Ko-hsin movement

The Gexin movement or Ko-hsin movement (simplified Chinese: 党政革新运动; traditional Chinese: 黨政革新運動; pinyin: Dǎng zhèng géxīn yùndòng; lit. 'Party and Government Innovation Movement') was a political faction formed in 1944 within China's Kuomintang party. Composed largely of members of the CC Clique and Whampoa group, the movement's members opposed what they viewed as bureaucratic tendences and corruption within the KMT and sought to purge the party. By August 1947, the Gexin movement ceased to be an effective political force.

Composition

The Gexin movement was a political faction formed in 1944 within China's Kuomintang party.^[1]^: 138 It formed in response to the weakening of the Nationalist government, which was experiencing war weariness and a deteriorating economy.^[2]^: 109 It was largely composed of younger Kuomintang members, particularly those associated with the Whampoa group or the CC Clique.^[1]^: 138

Initially, the group did little other than discuss their mutual dissatisfaction with the direction of the Nationalist government.^[2]^: 109 Its initial members were part of the CC Clique, and the group began expanding outside of the CC Clique in advance of the Twelfth Plenum of the Kuomintang's Executive Committee, including with members of the Whampoa and Youth Corps factions.^[2]^: 110 A number of these subsequent members had been leaders in the Blue Shirts Society during the 1930s.^[2]^: 110

Political stances

The members of the Gexin movement were forceful of their criticisms of the government during the plenary session of the Kuomintang's Central Executive Committee on May 21, 1944.^[2]^: 110 Chiang Kai-shek thereafter invited members of the group to meet with him regarding their views of political reform, which members of the group initially viewed as a political victory.^[2]^: 110 However, Chiang did not act on any of the recommendations, later indicating that the Japanese Operation Ichigo offensive had taken political reform off the table until the KMT's Sixth Party Congress where it would be considered again.^[2]^: 110

Through the remainder of 1944 and into 1945, the Gexin movement continued to agitate for reform and develop its contacts with influential figures in the KMT.^[2]^: 110

At both the Sixth Party Congress in May 1945 and in the Second Plenum in 1946, the Gexin movement called for purging the KMT of bureaucratism, factionalism, and bureaucratic capitalism via a general review of party membership.^[2]^: 123

The Gexin movement strongly opposed H.H. Kung in the period leading to Kung's resignation.^[1]^: 138 It viewed Kung as incompetent, indecisive, and lacking a progressive spirit.^[2]^: 109

The Gexin movement opposed the Sino-Soviet treaty negotiated in the final days of the Second Sino-Japanese War.^[1]^{: 138–139} It opposed the proposal for a post-war coalition government between the Nationalists and the Communists which George C. Marshall unsuccessfully sought to broker during the Marshall Mission.^[1]^{: 138–139}

The Gexin movement was a major political force within the KMT in early 1947.^[2]^: 125 It was among the most aggressive critics of T.V. Soong following the Nationalist government's financial crisis in early 1947.^[1]^: 138 The group emphasized his bureaucratic capitalism, a phrase likely adopted from the communists' criticisms of Soong.^[1]^{: 138–139} The Gexin movement influenced many newspapers' criticisms of Soong.^[1]^{: 138–139} The group's criticisms of Soong were also echoed in the Legislative Yuan.^[1]^: 139

End of movement

After March 1947, the political power of the Gexin movement decreased.^[2]^{: 124–125} In August 1947, the movement stopped publishing its official journal and the group ceased to be an effective political force.^[2]^: 125 Some of its members, however, continued to coordinate legislative activities.^[2]^: 125

Historian Lloyd Eastman attributes the Gexin movement's disintegration to a lack of success in effectuating reform or purging the KMT as well as increasing rivalry between members of the Youth Corps faction and the CC Clique members.^[2]^: 125 Eastman writes that although the Gexin movement criticized factionalism within the KMT, the movement itself "had been simply another faction within the disorderly constellation of factions known as the Nationalist regime."^[2]^: 126

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War. Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-29761-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Eastman, Lloyd E. (1984). Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution 1937-1949. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1191-3.

[:02-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War. Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-29761-5.

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Eastman, Lloyd E. (1984). Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution 1937-1949. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1191-3.

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