International tourism

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International tourism over time
International tourist arrivals per year by region

International tourism is tourism that crosses national borders. Globalisation has made tourism a popular global leisure activity. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".[1] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 500,000 people are in flight at any one time.[2] <href="https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/country/barbados" rel="nofollow">https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/country/barbados</a>

In 2010, international tourism reached US$919 billion, growing 6.5% over 2009, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.7%.[3] In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide.[4] By 2016, that number had risen to 1.235 billion, producing 1,220 billion USD in destination spending.[5] The COVID-19 crisis had significant negative effects on international tourism, significantly slowing the overall increasing trend.<href="https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/tourist-destination/duba-plains" rel="nofollow">https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/tourist-destination/duba-plains</a>

International tourism has significant impacts on the environment, exacerbated in part by the problems created by air travel but also by other issues, including wealthy tourists bringing lifestyles that stress local infrastructure, water and trash systems among others.

History[edit]

As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009.[6] This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourist arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts.[7]

COVID-19[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism.[edit]

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the tourism industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as slump in demand among travelers. The tourism industry has been massively affected by the spread of coronavirus, as many countries have introduced travel restrictions in an attempt to contain its spread.[8] The United Nations World Tourism Organization estimated that global international tourist arrivals could have decreased by 58% to 78% in 2020, leading to a potential loss of US $0.9–1.2 trillion in international tourism receipts.[9]

In many of the world's cities, planned travel went down by 80–90%.[10] Conflicting and unilateral travel restrictions occurred regionally[11][12] and many tourist attractions around the world, such as museums, amusement parks, gyms and sports venues closed down. After March 2020, tourist firms' connectivity has skyrocketed. Restaurants are the most significantly impacted subsectors of tourism, followed by airline firms.[13] UNWTO reported a 65% drop in international tourist arrivals in the first six months of 2020.[14] Air passenger travel showed a similar decline.[15] The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development released a report in June 2021 stating that the global economy could lose over US$4 trillion as a result of the pandemic.[16]

Some people have taken advantage of airlines drastically reducing their fares to travel for leisure despite multiple warnings to remain at home, along with two-week self-quarantine requirements upon arrival or return from travel.[17] A number of college students tested positive for COVID-19 after returning from traditional spring break destinations such as the Florida beaches, South Padre Island, and Cabo San Lucas.[18] Many tourism venues such as museums, visitor centers, restaurants, and hotels mandated COVID-19 vaccination for their staff and/or visitors.[19] Research has shown that tourists have varying levels of belief in COVID-19 vaccination in terms of its effectiveness and side effects, which impacts their preferences for visiting or using "vaccinated venues".[19]< href="https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/safari-details/3-day-best-safari-tour-to-mikumi-national-park" rel="nofollow">https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/safari-details/3-day-best-safari-tour-to-mikumi-national-park</a>

Together with a decreased willingness to travel, the restrictions have had a negative economic impact on the travel sector in those regions. A possible long-term impact has been a decline in business travel and international conferencing, and the rise of their virtual, online equivalents.[20] Concerns have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of COVID-19.[21] A 2021 study published in the Nature Scientific Reports journal has found that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic, and less effective in the middle phase. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was heightened especially when applied quarantine time and allowed for free travel of essential personnel such as physicians, while applying the restriction of social distancing measures at home.[22]

Economic impacts[edit]

In 2011 and 2012, international travel demand continued to recover from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009.[23] After a 5% increase in the first half of 2011, growth in international tourist arrivals accelerated during the second half of 2011 to reach a total of 1.03 billion in 2012, up from over 980 million in 2011.[24]

As one of the world's largest and fastest-growing economic sectors, tourism is recognized for the global growth and development it brings to destinations around the world. Tourism has been shown to contribute to economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), the travel and tourism sector accounted for 10.4% of global GDP and provided 319 million jobs, or one in ten of all jobs, in 2018.[25]

However, the impact of tourism on the economy is not always positive. In some cases, tourism has led to increased costs of living, environmental degradation, and the displacement of local communities. There is also a growing recognition of the need for sustainable tourism practices that balance the economic benefits of tourism with the need to protect the environment and respect local cultures and communities.[26]

Environmental impacts[edit]

Main articles: Impacts of tourism and Environmental impact of aviation

International tourism can have a significant impact on the environment, particularly through the emissions of greenhouse gases from aviation. Air travel is a major contributor to climate change, and the growth in international tourism has led to increased emissions. The environmental impact of tourism also includes the degradation of natural habitats, the depletion of natural resources, and the production of waste and pollution.

