographs were smashed windows from other parts of Seattle. In a separate incident, the Fox News website ran articles about protests in Seattle, with accompanying photos of a burning city actually being from Saint Paul, Minnesota, the previous month.[102] Although the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone was peacefully occupied, "Fox's coverage contributed to the appearance of armed unrest", stated The Washington Post. The manipulated and wrongly used images were removed, with Fox News stating that it "regrets these errors".[103]

In July 2020, Fox News aired a photo that edited out President Donald Trump from a photo where he was seen posing with Melania Trump, Jeffrey Epstein, and Ghislaine Maxwell at Mar-a-Lago which was shown during a segment about Maxwell's arrest at the time.[104] Fox News later apologized for the edit, claiming it was a mistake.[105][106][107]

September 2009 newspaper ad

[edit]

On September 18, 2009, Fox News took out full-page ads in The Washington Post, the New York Post, and The Wall Street Journal with a prominent caption reading, "How did ABC, CBS, NBC, MSNBC, and CNN miss this story?" with pictures of a Tea Party movement protest on the U.S. Capitol lawn from September 12. A still picture in the ad was in fact taken from a CNN broadcast covering the event. The veracity of the ad was called into question on the air by then-CNN commentator Rick Sanchez, along with others pointing to various coverage of the event.[108][109][110] It had been covered live by CNN, NBC News, CBS News, MSNBC, and ABC News Radio.[108][110][111][112]

Fox News' vice president of marketing, Michael Tammaro, attempted to explain the ad by stating: "Generally speaking, it's fair to say that from the tea party movement ... to ACORN ... to the march on 9/12, the networks either ignored the story, marginalized it or misrepresented the significance of it altogether."[113]

Obama administration conflict with Fox News

[edit]

In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News. On September 20, President Obama appeared on all the major news networks except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about the president by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and general coverage by Fox News with regard to Obama's health care proposal.[114][115] Fox News Sunday host Chris Wallace called White House administration officials "crybabies" in response. Following this, a senior Obama adviser told U.S. News that the White House would never get a fair shake from Fox News.[115]

In late September 2009, Obama senior advisor David Axelrod and Fox News founder Roger Ailes met in secret to try to smooth out tensions between the two camps without much success. Two weeks later, White House officials referred to Fox as "not a news network". Communications director Anita Dunn claimed that, "Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party."[116][117] President Obama followed with, "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another,"[118] and then-White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel stated that it was important "to not have the CNNs and the others in the world basically be led in following FNC."[119]

Within days it was reported that Fox News had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to the defense of Fox News.[120] One of the major bureau chiefs stated, "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues."[121] Shortly after this story broke the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, but said that Fox News had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Then-Fox News White House correspondent Major Garrett responded by stating that he had not made a specific request, but that he had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made."[122]

On November 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Times reported that an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Anita Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" and had been told that nobody had been instructed to avoid Fox News (for 24-hour news) except for the Fox Broadcasting Company (for special report coverage). Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for Jimmy Carter, said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House.[123]

Video footage manipulation

[edit]

Jon Stewart reported on his November 11, 2009, broadcast of The Daily Show that Fox News host Sean Hannity misrepresented video footage purportedly showing large crowds on a health care protest orchestrated by Rep. Michele Bachmann. Stewart showed inconsistencies in alternating shots according to the color of the sky and tree leaves, showing that footage from Glenn Beck's much larger 9/12 rally, which had occurred two months earlier, had been spliced in with the other shots. Hannity estimated 20,000 protesters were in attendance, the Washington Post estimated 10,000, and Luke Russert reported that three Capitol Hill police officers guessed "about 4,000".[124][125] Sean Hannity apologized to his viewers for the error during his November 11, 2009, broadcast.[126] Stewart periodically accused Fox News of playing video footage out of context, such as when Hannity played footage of Obama stating the DREAM Act could not be passed by executive order, to make the president seem hypocritical although when the footage is continued Obama goes on to clarify that he does have the authority to halt deportations.[127]

On November 18, 2009, Happening Now anchor Gregg Jarrett told viewers that a Sarah Palin book signing in Grand Rapids, Michigan, had a massive turnout while showing footage of Palin with a large crowd. Jarrett noted that the former Republican vice-presidential candidate is "continuing to draw huge crowds while she's promoting her brand-new book", adding that the images being shown were "some of the pictures just coming in to us ... The lines earlier had formed this morning."[128] The video was actually taken from a 2008 McCain-Palin campaign rally. Fox News senior vice-president of news Michael Clemente issued an initial statement saying, "This was a production error in which the copy editor changed a script and didn't alert the control room to update the video."[128] Fox offered an on-air apology the following day during the same Happening Now segment, citing regrets for what they described as a "video error" with no intent to mislead.[129]

On November 12, 2021, Fox News edited a video of President Joe Biden to remove context from remarks that some could judge as racially insensitive, which was shown on Fox & Friends. In his comments, Biden said he had "adopted the attitude of the great Negro, at the time pitcher in the Negro Leagues, went on to become a great pitcher in the pros in Major League baseball after Jackie Robinson, his name was Satchel Paige." The video was edited so Biden was heard saying he had "adopted the attitude of the great Negro at the time, pitcher, name was Satchel Paige."[130]

ISIL video

[edit]

After Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh was burned to death by ISIL in February 2015, Fox News included the full ISIL video on its website. The network said it had chosen to do so, after careful consideration, in order that readers of their website could "see for themselves the barbarity of ISIS." Malcolm Nance, executive director of the think tank Terror Asymmetrics Project on Strategy, Tactics and Radical Ideology (TAPSTRI), said that Fox News was "literally — literally — working for al-Qaida and ISIS's media arm ... They might as well start sending them royalty checks."[131][132]

Sexism

[edit]

Sexual harassment allegations

[edit]
Gretchen Carlson in 2009

On July 6, 2016, former Fox & Friends co-host Gretchen Carlson filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against Roger Ailes in the Superior Court of New Jersey.[133] In her complaint, Carlson alleged that she was fired from her program for refusing Ailes' sexual advances.[133] After Carlson came forward, six more women spoke to Gabriel Sherman of New York magazine, alleging that Ailes had sexually harassed them and that Ailes had "spoke[n] openly of expecting women to perform sexual favors in exchange for job opportunities."[134] New York reported that Megyn Kelly told investigators Ailes made "unwanted sexual advances toward her" at the start of her career. The magazine also reported that the Murdochs had given Ailes an ultimatum: resign by August 1 or be fired.[135]

Facing overwhelming public criticism, Ailes resigned on July 21, 2016.[136] On September 6, 21st Century Fox (then-parent company of 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, 20th Century Fox Television, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, the Fox network, FX Networks, Fox News and Fox Sports) announced that it had settled the lawsuit with Carlson. The settlement was reportedly $20 million. As part of the settlement, 21st Century Fox apologized to Carlson, saying "We sincerely regret and apologize for the fact that Gretchen was not treated with the respect and dignity that she and all of our colleagues deserve."[137]

In August 2016, Andrea Tantaros, who had been pulled from the network in April with reported "contract issues",[138] claimed that she approached Fox News executives about inappropriate behavior towards her by Ailes in 2015. Tantaros said her allegations resulted first in her being demoted from The Five to Outnumbered, and then in her being taken off the air.[139] Tantaros filed a lawsuit against Fox News for sexual harassment, also claiming that Bill O'Reilly, actor Dean Cain, and Scott Brown made inappropriate comments to her, and that Brown and Cain touched her without her consent.[140][141]

In April 2017, The New York Times reported that O'Reilly and Fox News had settled five lawsuits against the former dating back to 2002, in addition to publicly acknowledged settlements to Andrea Mackris in 2004 and Juliet Huddy in 2017; the Times reported that Fox News hosts Rebecca Diamond and Laurie Dhue settled sexual harassment lawsuits in 2011 and 2016 respectively, and junior producer Rachel Witlieb Bernstein settled with Fox News in 2002 after accusing O'Reilly of verbal abuse. The amount paid to the women filing the complaints was estimated at $13 million. The Times also reported a claim by former O'Reilly Factor guest Wendy Walsh, who declined an offer from O'Reilly to go to his hotel suite and was subsequently denied a job as a Fox News contributor.[142] 21st Century Fox hired the law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to conduct an investigation into Walsh's allegation; that firm also conducted an investigation into the allegations against Ailes.[143]

After the five settlements were reported, The O'Reilly Factor lost more than half its advertisers within a week;[144] almost sixty companies withdrew their television advertising from the show[145] amid a growing backlash against O'Reilly.[146][147] On April 11, 2017, O'Reilly announced he would take a two-week vacation and return to the program on April 24.[148] However, on April 19, it was reported that O'Reilly would not return to the network.[149] Co-president Bill Shine, who had been accused of covering up sexual harassment allegations, resigned on May 1.[150]

In July 2017, Fox Business Network suspended Charles Payne pending an investigation after a former network guest, Scottie Nell Hughes, accused him of sexual harassment. Payne denied the harassment charge but acknowledged having had a three-year-long "romantic relationship" with Hughes before the accusation was made. Hughes, who kept an apartment near 21st Century Fox's Manhattan headquarters for the duration of the affair, claimed she believed it would help her obtain a permanent position at the network.[151] Hughes' appearances were drastically reduced after she ended the affair in 2015 and reported Payne to Fox News.[152]

In August 2017, The Huffington Post reported that Eric Bolling sent lewd text messages to two women at Fox News and one at Fox Business.[153] He was suspended pending investigation.[154] Caroline Heldman, a former Fox News guest, alleged that Bolling made numerous unwanted sexual advances towards her.[155] Bolling was suspended and eventually left the network, moving to a syndicated show produced by Sinclair Broadcast Group.

