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Endemic (epidemiology)

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(Redirected from Hypoendemic)

Human alphaherpesvirus 3 virion − a herpesvirus known to infect humans. It causes chickenpox (varicella), a disease most commonly affecting children, teens, and young adults, and shingles (herpes zoster) in adults.

In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a specific population or populated place when that infection is constantly present, or maintained at a baseline level, without extra infections being brought into the group as a result of travel or similar means.[1] The term describes the distribution of an infectious disease among a group of people or within a populated area.[2] An endemic disease always has a steady, predictable number of people getting sick, but that number can be high (hyperendemic) or low (hypoendemic), and the disease can be severe or mild.[3][4] Also, a disease that is usually endemic can become epidemic.[3]

For example, chickenpox is endemic in the United Kingdom, but malaria is not. Every year, there are a few cases of malaria reported in the UK, but these do not lead to sustained transmission in the population due to the lack of a suitable vector (mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles). Consequently, the number of people infected by malaria in the UK is too variable to be called endemic. However, the number of people who get chickenpox in the UK varies little from year to year, so chickenpox is considered endemic in the UK.

Mathematical determination

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See also: Mathematical modelling in epidemiology and Mathematical modelling of infectious disease

For an infection that relies on person-to-person transmission, to be endemic, each person who becomes infected with the disease must pass it on to one other person on average. Assuming a completely susceptible population, that means that the basic reproduction number (R0) of the infection must equal one. In a population with some immune individuals, the basic reproduction number multiplied by the proportion of susceptible individuals in the population (S) must be one. This takes account of the probability of each individual to whom the disease may be transmitted being susceptible to it, effectively discounting the immune sector of the population. So, for a disease to be in an endemic steady state or endemic equilibrium, it holds that

In this way, the infection neither dies out, nor does the number of infected people increase exponentially. An infection that starts as an epidemic will eventually either die out (with the possibility of it resurging in a theoretically predictable cyclical manner) or reach the endemic steady state, depending on a number of factors, including the virulence of the disease and its mode of transmission.[5]

If a disease is in an endemic steady state in a population, the relation above allows the basic reproduction number (R0) of a particular infection to be estimated. This in turn can be fed into a mathematical model for the epidemic. Based on the reproduction number, we can define the epidemic waves, such as the first wave, second wave, etc. for COVID-19 in different regions and countries.[6]

Misuse

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It has been claimed that endemic COVID-19 implies that the disease severity would be mild.[3] However, endemicity has no inherent relationship with disease severity. Endemic COVID-19 could be mild if previously acquired immunity reduces the risk of death and disability during future infections,[7] but in itself endemicity only means that there will be a steady, predictable number of sick people.[3][4]

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Categories of endemic diseases

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Holoendemic
An endemic disease with an extremely high rate of infection,[8] especially a disease that infects nearly everyone early in life, so that nearly all adults have developed some level of immunity.[9]
Hyperendemic
An endemic disease with a high rate of infection,[8] especially one affecting people of all ages equally.[9]
Mesoendemic
An endemic disease with a moderate rate of infection.[8] This term is often used to describe the prevalence of malaria in a local area, with 10 to 50% of children showing evidence of prior infection being considered a moderate level for that disease.[8][10]
Hypoendemic
An endemic disease with a low rate of infection.[8][9] Typhoid fever is a hypoendemic disease in the US.[11]

Categories for non-endemic diseases

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Sporadic
A disease that appears occasionally, but, unlike endemic disease, is not always present at a steady and predictable level.[12]
Outbreak
An epidemic, especially one affecting a very small area, such as the people in one town or attending a single event.[8] The 2019–2020 measles outbreaks showed a normally endemic disease causing an epidemic outbreak, primarily among unvaccinated people.[3]
Epidemic
A new disease that is spreading or a previously endemic disease whose infection rate is increasing significantly.[8][11] Seasonal flu frequently appears as an epidemic.[8]
Pandemic
An epidemic affecting a very large part of the world, generally multiple countries or multiple continents.[8] Seasonal flu is sometimes a global pandemic.[8]

Examples

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This is a short, incomplete list of some infections that are usually considered endemic:

Smallpox was an endemic disease until it was eradicated through vaccination.[13]

Etymology

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The word endemic comes from the Greek: ἐν, en, "in, within" and δῆμος, demos, "people".[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  2. ^ Cook, Neal; Shepherd, Andrea; Dunleavy, Stephanie; McCauley, Claire (23 April 2022). "Health and Disease in Society". Essentials of Pathophysiology for Nursing Practice. SAGE. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-1-5297-8581-4. Terms used to describe distribution include: Endemic: a condition that is generally present in a group or area, such as a cold
  3. ^ a b c d e Katzourakis A (January 2022). "COVID-19: endemic doesn't mean harmless". Nature. 601 (7894): 485. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..485K. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00155-x. PMID 35075305. S2CID 246277859.
  4. ^ a b Ticona, Eduardo; Gao, George Fu; Zhou, Lei; Burgos, Marcos (13 April 2023). "Person-Centered Infectious Diseases and Pandemics". In Mezzich, Juan E.; Appleyard, James; Glare, Paul; Snaedal, Jon; Wilson, Ruth (eds.). Person Centered Medicine. Springer Nature. p. 465. ISBN 978-3-031-17650-0.
  5. ^ von Csefalvay, Chris (2023), "Temporal dynamics of epidemics", Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease, Elsevier, pp. 217–255, doi:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00016-5, ISBN 978-0-323-95389-4, retrieved 28 February 2023
  6. ^ Zhang, Stephen X.; Marioli, Francisco Arroyo; Gao, Renfei; Wang, Senhu (13 September 2021). "A Second Wave? What Do People Mean by COVID Waves? – A Working Definition of Epidemic Waves". Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 14: 3775–3782. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S326051. PMC 8448159. PMID 34548826.
  7. ^ Antia R, Halloran ME (October 2021). "Transition to endemicity: Understanding COVID-19". Immunity (Review). 54 (10): 2172–2176. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.019. PMC 8461290. PMID 34626549.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cockerham, William C. (6 October 2016). International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Academic Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-12-803708-9.
  9. ^ a b c Porta, Miquel S.; Greenland, Sander; Hernán, Miguel; Silva, Isabel dos Santos; Last, John M. (2014). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. pp. 136, 139. ISBN 978-0-19-997673-7.
  10. ^ WHO Malaria Terminology, 2021 update. World Health Organization. 24 November 2021. p. 11. ISBN 978-92-4-003840-0.
  11. ^ a b Emch, Michael; Root, Elisabeth Dowling; Carrel, Margaret (20 February 2017). Health and Medical Geography, Fourth Edition. Guilford Publications. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4625-2006-0.
  12. ^ Battersby, Stephen (1 July 2016). Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health. Routledge. pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-1-317-38291-1.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Katzourakis A (January 2022). "COVID-19: endemic doesn't mean harmless". Nature. 601 (7894): 485. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..485K. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00155-x. PMID 35075305. S2CID 246277859. Yes, common colds are endemic. So are Lassa fever, malaria and polio. So was smallpox, until vaccines stamped it out. [...] learning to live with endemic rotavirus, hepatitis C or measles.
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  • The dictionary definition of endemic at Wiktionary
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