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Circumconic and inconic

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In Euclidean geometry, a circumconic is a conic section that passes through the three vertices of a triangle,[1] and an inconic is a conic section inscribed in the sides, possibly extended, of a triangle.[2]

Suppose A, B, C are distinct non-collinear points, and let ABC denote the triangle whose vertices are A, B, C. Following common practice, A denotes not only the vertex but also the angle BAC at vertex A, and similarly for B and C as angles in ABC. Let the sidelengths of ABC.

In trilinear coordinates, the general circumconic is the locus of a variable point satisfying an equation

for some point u : v : w. The isogonal conjugate of each point X on the circumconic, other than A, B, C, is a point on the line

This line meets the circumcircle of ABC in 0,1, or 2 points according as the circumconic is an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola.

The general inconic is tangent to the three sidelines of ABC and is given by the equation

Centers and tangent lines

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Circumconic

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The center of the general circumconic is the point

The lines tangent to the general circumconic at the vertices A, B, C are, respectively,

Inconic

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The center of the general inconic is the point

The lines tangent to the general inconic are the sidelines of ABC, given by the equations x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.

Other features

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Circumconic

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  • Each noncircular circumconic meets the circumcircle of ABC in a point other than A, B, C, often called the fourth point of intersection, given by trilinear coordinates
  • If is a point on the general circumconic, then the line tangent to the conic at P is given by
  • The general circumconic reduces to a parabola if and only if
and to a rectangular hyperbola if and only if
  • Of all triangles inscribed in a given ellipse, the centroid of the one with greatest area coincides with the center of the ellipse.[3]: p.147  The given ellipse, going through this triangle's three vertices and centered at the triangle's centroid, is called the triangle's Steiner circumellipse.

Inconic

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  • The general inconic reduces to a parabola if and only if
in which case it is tangent externally to one of the sides of the triangle and is tangent to the extensions of the other two sides.
  • Suppose that and are distinct points, and let
As the parameter t ranges through the real numbers, the locus of X is a line. Define
The locus of X2 is the inconic, necessarily an ellipse, given by the equation
where
  • A point in the interior of a triangle is the center of an inellipse of the triangle if and only if the point lies in the interior of the triangle whose vertices lie at the midpoints of the original triangle's sides.[3]: p.139  For a given point inside that medial triangle, the inellipse with its center at that point is unique.[3]: p.142 
  • The inellipse with the largest area is the Steiner inellipse, also called the midpoint inellipse, with its center at the triangle's centroid.[3]: p.145  In general, the ratio of the inellipse's area to the triangle's area, in terms of the unit-sum barycentric coordinates (α, β, γ) of the inellipse's center, is[3]: p.143 
which is maximized by the centroid's barycentric coordinates α = β = γ = ⅓.
  • The lines connecting the tangency points of any inellipse of a triangle with the opposite vertices of the triangle are concurrent.[3]: p.148 

Extension to quadrilaterals

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All the centers of inellipses of a given quadrilateral fall on the line segment connecting the midpoints of the diagonals of the quadrilateral.[3]: p.136 

Examples

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References

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  1. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Circumconic." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Circumconic.html
  2. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Inconic." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Inconic.html
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Chakerian, G. D. "A Distorted View of Geometry." Ch. 7 in Mathematical Plums (R. Honsberger, editor). Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America, 1979.
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