Women's health care

[edit]

In 2013, Fox & Friends featured a segment in which contributor Dr. David B. Samadi made an appearance to discuss the cost of women's health care. On the program, Samadi argued that insurance costs more for women due to their more frequent use of health services, as opposed to men: "I just think that the whole system is not working well. I mean this is one of the examples, where men and women are totally different, there is a sex difference when it comes to the health care use, but I really think that if you pay for it, you are going to negotiate, finding out where is the best doctor, where you're going to get a better deal on all these X-rays, etc., that's how you're gonna save money."[156] Following this segment, Fox News received criticism from several online outlets.[157]

Sean Hannity and Michael Cohen

[edit]

On April 9, 2018, federal agents from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York (SDNY) served a search warrant on the office and residence of Michael Cohen, President Trump's personal attorney.[158] On the air, Hannity defended Cohen and criticized the federal action, calling it "highly questionable" and "an unprecedented abuse of power".[159]

On April 16, Cohen's lawyers told a federal judge that Cohen had ten clients in 2017–2018 but did "traditional legal tasks" for only three: Trump, Elliott Broidy, and a "prominent person" who did not wish to be named for fear of being "embarrassed".[160][161][162] The federal judge ordered the revelation of the third client, whom Cohen's lawyers named as Hannity.[160] Although Hannity has covered Cohen on his show, he did not disclose that he had consulted with Cohen.[163]

Fox News released a statement on April 16, 2018, attributed to Hannity: "Michael Cohen has never represented me in any matter. I never retained him, received an invoice, or paid legal fees. I have occasionally had brief discussions with him about legal questions about which I wanted his input and perspective. I assumed those conversations were confidential, but to be absolutely clear they never involved any matter between me and a third party."[164] NBC News quoted Hannity as saying: "We definitely had attorney–client privilege because I asked him for that",[165] while Hannity said on his radio show that he "might have handed him ten bucks" for the attorney–client privilege.[160][164] Lastly, Hannity tweeted that his discussions with Cohen were "almost exclusively" about real estate.[166]

The following day, news reports revealed that Hannity had shared another lawyer with Trump: Jay Sekulow. Sekulow had written a cease-and-desist letter to KFAQ on Hannity's behalf in May 2017, and later represented Trump in connection with the Mueller investigation.[167][168]

Coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

Fox News' coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic has been criticized due to pundits and guests having initially dismissed the severity of the disease's transmission in the United States (following the lead of the Trump administration), accused critics of exaggerating its impact to attack President Trump, and perpetuating COVID-19 misinformation about how to mitigate or treat the virus.[10][11][12][169][13]

Tucker Carlson promoted the COVID-19 lab leak theory[170] and in a February 24 commentary argued that "wokeness" and diversity had eased its spread. At the same time, Carlson did become more critical of the Trump administration's response on occasion, opining on March 9 that "people you trust—people you probably voted for—have spent weeks minimizing what is clearly a very serious problem."[12][171] Media Matters for America criticized Carlson in particular, as well as other Fox News personalities, for using Sinophobic language such as "Chinese coronavirus", "Wuhan virus", "kung flu", or variations thereof to refer to COVID-19 on-air.[172]

Sean Hannity argued on his March 9 program that Democrats and the news media were trying to use COVID-19 to "bludgeon Trump".[173][174] On March 5, Trump made an appearance on the program by phone, where he claimed that a projected mortality rate of 3.4% announced earlier that day by the World Health Organization was a "false number" and predicted that it would actually be under 1%.[175][176] On his March 10 episode (one day before the WHO declared a pandemic), Hannity argued that the seasonal flu was still making a larger "impact" than COVID-19 (with 34 million cases against roughly 1,200 at the time), only the elderly and immunocompromised were at the greatest risk, and argued that there was not an equivalent "widespread hysteria" over routine violent crimes in Chicago.[177]

Also on March 10, Laura Ingraham referred to "panic pushers" in the media, suggesting that "the facts are actually pretty reassuring, but you'd never know it watching all this stuff", and implicated that only those at high risk needed to practice social distancing (contrasting recommendations by officials that all people should practice social distancing).[11][171] Two days later, Fox & Friends co-host Ainsley Earhardt suggested that it was the "safest time to fly" since "[the] terminals are pretty much dead",[178] and the program aired an interview with Liberty University president Jerry Falwell Jr., where he claimed that the "overreaction" to COVID-19 was "their next attempt to get Trump" and that COVID-19 was a biological weapon developed by China or North Korea to attack the United States.[179][11][12]

Concurrent with Trump's own changes in tone and attitude surrounding the pandemic, some Fox News pundits began to openly acknowledge its severity on-air, including Hannity, Ingraham, and Earhardt.[12][171][180][181] Vanity Fair observed this shift in tone as an inversion of the "feedback loop" that had emerged between Trump and Fox News (resulting from Trump's discussion of stories seen on the network, particularly during Fox & Friends, on social media),[182] but noted that the network's personalities were more often "showering praise on the president rather than offering their own take on things", and that Ingraham had accused other media outlets of using the pandemic to celebrate "Trump's downfall".[181]

On March 24, after Trump began to endorse off-label use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 symptoms based on anecdotal evidence, Hannity and Ingraham similarly promoted the drug during their respective programs.[183] During a Coronavirus Task Force briefing on April 13, 2020, Trump screened a montage of footage taken directly from an episode of Hannity, of news anchors and guests downplaying the early threat of COVID-19, as part of a video presentation that glorified his initial response to the pandemic.[184][185][186][187]

Fox News faced criticism for featuring celebrity doctors such as Phil McGraw and Mehmet Oz as guests, with both of them downplaying the impact that a premature lifting of mitigation measures and "reopening" of the country (as was being proposed by Trump) would have.[188][189] Fox News also faced backlash for providing undue praise of protests against stay-at-home orders in multiple states (such as Lansing, Michigan's "Operation Gridlock"), including interviews with participants and organizers, and pundits praising the event and making comments critical of Governor Gretchen Whitmer (such as Carlson calling her actions "mindless and authoritarian", and Fox & Friends co-host Brian Kilmeade predicting a larger movement against "ridiculous" stay-at-home orders).[190][191] Trump made posts on Twitter in support of the protests on April 17, reading "LIBERATE MICHIGAN", "LIBERATE VIRGINIA" and "LIBERATE MINNESOTA" respectively; the timing of the tweets corresponded with a segment on America's Newsroom that had covered them.[192][193]

Fox News pundits showed inconsistent views towards the wearing of face masks to lessen spread of infected droplets by the wearer. Hannity and Fox & Friends host Steve Doocy have supported the practice,[194][195] as did Carlson and Ingraham in late-March; on his March 30 episode, Carlson stated that "Of course masks work. Everyone knows that. Dozens of research papers have proved it", and cited that they were "key" to controlling the pandemic in East Asia, and criticized the government's early guidance against using them for protection of the wearer.[196][197] However, as masks became a partisan political issue over the months that followed, Carlson and Ingraham began to perpetuate opposition towards the practice, on a later episode, Carlson claimed that masking and social distancing had no basis in science.[197][198][196] On April 26, 2021, Carlson claimed that making children wear masks was child abuse, and that people who spot parents making their children wear masks should call police and child protective services.[199]

Despite having made some efforts to promote the vaccination program, via public service announcements, promotion of the federal Vaccines.gov website, and selected hosts making statements in support of vaccination,[200][201] Media Matters for America found that from June 28 to August 8, at least 60% of Fox News segments discussing COVID-19 vaccines "included claims undermining or downplaying [them]", such as political arguments, disputes and conspiracy theories regarding their safety, and arguments that they were a "cynical political ploy by Democrats". The amount of such content was shown to have intensified during the week of July 26, while Tucker Carlson, Brian Kilmeade, and frequent guest Marty Makary were identified as having discussed such content most often during the period.[202] Fox News implemented a vaccine passport system in July 2021 despite its hosts criticizing vaccine passports,[203][204] and more than 90% of Fox Corporation's full-time employees had been fully vaccinated by September 2021.[205]

Other Fox News Media properties have also faced criticism and controversies over their coverage of the pandemic. In March 2020, Fox Business anchor Trish Regan left the network amid criticism of a March 7 segment on her program, where she accused Democrats of politicizing the pandemic so they could blame Donald Trump for it, and seek a second impeachment.[206][207] One month later, Fox Nation severed its ties with conservative vloggers Diamond and Silk after they repeatedly promoted various COVID-19 conspiracy theories.[208][209] On December 23, 2020, Fox Business program Mornings with Maria was duped by the animal rights group Direct Action Everywhere, airing an interview with an activist posing as Smithfield Foods' CEO Dennis Organ to discuss its response to the pandemic. He suggested that "the conditions inside of our farms can sometimes be petri dishes for new diseases", and that the meat packing industry could "effectively [bring] on the next pandemic." The program's anchor Maria Bartiromo issued an apology at the end of the show, saying that they had been "punked".[210][211]

Reactions

[edit]

An academic study conducted by economists at the University of Chicago, Harvard University, and other institutions, found a correlation between viewership of Hannity and a greater number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, relative to viewership of Tucker Carlson Tonight on the same channel.[212]

Fox fired Regan, who had claimed that the concern over coronavirus was "another attempt to impeach the president" on her show on March 9; her last appearance was on March 13.[213]

In April 2020, the Washington League for Increased Transparency and Ethics (WASHLITE) sued Fox News under the state's Consumer Protection Act for allegedly "falsely and deceptively disseminating 'news'" that coronavirus was "not a danger to public health and safety." In response, Fox News maintained that its "political commentary" amounts to "constitutionally protected opinions" and that hosts Sean Hannity and Trish Regan participated in an "intense public debate" over the predicted severity of the threat.[214][215] On May 27, King County Superior Court Judge Brian McDonald decided Fox News was within their First Amendment rights. Washlite appealed the case,[216] and on August 30, 2021, the appeal was rejected on the grounds that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution bars WASHLITE's action.[217]

A November 2021 survey from the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 36% of Fox News viewers believed or were unsure about four or more false claims about the pandemic, while 52% believed or were unsure of 1 to 3 false claims. The false claims checked in the survey included the idea that the COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility and that the government is exaggerating the number of deaths due to COVID-19.[218]

False claims about the 2020 election

[edit]

After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Fox News promoted baseless allegations that voting machine company Smartmatic and Dominion Voting Systems had conspired to rig the election for Joe Biden. Hosts Jeanine Pirro, Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo promoted the allegations on their programs on sister network Fox Business. In December 2020, Smartmatic sent a letter to Fox News demanding retractions and threatening legal action.[219][non-primary source needed] However, Pirro, Dobbs, and Bartiromo refused to issue retractions as they played a three-minute video segment consisting of an interview with an election technology expert who refuted the allegations promoted by the hosts, responding to questions from an unseen and unidentified man.

Two lawsuits resulted:

  • In February 2021, Smartmatic filed a $2.7 billion defamation suit against the network and the three hosts.
  • On March 26, 2021, Dominion filed a $1.6 billion defamation suit against the network.[220]

Fox News did not simulcast the 2022 public hearings of the January 6 committee although competitor channels aired it. For the duration of the first hearing, Fox News simulcast it with no audio and cut footage.

In April 2023, Fox News announced that it had settled with Venezuelan businessman Majed Khalil, whom former Fox News host Lou Dobbs had accused of helping rig the 2020 presidential elections against Donald Trump. Khalil's lawsuit was separate from the ongoing lawsuits with Smartmatic and Dominion.[221]

Dominion defamation lawsuit against Fox Corporation

[edit]

On March 26, 2021, Dominion Voting Systems filed a $1.6 billion defamation suit against Fox News.