Efforts are being made to reduce the environmental impact of tourism through sustainable tourism practices. These include the use of renewable energy, the promotion of eco-friendly transportation options, and the development of tourism activities that have a minimal impact on the environment. The UNWTO has developed a Global Code of Ethics for Tourism to promote responsible and sustainable tourism.[27]

See also[edit]

[PerTour Market Forum](https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/country/barbados). [PerTour Market Forum](https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/tourist-destination/duba-plains). [PerTour Market Forum](https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/safari-details/3-day-best-safari-tour-to-mikumi-national-park).

References[edit]

[PerTour Market Forum](https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/country/barbados). [PerTour Market Forum](https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/tourist-destination/duba-plains). [PerTour Market Forum](https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/safari-details/3-day-best-safari-tour-to-mikumi-national-park). [28] [29] [30]

  1. ^ "UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 1995. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
  2. ^ "Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US". The Guardian. 28 April 2009.
  3. ^ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2009" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 7 (2). World Tourism Organization. June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  4. ^ "2011 Highlights" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Highlights. UNWTO. June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  5. ^ World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2017-07-01). UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). doi:10.18111/9789284419029. ISBN 978-92-844-1902-9.
  6. ^ "International tourism challenged by deteriorating global economy" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 7 (1). World Tourism Organization. January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  7. ^ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer Interim Update" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. World Tourism Organization. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  8. ^ "BBC Business News". BBC News. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  9. ^ "International Tourist Numbers Could Fall 60–80% in 2020". unwto.org. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  10. ^ Team, The Visual and Data Journalism (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: A visual guide to the pandemic". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020.
  11. ^ "EU's Politics-Oriented Approach To Border Reopening Is Risking Recovery". Schengen Visa Info. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020.
  12. ^ "Airlines and Airports Warn European PMs on Inconsistent Approach to Travel Restrictions". Schengen Visa Info. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020.
  13. ^ Abdelsalam, Omneya; Aysan, Ahmet Faruk; Cepni, Oguzhan; Disli, Mustafa (March 2023). "The spillover effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: Which subsectors of tourism have been affected more?". Tourism Economics. 29 (2): 559–567. doi:10.1177/13548166211053670. ISSN 1354-8166.
  14. ^ "International Tourist Numbers Down 65% in First Half of 2020". unwto.org. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  15. ^ "Airlines may need to retool routes with decline in business travel". Marketplace. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  16. ^ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (June 30, 2021). "COVID-19 and Tourism: An Update" (PDF). Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  17. ^ Hoffower, Hillary (23 March 2020). "'It's Gen Z you want': Millennials are defending themselves from accusations that they're out partying and ignoring warnings amid the coronavirus pandemic". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  18. ^ Hoffower, Hillary (2 April 2020). "44 Texas spring breakers who partied in Cabo have tested positive for the coronavirus". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  19. ^ a b Zhang, S.X.; Chen, J.; Alvarez-Risco, A.; Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S.; Yanez, J.A. "Preference for vaccinated venues: the roles of belief in COVID-19 vaccine adoption rate and side effects". Current Issues in Tourism: 1–5.
  20. ^ "The long-term effects of the coronavirus". The Jerusalem Post. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020. {{cite web}}: More than one of |work= and |website= specified (help)
  21. ^ Nsikan, Akpan (24 February 2020). "Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working". National Geographic. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  22. ^ Chinazzi, M.; Davis, J.T.; Ajelli, M.; Gioannini, C.; Litvinova, M.; Merler, S.; Y Piontti, A.; Mu, K.; Rossi, L.; Sun, K.; Viboud, C.; Xia; Halloran, M.E.; Longini Jr., I.M.; Vespignani, A. (24 April 2020). "The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak". Science. 368 (6489): 395–400. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..395C. doi:10.1126/science.aba9757. PMC 7164386. PMID 32144116. {{cite journal}}: Text "first12,Y." ignored (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  23. ^ "International tourism challenged by deteriorating global economy" (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 7 (1). World Tourism Organization. January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  24. ^ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer: Volume 10, January 2012" (PDF). UNWTO. January 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  25. ^ "Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2019". World Travel & Tourism Council. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  26. ^ "Sustainable Tourism". UNWTO. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  27. ^ "Global Code of Ethics for Tourism". UNWTO. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  28. ^ https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/country/barbados
  29. ^ https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/tourist-destination/duba-plains-
  30. ^ https://www.pertourmarket.com/forum/safari-details/3-day-best-safari-tour-to-mikumi-national-park
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