On May 18, 2021, Fox News filed a motion to dismiss the Dominion Voting Systems lawsuit, asserting a First Amendment right "to inform the public about newsworthy allegations of paramount public concern."[222] A Dominion lawyer said that a dismissal of the lawsuit would give Fox News a "blank check" to lie.[223] On November 8, 2021, Dominion sued its parent companies, Fox Corporation and Fox Broadcasting, for defamation and for failing to preserve documents relating to the role Murdoch played in spreading false claims about Dominion.[224][225] On February 16, 2023, Dominion filed a motion for summary judgment, citing dozens of internal communications sent during the months after the 2020 presidential election.[226]

On April 18, 2023, Fox and Dominion settled for $787.5 million.[227]

Evidence

[edit]

Dominion showed evidence indicating that privately the Fox hosts did not believe the election fraud lies they pushed publicly.[228] Several prominent network hosts and senior executives—including chairman Rupert Murdoch and CEO Suzanne Scott—discussed their knowledge that the allegations of election fraud they were reporting were false. The communications showed their concerns that if they did not continue to report these falsehoods, viewers would be alienated and switch to rival conservative networks like Newsmax and OANN, impacting corporate profitability.[229]

Internal texts and other products of discovery against Fox revealed that Tucker Carlson privately doubted the false claims that the 2020 election was stolen and mocked Trump advisors, including Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell. Carlson texted to Laura Ingraham, "Sidney Powell is lying by the way. I caught her. It's insane" and "Our viewers are good people and they believe it."[230] Furthermore, Carlson texted to Sean Hannity, saying fellow Fox reporter Jacqui Heinrich should be fired for fact-checking false claims Carlson and Trump circulated about Dominion. He wrote "Please get her fired. Seriously.... What the fuck? I'm actually shocked... It needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down. Not a joke.", and said he "just went crazy on" a Fox executive over Heinrich's reporting.[231]

Rupert Murdoch privately messaged that Trump's voter fraud claims were "really crazy stuff", telling Fox News CEO Suzanne Scott that it was "terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear". As a January 2021 Georgia runoff election approached that would determine party control of the U.S. Senate, Murdoch told Scott, "Trump will concede eventually and we should concentrate on Georgia, helping any way we can."[230][232][233] When Murdoch was deposed, he acknowledged that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false.[234][235]

Smartmatic defamation lawsuit against Fox Corporation

[edit]

In February 2021, Smartmatic USA Corporation launched a defamation lawsuit against Fox Corporation, claiming $2.7 billion in damage as a result of the coverage of Donald Trump's claim that the 2020 US Presidential election was stolen. Fox motioned to dismiss. In March 2023, the New York state Supreme Court denied the motion, and the case was set to proceed.[236] On April 20, a lawyer for Smartmatic said the company would not accept a financial settlement smaller than Dominion's, and furthermore they demanded that Fox make a "full retraction" of its election lies.[237]

Ray Epps conspiracy theory

[edit]

In July 2023, Ray Epps started legal proceedings against Fox News, following former host Tucker Carlson sharing incorrect allegations that Epps was an agent provocateur during the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[238]

New York City Pension Funds lawsuit against Fox Corporation

[edit]

In September 2023, New York City pension funds filed a lawsuit against Fox Corporation alleging negligence for knowingly opening itself up to defamation lawsuits. At the time, New York City pension funds held 857,000 shares of Fox stock worth $28.1 million.[239] The state of Oregon joined the lawsuit on behalf of the Oregon Public Employee Retirement fund which at the time held 225,000 shares worth $5.2 million.[240]

Hunter Biden lawsuit

[edit]

On July 1, 2024, Hunter Biden sued Fox News. He alleges "revenge porn" due to them sharing nude photos of him on air, without his permission. The lawsuit "alleges Fox violated New York state's so-called revenge porn law, which makes it illegal to publish intimate images of a person without their consent. He is also suing for unjust enrichment and intentional infliction of emotional distress."

The lawsuit also addresses a program that Fox had aired in October 2022, called "The Trial of Hunter Biden: A Mock Trial for the American People." After Biden had threatened a lawsuit in 2022, Fox took down the program. According to the lawsuit, the news corporation still promotes the since removed program with clips and reels. Fox News called the lawsuit "politically motivated" and "devoid of merit."[241] Biden dropped the lawsuit on July 22.[242]

Human rights violations

[edit]

In mid-2021, Fox News agreed to pay a $1 million settlement to New York City after its Commission on Human Rights cited "a pattern of violating the NYC Human Rights Law". A Fox News spokesperson claimed that "FOX News Media has already been in full compliance across the board, but [settled] to continue enacting extensive preventive measures against all forms of discrimination and harassment."[243]

Criticism of pundits

[edit]

Notable pundits

[edit]
  • Glenn Beck, the host of an eponymous afternoon commentary show, stated in 2009 that he believed President Obama is "a racist" and has "a deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture."[244] These remarks drew criticism, and resulted in a boycott promulgated by Color of Change.[245] The boycott resulted in eighty advertisers requesting their ads be removed from his programming to avoid associating their brands with content that could be considered offensive by potential customers. Beck later apologized for the remarks, stating on Fox News Sunday that he has a "big fat mouth" and miscast as racism what is actually, as he theorizes, Obama's belief in black theology.[245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252] Beck left Fox News in June 2011 after twenty-nine months with the network.[253][254]
  • Neil Cavuto, who is also Fox News' vice president of business news and a current member of the network's executive committee, was described as a "Bush apologist" by critics[255] after conducting an allegedly deferential interview with President George W. Bush. Democratic strategists and politicians boycotted Cavuto's show in 2004 after he claimed, on air, that al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was rooting for Bush's campaign opponent, Senator John Kerry.[256] Cavuto has also received criticism for gratuitous footage and photos of scantily clad supermodels and adult film stars on his program.[257][258]
  • Alan Colmes, who from 1996 to 2009 was co-host of the political debate program Hannity & Colmes, was touted by Fox News as "a hard-hitting liberal"[259] who was used to counter the opinions of his co-host, conservative talk radio personality Sean Hannity. However, while speaking to USA Today, Colmes described himself as "quite moderate". He was characterized by several newspapers as being Hannity's "sidekick".[260] Liberal commentator and future Minnesota Senator Al Franken lambasted Colmes in his book, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them. Throughout the book, Colmes' name is printed in smaller type than all other words to emphasize Franken's belief that Colmes' role was to feebly defend liberal positions, allowing him to be bulldozed by Hannity. Franken accuses Colmes of refusing to ask tough questions during debates and neglecting to challenge erroneous claims made by Hannity or his guests.[260]
  • John Gibson, the former host of an afternoon program called The Big Story, was cited as an example of Fox News blurring the lines between objective reporting and opinion programming. Gibson caused a general uproar among listeners immediately after the 2000 presidential election controversy when, during the opinion segment of his show, Gibson asked: "Is this a case where knowing the facts actually would be worse than not knowing? I mean, should we burn these ballots, preserve them in amber, or shred them?" and, "George Bush is going to be president. And who needs to know that he's not a legitimate president?"[261] In an opinion piece on the Hutton Inquiry decision, Gibson said the BBC had "a frothing-at-the-mouth anti-Americanism that was obsessive, irrational and dishonest" and that the BBC reporter, Andrew Gilligan, "insisted on air that the Iraqi Army was heroically repulsing an incompetent American military."[262] In reviewing viewer complaints, Ofcom (the United Kingdom's statutory broadcasting regulator) ruled that Fox News had breached the program code in three areas: "respect for truth", "opportunity to take part", and "personal opinions expressed (in an opinion slot) must not rest upon false evidence." Fox News admitted that Gilligan had not actually said the words that Gibson appeared to attribute to him; Ofcom rejected the claim that it was intended to be a paraphrase.[263] Gibson also called Joe Wilson a "liar", claimed that "the far left" is working for al-Qaeda[264] and stated that he wished that Paris had been host to the 2012 Olympic Games, because it would have subjected the city to the threat of terrorism instead of London.[265]
  • Steven Milloy, a commentator for FoxNews.com, has been critical of the science behind global warming and secondhand smoke as a carcinogen. In a February 6, 2006, article in The New Republic, Paul D. Thacker revealed that ExxonMobil had donated $90,000 to two non-profit organizations run out of Milloy's house.[266] In addition, Milloy received almost $100,000 a year from Philip Morris USA during the time he was arguing that secondhand smoke was not carcinogenic.[267] Milloy's website, junkscience.com, was reviewed and revised by a public relations firm hired by RJR Tobacco.[268] In response to Thacker's disclosure of this conflict of interest, Paul Schur, director of media relations for Fox News, stated that "... Fox News was unaware of Milloy's connection with Philip Morris. Any affiliation he had should have been disclosed."[266]
  • E.D. Hill introduced an upcoming discussion before a commercial break about a fist bump between Barack and Michelle Obama after the 2008 Democratic primaries by stating that the gesture was either "A fist bump? A pound? [or] A terrorist fist jab?", but never explained the term when the segment continued after the break.[269] The incident was considered controversial among bloggers and political commentators.[270][271][272][273] Hill apologized for her comments the next day.[274]
  • Dick Morris appeared several times on Fox News, including one appearance on Fox & Friends two days before the 2012 presidential election, predicting that Mitt Romney would win the election in a landslide.[275] Morris was the least accurate major pundit in predicting the 2012 election.[276] After the election, Morris did not appear on Fox News for almost three months. Finally on February 5, 2013, Fox News announced that it would not renew Morris' contract.[277]
  • Karl Rove protested Fox News' calling of the 2012 election for Barack Obama on November 7, 2012. Megyn Kelly then brought a camera crew to ask the off-air analysts team if they stood by their decision. After Rove continued to refuse Fox News's decision, Kelly responded by asking him, "Is this just math that you do as a Republican to make yourself feel better? Or is this real?"[278][279][280]
  • Megyn Kelly drew controversy after making remarks in December 2013 reacting to a Slate article that postulated that "Santa Claus should not be a white man anymore". On her Fox News program, The Kelly File, Kelly quipped that, "For all you kids watching at home, Santa just is white, but this person is just arguing that maybe we should also have a black Santa," adding, "But Santa is what he is, and just so you know, we're just debating this because someone wrote about it." Kelly also stated that Jesus was white later in the segment.[281] Soon after, Jon Stewart,[282] Stephen Colbert,[283] Rachel Maddow,[284] and others satirized her remarks. A few days later, Kelly made additional on-air statements and characterized her original comments as "tongue-in-cheek".[285][286][287][288][289]

Discredited military and counterterrorism editor

[edit]
  • The New York Times ran an article entitled, "At Fox News, the Colonel Who Wasn't" by Jim Rutenberg,[290] revealing that Joseph A. Cafasso, whom Fox had employed for four months as a Military and Counterterrorism Editor, had bogus military credentials.[291]

Other criticisms

[edit]

Criticism of media coverage

[edit]
  • Outfoxed, a documentary film on Fox News by activist Robert Greenwald, made assertions of bias in Fox News by interviewing a number of former employees who discuss the network's practices. For example, Frank O'Donnell, identified as a Fox News producer, says: "We were stunned, because up until that point, we were allowed to do legitimate news. Suddenly, we were ordered from the top to carry ... Republican, right-wing propaganda[,]" including being told what to say about Ronald Reagan. The network made an official response[292] and claimed that four of the individuals identified as employees of Fox News either were not employees (O'Donnell, e.g., worked for an affiliate over which Fox News claims to have no editorial authority) or had their titles inflated.[293]
  • Fox Attacks was a 2007–08 viral video campaign[294][295][296] designed to expose Fox News' alleged right-wing bias.[297][298][299][300][301] It was produced by Greenwald and Brave New Films after the production of Outfoxed. Greenwald continued his anti-Fox campaign with more than twenty-five short videos on YouTube concerning Fox News' negative treatment of Barack Obama during the 2008 election cycle.[296][298][300][302] As part of the Fox Attacks campaign, Brave New Films also released "open letters" to other media outlets, and circulated anti-Fox petitions which garnered hundreds of thousands of signatures.[295][299][303][304]
  • CNN founder Ted Turner accused Fox News of being "dumbed down" and "propaganda" and equated the network's popularity to Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Nazi Germany during a speech to the National Association of Television Program Executives.[305] In response, a Fox News spokesperson said, "Ted is understandably bitter having lost his ratings, his network, and now his mind. We wish him well." The Anti-Defamation League, to whom Turner had apologized in the past for a similar comparison, said Turner is "a recidivist who hasn't learned from his past mistakes."[306]
  • Fox News, while covering a car chase, inadvertently broadcast the suspect shooting himself and quickly apologized as being a mistake.[307] Al Tompkins of the Poynter Institute, stipulated by e-mail; "There is simply no excuse for this. It is sensationalism to carry it in the first place."[307]
  • Fox News apologized for fabricated quotes attributed to John Kerry in an article on its website during the 2004 presidential campaign,[308] stating that the piece was a joke which accidentally appeared on the website.[309]
  • Fox News aired a segment celebrating a 14-year-old transgender boy in California. Several conservative commentators criticized Fox News for airing the segment.[310]

Criticism of individuals

[edit]
  • Media Matters for America, which has since announced a campaign of "guerrilla warfare and sabotage"[311] against Fox News, contends that the network specializes in "political sabotage" by putting up moderate-to-conservative "Democrats" as token liberals against more staunchly conservative Republicans. It cites the following people as examples of this:
  • Another allegation of Fox's critics is that it sometimes ridicules protesters, especially ones for liberal causes. For example, during the 2004 Republican National Convention, Bill O'Reilly referred to some of the protesters as "terrorists" (though he added, "most protesters are peaceful").[315][316] Fox News online columnist Mike Straka referred to anti-war protesters at the September 24, 2005, march in Washington, D.C., as "jobless, anti-American, clueless, smelly, stupid traitors" and "protesters from hell".[317][318]'
The Fox News report on Malmö was replayed on Swedish television, here on SVT1.
  • Iranian-Swedish newspaper commentator, author and legal professional Behrang Kianzad [319] wrote in the Expressen newspaper that "there are lies, damned lies and Fox News",[320] in response to a Fox News story about allegedly Muslim violence in the city of Malmö. The report focused on the borough of Rosengård where two out of 1,000 school students were ethnic Swedes.[321] Kianzad wrote that rock-throwing against police, firefighters and ambulance personnel happened not just in Rosengård and not as a Muslim custom. He also pointed out that the Fox News segment had false facts, namely that Malmö has about 7% immigrants from Muslim countries and not 25%. Furthermore, Kianzad pointed out the rhetoric used by Fox News to imply that Malmö had reached some sort of breaking point due to Muslim immigrants and that these immigrants were potential terrorists."[320]
  • In August 2006, two Jordanian-Arab freelancers who were working for Fox News as producers resigned from the network, citing its coverage that month of Israel's conflict with the militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon. Their resignation letter read in part: "We can no longer work with a news organization that claims to be fair and balanced when you are so far from that ... Not only are you Fox News an instrument of the Bush White House, and Israeli propaganda, you are warmongers with no sense of decency, nor professionalism."[322]
  • On January 19, 2007, a segment on Fox & Friends featured an anonymously sourced article in the conservative web magazine Insight that claimed that associates of Democratic Senator Hillary Clinton had discovered that Senator Barack Obama had attended a "Muslim seminary" as a child in Indonesia. The term "Muslim seminary" refers to a specifically religious form of madrassa (school). It was determined within days that Obama had instead, as he had said in his memoirs, attended first a Catholic and then a modern public elementary school. The latter was, as Obama had written, "predominantly Muslim" (as Indonesia is predominantly Muslim), and not a seminary of any kind.[323] On January 31, 2007, The Washington Post suggested that because of Fox News' reporting of the Insight article, Obama had "frozen out" the network's reporters and producers while giving interviews to every other major network. After the incident, John Moody, a vice president at Fox, wrote to staff: "For the record: seeing an item on a website does not mean it is right. Nor does it mean it is ready for air on FNC. The urgent queue is our way of communicating information that is air-worthy. Please adhere to this."[324]
  • In March 2007, the Nevada Democratic Party pulled out of a planned debate to be hosted by Fox News. Its spokesmen cited a joke by Roger Ailes, which hinged on President George W. Bush confusing the names of Barack Obama and Osama bin Laden, as evidence that Fox News is biased against the party. Fox News chairman David Rhodes responded to the cancellation by saying that the Democratic Party is "owned by MoveOn.org" (which had created a petition against the debate).[325]
  • On May 25, 2008, Fox News political contributor Liz Trotta stated on the air, while talking about the presidential election, "And now we have what some are reading as a suggestion that somebody knock off Osama, uh Obama. Well, both, if we could"; she then laughed. She apologized for the remark on-air on Fox News the next day, saying, "I am so sorry about what happened yesterday and the lame attempt at humor."[326] Trotta and Fox News were criticized for the remark by The New York Times editorial board and others.[327]
  • In June 2007, when Democratic Congressman William J. Jefferson of Louisiana was indicted on corruption, racketeering, and bribery charges, Fox News ran a video of Michigan Democratic Congressman John Conyers. Conyers criticized the network for "a history of inappropriate on-air mistakes" and the network's "lackluster on-air apology" (which did not name him),[328] and a second, more specific apology was issued.[329] In November 2006 Fox News had aired footage of then-Rep. Harold Ford, Jr. while talking about Senator Barack Obama.[330]
  • On September 5, 2011, Fox News criticized a speech by James P. Hoffa in Detroit calling for an "army of voters" to "take the SOBs out" and "give America back to Americans". However, Fox News edited out the mention of voters to make the speech sound like a call for violence.[331][332]
  • On January 11, 2015, Fox News commentator Steven Emerson, who had been criticized for inaccuracies in the past,[333][334][335][336] reported that Birmingham, a city of over 1 million people in the United Kingdom, is a Muslim-only city: "In Britain, it's not just no-go zones, there are actual cities like Birmingham that are totally Muslim where non-Muslims just simply don't go in".[337] UK Prime Minister David Cameron commented, "When I heard this, frankly, I choked on my porridge and I thought it must be April Fools' Day. This guy's clearly a complete idiot."[338] Emerson, said to be an expert of Islamic terrorism, later apologized for what he called a "terrible", "inexcusable", "reckless" and "irresponsible" error,[339] and made a donation of £500 to the Birmingham Children's Hospital.[340]
  • On November 2, 2022, Fox News commentator Jesse Watters mocked a Starbucks employee—who is a part of Starbucks Workers United—lamenting oppressive working conditions while calling for unionization, stating that "hard work" got him to his position. The video clip was edited, however, so that the employee appeared to just be complaining about an eight hour work day.[341]
  • In July 2023, James Ray Epps, a man who participated in the January 6 March on the US Capitol, has filed a defamation lawsuit against Fox News. Epps claims that Fox News falsely reported that he was an undercover FBI agent and responsible for the mob that broke into the Capitol.[342]

Fox News Channel responses to criticism

[edit]

In June 2004, CEO Roger Ailes responded to some of the criticism with a rebuttal in an online Wall Street Journal editorial,[343] saying that Fox News' critics intentionally confuse opinion shows such as The O'Reilly Factor with regular news coverage. Ailes stated that Fox News has broken stories harmful to Republicans, offering, "Fox News is the network that broke George W. Bush's DUI four days before the election" as an example, referring to Bush's DUI charge in 1976 that had not yet been made public. The DUI story was broken by then-Fox affiliate WPXT in Portland, Maine, although Fox News correspondent Carl Cameron also contributed to the report and, in the words of National Public Radio ombudsman Alicia Shepard, Fox News "sent the story ping-ponging around the nation" by broadcasting WPXT's coverage.[344] WPXT News Director Kevin Kelly said that he "called Fox News in New York City to see if we were flogging a dead horse" before running the story, and that Fox News confirmed the arrest with the campaign and ran the story shortly after 6 p.m.[344]

Upon the release of Outfoxed, Fox News issued a statement[292] denouncing MoveOn.org, Greenwald and The New York Times for copyright infringement. Fox News dismissed their judgments of former employees featured in the documentary as the partisan views of disgruntled workers who never vocalized concern over any alleged bias while they were employed at the network. Ailes also shrugged off criticisms of the former Fox News employees by noting that they worked in Fox affiliates and not at the actual channel itself. Fox News also challenged any news organization that sought to portray Fox News as a "problem" with the following proposition: "If they put out 100 percent of their editorial directions and internal memos, Fox News Channel will publish 100 percent of our editorial directions and internal memos, and let the public decide who is fair. This includes any legitimate cable news network, broadcast network, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post."[292]

Former Fox News personality Eric Burns has suggested in an interview that Fox News "probably gives voice to more conservatives than the other networks. But not at the expense of liberals." Burns justifies a higher exposure of conservatives by saying that other media often ignore conservatives.[345]

Fox News personalities have also taken part in back and forth disagreements with media personalities such as Jon Stewart[346] and Stephen Colbert.[347]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Anthony Collings (2010). Capturing the News: Three Decades of Reporting Crisis and Conflict. University of Missouri Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8262-7211-9.
  2. ^ a b c Croft, Stuart (2006). Culture, Crisis and America's War on Terror. Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–192. ISBN 9780521687331.
  3. ^ a b The Most Biased Name in News – Fox News Channel's extraordinary right-wing tilt Archived November 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, FAIR, July/August 2001
  4. ^ a b 33 internal FOX editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal FOX News Channel's inner workings Archived April 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Media Matters, July 14, 2004
  5. ^ a b "RealClearPolitics – Articles – Fox, John Edwards and the Two Americas". Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  6. ^ a b Theel, Shauna; Greenberg, Max; Robbins, Denise (October 10, 2013). "STUDY: Media Sowed Doubt In Coverage Of UN Climate Report". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Nuccitelli, Dana (October 11, 2013). "Conservative media outlets found guilty of biased global warming coverage". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Nuccitelli, Dana (October 23, 2013). "Fox News defends global warming false balance by denying the 97% consensus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Science or Spin?: Assessing the Accuracy of Cable News Coverage of Climate Science (2014)". Union of Concerned Scientists. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  10. ^ a b Peters, Jeremy W. (April 1, 2020). "Alarm, Denial, Blame: The Pro-Trump Media's Coronavirus Distortion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d "Fox News is downplaying the risk of coronavirus. That could get people killed". Media Matters for America. March 11, 2020. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e Connelly, Joel (March 18, 2020). "The Fox News switcheroo on COVID-19: A virus no longer downplayed". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  13. ^ a b Grynbaum, Michael M.; Abrams, Rachel (February 28, 2020). "Right-Wing Media Says Virus Fears Were Whipped Up to Hurt Trump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  14. ^ Dean On President Clinton Standing Up To Right-Wing Propaganda On Fox News Sunday Archived December 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Democratic Party, September 25, 2006
  15. ^ Fox News Boss Hits Edwards' Boycott, CBS News, March 9, 2007
  16. ^ Stelter, Brian (October 12, 2009). "Fox's Volley With Obama Intensifying". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
  17. ^ "Fox News Boss Hits Edwards' Boycott - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. March 8, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
  18. ^ ABC News. "Clinton Joins Boycott of Fox Debate". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  19. ^ News, A. B. C. "Edwards Declares War on Fox News". ABC News. Retrieved August 23, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ Farhi, Paul (March 7, 2019). "Democratic National Committee rejects Fox News for debates, citing New Yorker article". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  21. ^ Choi, David. "Democrats blacklisted Fox News for the 2020 presidential primary debates — here's what's going on". Business Insider. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  22. ^ "ABC, Fox News cutting low-polling presidential candidates out of debates – International Herald Tribune". December 31, 2007. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  23. ^ "NH REPUBLICAN PARTY WITHDRAWS AS FOX FORUM PARTNER". January 5, 2008. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
  24. ^ "David Frum on GOP: Now We Work for Fox". Nightline. ABC. March 23, 2010. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  25. ^ "TVNewser | Jobs in TV News". www.mediabistro.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007.
  26. ^ The Radio Factor with Bill O'Reilly, July 19, 2004
  27. ^ "O'Reilly: "FOX does tilt right"; said GOP "very uneasy with FOX" – even after Cheney, Ralph Reed touted FOX". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  28. ^ Rendall, Steve (July 1, 2001). "Fox's Slanted Sources". Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  29. ^ Rendall, Steve (February 25, 2010). "Fox News–Wing of the GOP?". Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  30. ^ "Giuliani's Firm Lobbied Government – Republican Party – Democratic Party – Political Spectrum". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
  31. ^ Interview transcript: Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes Archived December 10, 2022, at Ghost Archive, the Financial Times, October 6, 2006
  32. ^ "White House Escalates War of Words With Fox News". Fox News. October 12, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
  33. ^ Rupert Murdoch: Bigger than Kane Archived April 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine by Andrew Walker, BBC News, July 31, 2002
  34. ^ Fox executive spoke five times with cousin Bush on Election Night Archived June 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, CNN.com, December 12, 2000
  35. ^ "2000 Presidential General Election Results". Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  36. ^ Cousin John's calls tipped election tally Archived December 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by Melinda Wittstock, The Guardian, November 19, 2000
  37. ^ Moore's Myths Archived February 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by John R. Lott Jr. and Brian Blase, New York Post, July 12, 2004
  38. ^ David Carr (January 9, 2010). "A Fox Chief at the Pinnacle of Media and Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  39. ^ Andrew Edgecliffe (January 10, 2010). "Freud attacks Fox News' Ailes". Financial Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  40. ^ Tim Arango (October 22, 2008). "Murdoch Takes Issue With New Biography". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 30, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  41. ^ King, Neil Jr.; Radnofsky, Louise (August 18, 2010). "News Corp. Gives $1 Million to GOP". Wall St Journal. News Corporation. Retrieved August 22, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  42. ^ Kennedy, Dan (August 19, 2010). "Rupert Murdoch's Republicanism". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  43. ^ Lichtblau, Eric; Stelter, Brian (August 17, 2010). "News Corp. Gives Republicans $1 Million". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  44. ^ Kurtz, Howard (August 18, 2010). "News Corp. defends $1 million donation to Republican Governors Association". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  45. ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline; Concha, Joe (March 20, 2018). "Fox News contributor quits, slams network as 'propaganda machine' for Trump". TheHill. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  46. ^ Illing, Sean (March 22, 2019). "How Fox News evolved into a propaganda operation". Vox. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  47. ^ "Broadcast Bias". rasmussenreports.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  48. ^ Fox Most Trusted Name in News? Archived March 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Public Policy Polling, 2010.
  49. ^ Trends 2005, Media Archived May 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2005. (PDF file)
  50. ^ Online Papers Modestly Boost Newspaper Readership Archived September 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2006.
  51. ^ "State of the News Media 2006" (PDF). Pew Research Center's Journalism Project. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  52. ^ "Survey Findings – Press Going Too Easy on Bush". Pew Research Center's Journalism Project. March 13, 2004. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  53. ^ "1. Democrats report much higher levels of trust in a number of news sources than Republicans". January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  54. ^ "» Key Findings". March 14, 2011. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  55. ^ "» Cable: By the Numbers". March 14, 2011. Archived from the original on November 15, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  56. ^ "» Content Analysis". January 10, 2005. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  57. ^ DellaVigna, Stefano; Ethan Kaplan (March 30, 2006), The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting (PDF), March 30, 2006, University of California, Berkeley, archived (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2009, retrieved October 9, 2006
  58. ^ Aday, Sean (March 2010). "Chasing the Bad News: An Analysis of 2005 Iraq and Afghanistan War Coverage on NBC and Fox News Channel". Journal of Communication. 60 (1): 144–164. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01472.x.
  59. ^ Stephen Farnsworth and S. Robert Lichter, The Nightly News Nightmare: How Television Portrays Presidential Elections, Second Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006
  60. ^ Jonathan S. Morris; Peter L. Francia (2010), "Cable News, Public Opinion, and the 2004 Party Conventions", Political Research Quarterly, 63 (4): 834–849, doi:10.1177/1065912909338463, S2CID 154304435
  61. ^ Media Bias Is Real, Finds UCLA Political Scientist Archived August 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine December 14, 2005
  62. ^ Tim Groseclose; Jeffery Milyo. "A Measure of Media Bias" (PDF). ucla.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  63. ^ Geoff Nunberg, "'Liberal Bias', Noch Einmal" Archived September 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Language Log, July 5, 2004
  64. ^ Mark Liberman, "Groseclose and Milyo respond" Archived November 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Language Log, August 2, 2004
  65. ^ a b Liberman, Mark (December 23, 2005). "Multiplying ideologies considered harmful". Language Log. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
  66. ^ Liberman, Mark (December 22, 2005). "Linguistics, politics, mathematics". Language Log. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
  67. ^ "Election Study Finds Media Hit Hillary Hardest (Major finding: Who's Fair and Balanced?)" (PDF). December 21, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  68. ^ Huertas & Adler (September 2012). "Is News Corp. Failing Science?" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  69. ^ Mirsky, Steve (September 21, 2012). "Prime Time Fox News and WSJ Editorial Climate Coverage Mostly Wrong". Scientific American. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  70. ^ Cox, Jeff (May 19, 2017). "Trump Press Coverage 'Sets New Standard' for Negativity: Study". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  71. ^ Richardson, Valerie (May 19, 2017). "Harvard Agrees: Trump Press Coverage Sets 'New Standard for Negativity'". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  72. ^ a b Kull, Steven; Ramsay, Clay; Lewis, Evan (2003). "Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War". Political Science Quarterly. 118 (4). The Academy of Political Science: 569–598. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2003.tb00406.x. hdl:2027/uc1.31822024771362. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  73. ^ PIPA / Knowledge Networks Poll Archived February 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War. Program on International Policy Attitudes October 2003
  74. ^ Crazy-Like-A-Fox News Viewer Archived November 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine by Ann Coulter, Townhall, May 13, 2004
  75. ^ The O'Reilly Factor, February 22, 2006
  76. ^ Elite, Arrogant, Condescending Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine by Roger Ailes, OpinionJournal.com, June 2, 2004
  77. ^ Best of the Web Today Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine James Taranto. OpinionJournal, The Wall Street Journal. October 7, 2003.
  78. ^ Best of the Web Today Archived November 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine James Taranto. OpinionJournal, The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2004.
  79. ^ "Study shows TV news viewers have misperceptions about Iraq war" Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Kay McFadden. The Seattle Times. October 20, 2003.
  80. ^ Clay Ramsay; Steven Kull; Evan Lewis; Stefan Subias (2010). "Misinformation and the 2010 Election: A Study of the US Electorate" (PDF). WorldPublicOpinion.org. The Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University Of Maryland: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  81. ^ a b Clay Ramsay; Steven Kull; Evan Lewis; Stefan Subias (2010). "Misinformation and the 2010 Election: A Study of the US Electorate" (PDF). WorldPublicOpinion.org. The Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University Of Maryland: 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  82. ^ Clay Ramsay; Steven Kull; Evan Lewis; Stefan Subias (2010). "Misinformation and the 2010 Election: A Study of the US Electorate" (PDF). WorldPublicOpinion.org. The Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University Of Maryland: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  83. ^ "Public Knowledge of Current Affairs Little Changed by News and Information Revolutions". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. April 15, 2007. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  84. ^ "Public Opinion Research" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  85. ^ "Pop Quiz: Assessing Americans' Familiarity With the Health Care Law – The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation" (PDF). February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  86. ^ "School of Communication" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  87. ^ "Some News Leaves People Knowing Less". Fairleigh Dickinson University. November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  88. ^ Maggie Astor: "Fox and MSNBC Viewers Largely Misinformed: Fairleigh Dickinson University Poll" Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. International Business Times, November 22, 2011
  89. ^ Michael A. Memoli: "Fox News viewers less informed about current events, poll shows" Archived December 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times, November 21, 2011
  90. ^ "33 internal FOX editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal FOX News Channel's inner workings". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  91. ^ 33 internal FOX editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal FOX News Channel's inner workings Archived April 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Media Matters for America, July 14, 2004
  92. ^ @2:30 "Outfoxed Live with Robert Greenwald: "FOX News Memos" with Cenk Uygur" Archived November 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ "FOX NEWS INTERNAL MEMO: "Be On The Lookout For Any Statements From The Iraqi Insurgents ... Thrilled At The Prospect Of A Dem Controlled Congress"..." The Huffington Post. November 14, 2006. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  94. ^ Has Fox News gone too far?, NBC News interview about the leaked internal Fox memo
  95. ^ Jack Mirkinson: Fox News Boss Ordered Staffers To Echo GOP Talking Point About Public Option In Health Care Coverage Archived March 23, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Website of The Huffington Post on December 9, 2010
  96. ^ Paul Farhi: Liberal media watchdog: Fox News e-mail shows network's slant on climate change Archived September 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Website of The Washington Post on December 15, 2010.
  97. ^ Suzanne Goldenberg: Fox News chief enforced climate change scepticism – leaked email Archived January 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine at guardian.co.uk on December 15, 2010
  98. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (August 15, 2007). "Companies and party aides cast censorious eye over Wikipedia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016.
  99. ^ Claburn, Thomas (August 14, 2007). "Wikipedia Spin Doctors Revealed". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  100. ^ a b c d Strupp and Mitchell[full citation needed]
  101. ^ "KHOW's Silverman uncritically allowed Tancredo to repeat misleading statements on immigrant assimilation". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  102. ^ Brunner, Jim (June 12, 2020). "Fox News runs digitally altered images in coverage of Seattle's protests, Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  103. ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac (June 14, 2020). "Fox News removes manipulated images from coverage of Seattle protests". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  104. ^ "Fox News Edits Trump Out of Photo With Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell at Mar-a-Lago". Gizmodo. July 6, 2020. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  105. ^ Coleman, Justine (July 6, 2020). "Fox News apologizes for 'mistakenly' cropping Trump out of photo with Epstein, Maxwell". TheHill. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  106. ^ "Fox News apologises for cropping Trump out of Epstein and Maxwell photo". the Guardian. July 7, 2020. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  107. ^ Kirell, Andrew (July 6, 2020). "Fox News Claims It 'Mistakenly Eliminated' Trump Out of Photo With Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  108. ^ a b "Networks respond to false Fox ad". CNN. September 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  109. ^ Calderone, Michael (September 18, 2009). "WaPo defends running Fox ad". Politico.Com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  110. ^ a b "In Full Page Ad, Fox Asks Where Were Other Media on 9/12. The Answer: They Were There". Archived from the original on September 22, 2009.
  111. ^ "CNN.com Video". CNN. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  112. ^ Linkins, Jason (September 18, 2009). "Fox News Newspaper Ad Makes False Claims About Tea Party Coverage [UPDATED]". Huffingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  113. ^ Kurtz, Howard (September 18, 2009). "Fox News Ad Draws Protests". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  114. ^ Stelter, Brian (October 12, 2009). "Fox's Volley With Obama Intensifying". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  115. ^ a b Walsh, Kenneth T. (October 23, 2009). "White House: Fox Pushed Team Obama Over the Brink". U.S. News & World Report. Washington, DC. p. 23. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013. A senior Obama adviser tells U.S. News that White House staffers developed 'a growing realization that the president would never get a fair shake from Fox News. White House insiders say that, at some point, White House officials will appear again on Fox, but they will do so expecting an antagonistic atmosphere as if they were appearing on conservative talk radio. ... 'Fox is using this to promote themselves,' the adviser says. 'Our hope is simply that responsible journalists will not go chasing after Fox stories as if these stories were legitimate.'
  116. ^ "The Fox News war: What's the upside for Obama?". CSMonitor.com. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  117. ^ Rutenberg, Jim (October 23, 2009). "Behind the War Between White House and Fox". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  118. ^ "President Obama's Feud with FOX News". CBS News. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  119. ^ "Obama's misguided Fox hunt". Los Angeles Times. October 24, 2009. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  120. ^ Rutenberg, Jim (October 23, 2009). "Behind the War Between White House and Fox". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 23, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  121. ^ Christina Bellantoni (October 23, 2009). "WH: We're Happy To Exclude Fox, But Didn't Yesterday With Feinberg Interview | TPMDC". Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  122. ^ Steve Krakauer (October 27, 2009). "Finally Resolved? Major Garrett Reveals His Side of Pay Czar-Gate". Mediaite. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  123. ^ Nicholas, Peter (November 8, 2009). "Democratic consultant says he got a warning from White House after appearing on Fox News". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  124. ^ "Did Fox News alter footage of a conservative rally?". News.yahoo.com. August 21, 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  125. ^ "First Read – Scenes from the 'Super Bowl'". msn.com. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  126. ^ Mark Silva, Hannity apologizes for using video of bigger rally Archived November 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, November 13, 2009.
  127. ^ Shapiro, Rebecca (June 20, 2012). "Jon Stewart Calls Out Fox News Over Obama Tape Edit (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  128. ^ a b "Fox News again accused of airing misleading video". News.yahoo.cm. Archived from the original on November 22, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  129. ^ FoxNews (November 19, 2009). "For That We Apologize". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
  130. ^ "Fox News edit of Biden comment removes racial context". Associated Press. November 12, 2021. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  131. ^ Wolff, Nikki (February 4, 2015). "Fox News site embeds unedited Isis video showing brutal murder of Jordanian pilot". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  132. ^ Wemple, Eric (February 4, 2015). "Fox News stands by decision to post heinous ISIS burning video online". Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  133. ^ a b Gold, Hadas (July 6, 2016). "Gretchen Carlson files sexual harassment lawsuit against Fox News CEO Roger Ailes". Politico. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  134. ^ "6 More Women Allege That Roger Ailes Sexually Harassed Them". Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  135. ^ Sherman, Gabriel (July 19, 2016). "Sources: Megyn Kelly Told Murdoch Investigators That Roger Ailes Sexually Harassed Her". New York. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  136. ^ Byers, Dylan; Stelter, Brian (July 21, 2016). "Roger Ailes leaves Fox News". CNN Money. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  137. ^ Josh Koblin & Michael M. Grynbaum, Fox Settles With Gretchen Carlson Over Roger Ailes Sex Harassment Claims Archived October 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (September 6, 2016).
  138. ^ Gauthier, Brendan (April 29, 2016). "Fox News host Andrea Tantaros quietly pulled from daytime show over contract "issues"". Salon. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  139. ^ Sherman, Gabriel (August 8, 2016). "Fox News Host Andrea Tantaros Says She Was Taken Off the Air After Making Sexual-Harassment Claims Against Roger Ailes". New York. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  140. ^ "Ex-Fox News Host Says Scott Brown Put His Hands On Her, Made Sexually Suggestive Comments". CBS News. August 23, 2016. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  141. ^ Sutton, Kelsey (August 23, 2016). "Former Fox News host Andrea Tantaros sues for sexual harassment". Politico. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  142. ^ Steel, Emily; Schmidt, Michael S. (April 1, 2017). "Bill O'Reilly Thrives at Fox News, Even as Harassment Settlements Add Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  143. ^ Emily Steel, Fox Asks Law Firm to Investigate Bill O'Reilly Harassment Claim Archived February 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (April 9, 2017).
  144. ^ Karl Russell, Bill O'Reilly's Show Lost More Than Half Its Advertisers in a Week Archived November 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (April 11, 2017).
  145. ^ Tom Kludt, Few ads run on 'O'Reilly Factor' as boycott takes effect Archived December 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, CNN (April 6, 2015)
  146. ^ Callum Borchers, Bill O'Reilly's advertiser exodus is even worse than it looks Archived April 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post (April 7, 2017).
  147. ^ Mirren Gidda, Fox News' Bill O'Reilly continues to lose advertisers over sexual harassment scandal Archived December 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsweek (April 5, 2017).
  148. ^ Bill O'Reilly taking vacation amid scandal, advertiser exodus Archived October 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine CNN Money, April 11, 2017.
  149. ^ Steel, Emily; Schmidt, Michael S. (April 19, 2017). "Bill O'Reilly Is Forced Out at Fox News". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  150. ^ Stelter, Dylan Byers and Brian (May 1, 2017). "Fox News co-president Bill Shine out in latest shake-up for network". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  151. ^ Ali, Yashar (July 6, 2017). "Conservative Analyst Scottie Nell Hughes Accuses Fox Business Host of Sexual Harassment". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  152. ^ Battaglio, Stephen (July 6, 2017). "Fox suspends business news host Charles Payne amid sexual harassment allegations". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  153. ^ Ali, Yashar (August 5, 2017). "Fox News Host Sent Unsolicited Lewd Text Messages To Colleagues, Sources Say". Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2017 – via Huff Post.
  154. ^ "Fox News' Eric Bolling suspended after being accused of sending lewd photo". NBC News. August 5, 2017. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  155. ^ "Hours after Fox News suspends Eric Bolling, an accuser comes forward". philly.com. August 5, 2017. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  156. ^ Amanda Marcotte (August 27, 2013). "Fox News Worries That Women Are Taking Up Too Much Health Care". Slate. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  157. ^ Beth Greenfield. "Fox News Contributor's 'Sexist' Comments on Women's Health Care Spark Outrage". Yahoo. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013.
  158. ^ Strobel, Warren; Walcott, John (April 10, 2018). "FBI raids offices, home of Trump's personal lawyer: sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  159. ^ Winter, Tom; Edelman, Adam (April 16, 2018). "Fox News host Sean Hannity revealed as Michael Cohen's mystery client". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  160. ^ a b c Miller, Hayley; Blumberg, Antonia (April 16, 2018). "Identity Of Michael Cohen's 'Mystery' Client Revealed As Sean Hannity". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  161. ^ Pierson, Brendan; Freifeld, Karen; Stempel, Jonathan. "Fox's Hannity revealed as mystery client of Trump's personal lawyer". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  162. ^ Feuer, Alan; Grynbaum, Michael; Koblin, John (April 16, 2018). "Sean Hannity Is Named as Client of Michael Cohen, Trump's Lawyer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  163. ^ Richardson, Davis (April 16, 2018). "Fox News and Sean Hannity Downplay Host's Relationship With Attorney Michael Cohen". The Observer. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  164. ^ a b Borchers, Callum. "The gaping hole in Sean Hannity's story about being Michael Cohen's client". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  165. ^ Edelman, Adam; Winter, Tom (April 17, 2018). "Fox News host Sean Hannity revealed as Michael Cohen's mystery client". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  166. ^ Samuels, Brett (April 16, 2018). "Hannity downplays connection to Trump's personal lawyer". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  167. ^ Gray, Rosie (April 17, 2018). "Sean Hannity's Ties to Two More Trump-Connected Lawyers". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  168. ^ "Report: Sean Hannity used two other Trump-connected lawyers". CBS News. April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  169. ^ Peters, Justin (March 13, 2020). "Fox News During the Coronavirus Pandemic Is Awful Even by Fox News Standards". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  170. ^ Peltz, Madeline (March 14, 2020). "Tucker Carlson is incapable of holding the Trump administration accountable". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  171. ^ a b c "On Fox News, suddenly a very different tune about the coronavirus". The Washington Post. March 16, 2020. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  172. ^ Savillo, Rob (March 25, 2020). "Fox News pushes racist and xenophobic language for coronavirus". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  173. ^ Rieger, JM (March 19, 2020). "Sean Hannity denied calling coronavirus a hoax nine days after he called coronavirus a hoax". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  174. ^ Bekiempis, Victoria (April 4, 2020). "Sean Hannity defends Fox News against claims of coronavirus misinformation: 'I never called it a hoax'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  175. ^ Walters, Joanna; Aratani, Lauren; Beaumont, Peter (March 5, 2020). "Trump calls WHO's global death rate from coronavirus 'a false number'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  176. ^ Devlin, Hannah; Boseley, Sarah (March 13, 2020). "Coronavirus facts: is there a cure and what is the mortality rate of the virus?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  177. ^ "Sean Hannity attempts to minimize the coronavirus concerns by comparing it to violence in Chicago". Media Matters for America. March 10, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  178. ^ Baragona, Justin (March 17, 2020). "Ainsley Earhardt, Days After Urging Viewers to Fly, Now Says We Need to 'Think of Others'". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  179. ^ Cilliza, Chris (March 13, 2020). "Jerry Falwell Jr. needs to stop talking about the coronavirus. Like, now". CNN. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  180. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (March 17, 2020). "'We have a responsibility': Fox News declares coronavirus a crisis in abrupt U-turn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  181. ^ a b Ecarma, Caleb (March 17, 2020). "Fox's Coronavirus Coverage Morphs From "Hoax" to Trump Hero Worship". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  182. ^ Marantz, Andrew (January 15, 2018). "How "Fox & Friends" Rewrites Trump's Reality". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  183. ^ Rupar, Aaron (March 24, 2020). "Fox News's coronavirus coverage slid back off the rails spectacularly on Monday night". Vox. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  184. ^ Darcy, Oliver (April 14, 2020). "Trump rips from episode of Hannity's show for propaganda video". CNN. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  185. ^ Smith, David (April 14, 2020). "Wounded by media scrutiny, Trump turned a briefing into a presidential tantrum". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  186. ^ "Fact check: A list of false claims from Trump's bitter coronavirus briefing". CNN. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  187. ^ Blake, Aaron (April 13, 2020). "Trump's propaganda-laden, off-the-rails coronavirus briefing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  188. ^ Cramer, Maria (April 17, 2020). "Dr. Oz Faces Backlash After Saying School Could Reopen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  189. ^ Baragona, Justin (April 17, 2020). "Dr. Phil Downplays COVID-19 Deaths on Fox News by Comparing It to Smoking and Auto Accidents". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  190. ^ Gertz, Matt (April 16, 2020). "Fox News is promoting protests against social distancing measures: "God bless them"". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  191. ^ "Fox News Gets Push-Back For Supporting Anti-Shutdown Protests". NPR.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  192. ^ "Trump repeatedly tweets about 'liberating' midwestern states". The Week. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  193. ^ Gertz, Matt (April 17, 2020). "Trump tweets praise of right-wing protests against social distancing measures after Fox segment". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  194. ^ "Rush Limbaugh mocks Dr. Anthony Fauci for wearing a mask at White House event". Media Matters for America. May 15, 2020. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  195. ^ Lidsky, David (June 28, 2020). "This one image shows how wearing a mask has become political". Fast Company. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  196. ^ a b Gertz, Matt (July 1, 2020). "How Fox News helped turn masks into another culture war flashpoint". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  197. ^ a b Srikanth, Anagha (July 8, 2020). "Tucker Carlson wrongly claims coronavirus prevention measures aren't backed by science". TheHill. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  198. ^ "Trump baffles Sweden with crime comment, says it was based on TV report". Reuters. February 19, 2017. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  199. ^ Graham, David A. (April 27, 2021). "Tucker Carlson, Unmasked". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  200. ^ "What's Behind Fox's Vaccine-Coverage Shift?". Vanity Fair. July 22, 2021. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  201. ^ Gertz, Matt (July 20, 2021). "Fox News' anti-vaccine campaign isn't over". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  202. ^ "Fox's effort to undermine vaccines has only worsened". Media Matters for America. August 19, 2021. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  203. ^ Woodward, Alex (July 20, 2021). "Fox News hosts railed against 'vaccine passports' – the company requires them to return to work without a mask". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  204. ^ Khandelwal, Devika (July 21, 2021). "True: Fox News has rolled out "FOX Clear Pass," a type of vaccine passport". Logically. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  205. ^ Sadeque, Samira (September 15, 2021). "Nearly all Fox staffers vaccinated for Covid even as hosts cast doubt on vaccine". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  206. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (March 27, 2020). "Trish Regan, Fox Business Host Who Dismissed Virus Concerns, Departs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  207. ^ "Trish Regan Says Coronavirus Is An Impeachment 'Scam'". Mediaite. March 10, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  208. ^ Baragona, Lachlan Cartwright|Justin (April 27, 2020). "Fox News Cuts Ties With Diamond & Silk". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  209. ^ Johnson, Ted; Patten, Dominic (April 28, 2020). "Fox News Severs Ties With Diamond And Silk, Trump Campaign Surrogates Who Pushed Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories". Deadline. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  210. ^ Burke, Minyvonne (December 23, 2020). "Fox Business host Maria Bartiromo interviewed animal activist posing as Smithfield Foods CEO". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  211. ^ Goldman, David (December 23, 2020). "Fox News' Maria Bartiromo thought she was interviewing the CEO of Smithfield Foods. It was an impostor". CNN. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  212. ^ "Misinformation During a Pandemic". Becker Friedman Institute. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  213. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (March 27, 2020). "Trish Regan, Fox Business Host Who Dismissed Virus Concerns, Departs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  214. ^ Derysh, Igor (April 16, 2020). "Fox News fights coronavirus misinformation lawsuit: First Amendment protects "false" speech". Salon. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  215. ^ "Washington state nonprofit files lawsuit saying Fox News misled viewers about coronavirus". The Seattle Times. April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  216. ^ Stone, Ken (May 27, 2020). "Seattle Judge Throws Out COVID-19 'Hoax' Suit Against Fox News". Times of San Diego. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  217. ^ "WASHINGTON LEAGUE FOR INCREASED TRANSPARENCY & ETHICS, a Washington non-profit corporation, Appellants, v. FOX NEWS, FOX NEWS GROUP, FOX NEWS CORPORATION, RUPERT MURDOCH, AT&T TV, COMCAST, Respondents" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  218. ^ Mole, Beth (November 9, 2021). "38% of US adults believe government is faking COVID-19 death toll". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  219. ^ J. Erik Connolly (December 10, 2020). "Re: Legal Notice and Retraction Demand from Smartmatic USA Corp" (PDF). Benesch. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2021 – via Mediaite.
  220. ^ Izadi, Elahe (March 26, 2021). "Fox News sued by Dominion Voting for $1.6 billion over election fraud claims". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  221. ^ "Fox News settles lawsuit with Venezuelan over election vote-rigging claims". The Guardian. April 10, 2023. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  222. ^ Folkenflik, David; Romo, Vanessa (May 18, 2021). "Fox News Moves To Have Dominion Voting Systems Lawsuit Dismissed". NPR. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  223. ^ "Fox News Wants 'Blank Check' to Broadcast Lies, Dominion Tells Judge". Bloomberg.com. June 10, 2021. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  224. ^ Larson, Erik (November 10, 2021). "Dominion Voting Sues Fox, Seeking Election Evidence From Murdochs". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  225. ^ Durkee, Alison (November 11, 2021). "Did Murdochs Push Election Fraud Claims? Dominion Sues Fox Corp. To Find out". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  226. ^ "Dominion's Brief in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on Liability of Fox News Network, LLC and Fox Corporation Dated: January 17, 2022 Public Version Filed on February 16, 2023" (PDF). The Washington Post. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  227. ^ "Fox News Settles Dominion Defamation Case for $787.5 Million, Dominion Lawyer Says". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  228. ^ Yang, Mary (February 18, 2023). "Compare the election-fraud claims Fox News aired with what its stars knew". NPR. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  229. ^ Multiple sources:
  230. ^ a b Peters, Jeremy W; Robertson, Katie (February 16, 2023). "Fox Stars Privately Expressed Disbelief About Trump's Election Fraud Claims". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  231. ^ Stahl, Jeremy (February 17, 2023). "Tucker Carlson's Dominion Text Messages Are a Thing of Beauty". Slate. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  232. ^ Rubin, Olivia; Bruggeman, Lucien (February 16, 2023). "Fox News hosts called 2020 election fraud 'total BS' in private, new Dominion court filing says". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  233. ^ Klasfeld, Adam (February 16, 2023). "'Really crazy stuff': Rupert Murdoch trashed Rudy Giuliani's election theories, unsealed filing in Fox News suit reveals". Law & Crime. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  234. ^ Matza, Max (February 28, 2023). "Rupert Murdoch says Fox News hosts endorsed false election fraud claims". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  235. ^ Peters, Jeremy W; Robertson, Katie (February 27, 2023). "Murdoch Acknowledges Fox News Hosts Endorsed Election Fraud Falsehoods". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  236. ^ Ed Pilkington (March 13, 2023). "Fox News braces for more turbulence as second defamation lawsuit advances". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  237. ^ Cohen, Marshall (April 20, 2023). "Smartmatic wants more than Dominion's $787 million payout, plus a retraction from Fox for its 2020 election lies, lawyer says | CNN Business". CNN. Archived from the original on April 24, 2023. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  238. ^ Blake, Aaron (July 13, 2023). "Analysis | Fox News's trouble with Tucker Carlson and Ray Epps". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  239. ^ Robertson, Katie (September 12, 2023). "Fox Sued by New York City Pension Funds Over Election Falsehoods". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  240. ^ IV, Antonio Pequeño. "Fox Sued Again: NYC Pension Funds Allege False Election Coverage Exposed Company To Defamation". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  241. ^ Queen, Jack (July 2, 2024). "Hunter Biden sues Fox News over 'mock trial' miniseries". Reuters. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  242. ^ "Hunter Biden drops lawsuit against Fox News over explicit images featured in streaming series". AP News. July 22, 2024. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  243. ^ Perrett, Connor (June 29, 2021). "Fox News agrees to pay $1 million fine for human rights law violation in New York City". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  244. ^ Bauder, David (July 28, 2009). "Fox's Glenn Beck: President Obama is a racist". CBS News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  245. ^ a b Ariens, Chris (July 28, 2009). "Glenn Beck's 'Racist' Comment Sends Advertisers Elsewhere". TVNewser. Archived from the original on August 10, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
  246. ^ Media. "Beck: "I have a big fat mouth"". Politico. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  247. ^ Krakauer, Steve (July 29, 2009). "Glenn Beck's 'Obama is Racist' Comment Fuels MSNBC and Beyond". Mediaite. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  248. ^ Hein, Kenneth (July 12, 2009). "Fox News' "Glenn Beck" loses advertisers". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  249. ^ Cannon, Carl M. (August 18, 2009). "Glenn Beck Boycott: Censorship or Good Citizenship?". politicsdaily.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  250. ^ Siemaszko, Corky (September 3, 2009). "Advertisers continue to abandon Glenn Beck after pundit had called President Obama a 'racist'". Daily News (New York). Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  251. ^ Jones, Sam (October 4, 2009). "Waitrose dumps Fox News in protest over remarks about Barack Obama". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
  252. ^ "10.6.09 – Glenn Beck Release". Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  253. ^ "Glenn Beck has last Fox News Channel show". July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  254. ^ Los Angeles Times Archived February 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine "Critic's Notebook: Glenn Beck says goodbye"
  255. ^ Waking to Reality; Bush Numbers Drop as Americans Reject Spin Archived February 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (editorial), Daily Camera, June 13, 2005
  256. ^ Cavuto defended suggestion that bin Laden was wearing Kerry campaign button in videotaped message Archived February 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Media Matters for America, November 4, 2004
  257. ^ "Cavuto's World populated by Victoria's Secret, Playboy models and a pole-dancing Pamela Anderson". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  258. ^ "Porn World with Neil Cavuto: Fox business show featured more scantily clad women". Media Matters for America. October 10, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  259. ^ Alan Colmes' Bio, FoxNews.com, October 10, 2002
  260. ^ a b "An Aggressive Conservative vs. a "Liberal to be Determined" Archived February 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by Steve Rendall, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, November/December 2003
  261. ^ Fox Reporter on Florida Ballots: Burn Them or Shred Them? Archived February 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, December 20, 2000
  262. ^ Liar Liar by John Gibson, FoxNews.com, January 29, 2004
  263. ^ Standards Cases – Upheld cases; The Big Story: My Word (archived from the original), Ofcom, January 28, 2004
  264. ^ Matthews, Gingrich, Hannity, others seize on new bin Laden tape to discredit war critics Archived December 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Media Matters for America, January 20, 2006
  265. ^ Fox's Gibson on "golden opportunity" missed: If France had been selected for 2012 Olympics, terrorists would "blow up Paris, and who cares?" Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Media Matters for America, July 8, 2005
  266. ^ a b "Smoked Out: Pundit for Hire." Paul D. Thacker. The New Republic, February 6, 2006.
  267. ^ Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility", detailing $180,000 in "fees and expenses" paid to Steven Milloy Archived September 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed October 5, 2006.
  268. ^ Activity Report, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., December 1996, describing R.J.R. Tobacco's input into Milloy's junkscience website Archived January 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. From the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library Archived June 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine at the University of California, San Francisco. Accessed October 5, 2006.
  269. ^ "Fox News Asks If Michelle and Barack Did a 'Terrorist Fist Jab'". ABC News. June 9, 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  270. ^ Politico: Fist-jabbing with the enemy. Archived July 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine June 9, 2008.
  271. ^ Morning Joe, NBC News, June 10, 2008 Archived December 1, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
  272. ^ Countdown with Keith Olbermann, NBC News, June 9, 2008 Archived December 1, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
  273. ^ Verdict with Dan Abrams, NBC News, June 9, 2008 Archived December 1, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
  274. ^ "Hill Apologizes For "Terrorist" Tease". TV Newser (blog of mediabistro.com).
  275. ^ Fox & Friends, Fox News Channel, November 4, 2012.
  276. ^ "2012 Presidential Prediction Rankings". Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  277. ^ "Dick Morris out at Fox News". Politico. February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  278. ^ "Jon Stewart Delights In Fox News' Epic Election Night Meltdown". Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  279. ^ "The Daily Show". Comedy Central. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  280. ^ Dowd, Maureen (November 10, 2012). "Romney Is President". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  281. ^ "Megyn Kelly says 'Santa is white' remarks were tongue-in-cheek". Fox News. December 13, 2013. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  282. ^ Luippold, Ross (December 17, 2013). "Jon Stewart Hits Back At Megyn Kelly's 'White Santa' Defense". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  283. ^ Taibi, Catherine (December 13, 2013). "Stephen Colbert Mocks Megyn Kelly's Santa Comments". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  284. ^ Benen, Steve (December 14, 2013). "This Week in God". MSNBC. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  285. ^ Klein, Ezra (December 12, 2013). "Watch Megyn Kelly insist that a mythical present-giving man who commands flying reindeer is definitely white". Wonkblog. Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  286. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (December 15, 2013). "Who Cares if Santa Claus is Real? The Megyn Kelly Scandal Is About Race". The New Republic. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  287. ^ Hart, Andrew (December 16, 2013). "Bill O'Reilly: Santa Is White". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  288. ^ Whitaker, Morgan (December 16, 2013). "Bring on the black Santas!". MSNBC. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  289. ^ Scott, David Clark (December 15, 2013). "Megyn Kelly said Santa and Jesus are white. Really?". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  290. ^ "SEC – VeriSEAL – News: At Fox News, the Colonel Who Wasn't". Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  291. ^ "At Fox News, the Colonel Who Wasn't". The New York Times. April 29, 2002. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  292. ^ a b c "FOX News Channel Statement on 'Outfoxed'". Fox News. July 13, 2004. Archived from the original on December 5, 2005. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  293. ^ Details About Employees Featured in 'Outfoxed' ., FoxNews.com, July 13, 2004
  294. ^ Bradley, Bill (March 21, 2007). "Robert Greenwald's Modest Proposal". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on March 18, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  295. ^ a b Boehlert, Eric (February 16, 2010). Bloggers on the Bus: How the Internet Changed Politics and the Press. Free Press. p. 14. ISBN 9781416560357. fox attacks greenwald.
  296. ^ a b Tryon, Chuck (Summer 2011). "Digital distribution, participatory culture, and the transmedia documentary". Jump Cut. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  297. ^ Goldstein, Patrick (April 24, 2007). "Satire busts a Hump". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014.
  298. ^ a b Davies, Lyell (February 9, 2011). Expose, impel, and sustain change : the committed documentary In political life (Thesis). University of Rochester Program in Visual and Cultural Studies. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  299. ^ a b Linkins, Jason (April 3, 2008). "MoveOn, Brave New Films Urge News Orgs To Not Emulate Fox". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  300. ^ a b Garofoli, Joe (May 1, 2008). "Did top Dems make a dangerous right turn?". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  301. ^ Bauder, David (August 25, 2008). "Davis, Wolfson attending convention for Fox". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  302. ^ "Film Producers Robert Greenwald and Christopher Sprinkle Debut the 2009 Mediamaker Series" (Press release). California State University San Marcos. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015.
  303. ^ Sarno, David (April 9, 2008). "Politics' video game". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  304. ^ Krawitz, Cole (August 24, 2007). "Filmmaker Robert Greenwald and independent U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders launch online video campaign, denouncing FOX News". jvoices. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  305. ^ Fox News 'propaganda' says mogul Archived March 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, January 27, 2005
  306. ^ ADL: Ted Turner Hasn't Learned From His Mistakes Archived July 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, January 26, 2005
  307. ^ a b FOX broadcasts live suicide as car chase ends in suspect shooting himself Archived October 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Poynter.org September 28, 2012, 3:57, by Julie Moos
  308. ^ Burkeman, Oliver. "Fox News apologizes for Kerry fabrication." The Guardian, October 4, 2004.
  309. ^ Times Staff Writer (October 2, 2004). "Fox Posts Reporter's Kerry Spoof on Website". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved April 29, 2011. The chief political correspondent for "Fox News" wrote a fictitious story Friday referring to Sen. John F. Kerry as a "metrosexual" who does manicures that was temporarily posted on the network's website.
  310. ^ Foley, Ryan (June 13, 2022). "Conservatives angered by Fox News profile on trans-identified child: 'Horrifying, evil and sick'". The Christian Post. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  311. ^ Smith, Ben (March 26, 2011). "Media Matters' war against Fox". POLITICO.
  312. ^ "Who is Pat Caddell?". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2006., Media Matters for America, September 16, 2004
  313. ^ "Ann Coulter Defends Edwards Comments". Fox News. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007.
  314. ^ "Hannity & Colmes substitute host Estrich: progressive standard-bearer?". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2006.. Media Matters for America, June 9, 2004
  315. ^ Leon Lazaroff; John Cook (September 3, 2004). "Fox News scores with GOP, spurs protesters". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 11, 2007.[dead link]
  316. ^ O'Reilly, Bill (August 26, 2004), "Small Minority of Protestors Can Cause Big Trouble", The O'Reilly Factor, FoxNews.com, archived from the original on January 18, 2007
  317. ^ Fox & Friends' Kilmeade called G8 protesters "morons without jobs," insisted new Goldberg attack book not skewed Archived February 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Media Matters for America, July 6, 2005
  318. ^ [citation needed]Grrr! Protesters From Hell by Mike Straka, FoxNews.com, September 27, 2005
  319. ^ "SVT Debatt, Autumn 2015". YouTube. August 26, 2015.
  320. ^ a b Expressen: Räven går i Rosengård Archived February 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Behrang Kianzad
  321. ^ Harrigan, Steve Swedes Reach Muslim Breaking Point Fox News, November 26, 2004
  322. ^ "Fox News Producer Resigns Over Middle East Coverage". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  323. ^ "CNN debunks false report about Obama". CNN. January 22, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2007.
  324. ^ "Obama's Grudge Factor". Washington Post. January 31, 2007. Archived from the original on January 31, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  325. ^ "Dems cancel debate over Fox chief's Obama joke". CNN. March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
  326. ^ Fox analyst apologizes for Obama assassination joke, Michael Calderone, Politico, May 26, 2008
  327. ^ The Editorial Board. "Assassination Humor? Fox Crosses a Line". Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  328. ^ "Conyers responds to Fox News". Crook and Liars. June 5, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  329. ^ "TV Notes: Isaiah Washington is fired from 'Grey's Anatomy'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 5, 2007.
  330. ^ "Fox News' African-American elected official mix-up not its first". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  331. ^ "Brevity or deception?". MyNorthwest.com. December 31, 1969. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  332. ^ "Fox News Accused of 'Doctoring' Controversial Speech by Jimmy Hoffa". Christian Post. September 6, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  333. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (April 18, 2013). "GOP Rep. embraces Boston conspiracy theory". Salon.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  334. ^ "Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America". Center for American Progress. August 26, 2011.
  335. ^ "Books | Terrorists under the bed". Salon.com. March 5, 2002. Archived from the original on November 13, 2005. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  336. ^ Adrienne Edgar (May 19, 1991). "A Defector's Story". New York Times.
  337. ^ Crilly, Rob (January 12, 2015). "The truth about Birmingham – #foxnewsfacts". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022.
  338. ^ Holehouse, Matthew (January 12, 2015). "David Cameron: US terror 'expert' Steve Emerson is a 'complete idiot'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
  339. ^ "Fox News comments: Steven Emerson admits 'terrible error'". BBC News. January 13, 2015.
  340. ^ "Fox News terrorism commentator Steven Emerson donates £500 to hospital". BBC. January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  341. ^ Kane, Vivian (November 2, 2022). "Fox News Hosts Should Try Working One Day in a Service Industry Job Before Mocking Overworked Starbucks Employees". The Mary Sue. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  342. ^ "Ray Epps sues Fox News, accuses the network of 'telling a fantastical story' about him working for the FBI". Deseret News. July 14, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  343. ^ Ailes, Roger (June 2, 2004). "Elite, Arrogant, Condescending: The L.A. Times' editor is terrified of Fox News. How pathetic". OpinionJournal, The Wall Street Journal.
  344. ^ a b "Alicia C. Shepard, "A Late-Breaking Campaign Skeleton," American Journalism Review, December 2000". Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  345. ^ "I Want Media Is on Hiatus – Adweek". AdWeek. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  346. ^ "Jon Stewart Addresses Hannity: "Sh*t Just Got Weird"". Tell Me Now. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.
  347. ^ Wemple, Erik (April 11, 2014). "Bill O'Reilly vs. Stephen Colbert, still going strong". The Washington Post.
[edit]