Jump to content

Yakovlev MC-21

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Irkut MC-21)
"MC-21" redirects here. For other uses, see MC21.

MC-21
The MC-21 during its maiden flight on 28 May 2017
General information
TypeNarrow-body airliner
National originRussia
ManufacturerUnited Aircraft Corporation[1]
Designer
StatusIn development
Number built8 as of April 2023[2][user-generated source?]
History
Introduction datelate 2025/early 2026 (deferred from 2022)[3]
First flight28 May 2017[4]

The Yakovlev MC-21 (Russian: Яковлев МС-21) is a single-aisle airliner, under development in Russia by the Yakovlev Corporation (formerly known as Irkut Corporation), a branch of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), itself a 92%-owned subsidiary of Russia's state-owned aviation giant Rostec.[5]

The program was launched in 2007. Irkut rolled out the first MC-21-300 on 8 June 2016 and first flew the aircraft on 28 May 2017. The twinjet has a carbon fibre reinforced polymer wing and was to be powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14 turbofans or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines. The standard MC-21-300 has a capacity of 132–163 passengers in a two-class configuration and 165–211 in a single class, and a range up to 6,000–6,400 km (3,200–3,500 nmi; 3,700–4,000 mi). By July 2018, it had received 175 firm orders.

In early 2022, international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Irkut Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Ukraine,[6] while United Aircraft Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, European Union, Japan, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Ukraine,[7] and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) suspended all work on type certification of the MC-21.[8] To circumvent the sanctions, Irkut decided to use only Russian avionics and engines.

By early 2024, it had become clear that the design work and additional testing necessary to use Russian-made equipment would delay the launch date to 2025–2026, and that the aircraft would not meet its original weight, range and operating altitude specifications; additionally, industry analysts questioned the feasibility of the revised delivery timeline because the Russian-designed PD-14 engines were unproven and it was unclear if other parts suppliers could meet production targets.[9]

Naming

[edit]

In Russian: МС‑21 "Магистральный Самолёт 21 века" Magistral'nyj Samoljot 21 veka translates as "mainline aircraft of the 21st century".[10] It is marketed in the West as the MC-21,[11][12] though the aircraft's Russian-language designation transliterates as MS-21.

In 2013, Russian deputy premier Dmitry Rogozin indicated that it would be designated Yak-242 once it enters serial production, the name of a 1990s proposal of an aircraft of similar size.[13] In 2014, Oleg Demchenko, the president of Irkut at the time, also preferred the Yak-242 name, claiming it would better reflect the design bureau behind the aircraft, however, he has also said that any of these renaming decisions would be made after the aircraft first flight and certification work.[14]

In August 2023, Irkut Corporation formally rebranded the entire company as Yakovlev.[15]

Development

[edit]
Assembly of prototype in January 2016

The program was launched in 2007, planning a 2016 introduction.[10] In 2009, the MC-21 was in the "pre-design" phase, with projected completion of the first prototype in 2013 and the first flight in 2014.[16] By June 2011, the "pre-design" phase was completed and the "working design" stage was under way with three-dimensional models and drawings for subcontractors and suppliers, to be completed by mid-2012.[17] In February 2012, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin announced it was slated to begin certification tests in 2015/2016 and to enter production in 2020.[18] The unit cost of the MC-21-200 is US$ 72 million,[11] and US$91 million for the MC-21-300.[19]

On 8 June 2016, the -300 was rolled-out in Irkutsk, East Siberia, six years after program launch and with 175 orders. It could be the first commercial aircraft to use out of autoclave composite manufacturing for its wings. The program faces domination of the single-aisle market by Airbus and Boeing. Russian protectionism is hampering access to critical western suppliers for the avionics, landing gear, hydraulics, power systems and engines. Its introduction was delayed to the end of 2018.[20][21] It is comparable to the Airbus A320neo or Boeing 737 MAX and could replace the outgoing Tu-134, Tu-154, Tu-204 and Yak-42.

Ground testing

[edit]
Behind Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev at the June 2016 roll-out

In February 2017, it passed 90% of the static ultimate load test (150% of the highest load in operation) at the TsAGI but failed the 100% test for which the wingbox will need 25-kilogram (55 lb) reinforcements: this is common for new airliners like the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 or Mitsubishi MRJ, aiming for the smallest possible margin to avoid excess weight; it passed the limit load test (highest load during flight) which enables flight testing which should start in April.[22] Cracks developed at the point of contact between the titanium beam and the composite wing skin in the wingbox.[10] The reinforced wingbox withstood a load exceeding specifications without damage in mid-November at TsAGI Moscow.[23]

In May 2017, it was undergoing systems ground testing including its auxiliary power unit and taxiing tests.[24] After completing taxi and runway roll tests, its maiden flight was scheduled for late May 2017 with Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan engines, certified in September 2016 in Russia. The Russian certification was targeted for 2018 and the European Aviation Safety Agency certificate for 2019.[10]

Flight testing

[edit]
Video of maiden flight, May 2017

On 28 May 2017 MC-21 completed its successful maiden flight in Irkutsk.[4] Compared with recent 3-to-4-hour maiden flights of western types, this first flight was brief at 30-minute and low, reaching a 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude and 300 kilometres per hour (160 kn; 190 mph).[25] The maiden flight was originally scheduled for December 2016, then to April before finally taking place in May.[26]

Following this maiden flight, trade and industry minister Denis Manturov claimed it will have 12–15% lower operating costs than contemporaries, generating a demand for over 1,000 MC-21s between 2017 and 2037.[27] Aeroflot expected delivery of the first P&W-powered aircraft through Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leasing in 2019.[10] Its early production rate was projected for 20 aircraft per year.[28]

In August 2017, the first prototype performed nine test flights, analysing stability and controllability in various configurations, altitude, altitude/speed sensors accuracy and engine operation. Its software was adjusted by the results as it was fitted with over 500 strain gauges measuring in-flight loading on the airframe, to verify the initial design, for "several weeks". A second prototype was finalised while three other prototypes were undergoing construction; production of 70 MC-21s annually was initially planned for 2024.[29] Irkut began the second testing phase on 13 September with an eventless 2-hour flight.[30] The phase extended the mass, centering, speed and altitude envelope.[31]

In October 2017, the first prototype flew from Irkutsk Aviation Plant to Moscow Ramenskoye Airport to continue testing at the Gromov Flight Research Institute, a 6-hour flight over 4,500 km (2,400 nmi; 2,800 mi) at 33,000 feet (10,000 m).[32] The flight test programme started on 2 November with a 3-hour flight reaching 39,400 feet (12,000 m).[33] Before being flown to Moscow, 20 flights were conducted in Irkutsk. In November, the second prototype was prepared for flight-tests, followed in 2018 by the third for which final assembly has started.[34]

EASA approval was targeted for mid-2020.[34] Certification testing was to start at the end of 2018 for a mid-2019 Russian type certification after a 1,150 flights effort. Entry into service was then planned for the second half of 2019 with the first five deliveries and within five years UAC plans to ramp up production to 70 aircraft per year.[35]

The second test aircraft was in final assembly in January 2018 and was to join the flight-test campaign in the first quarter.[35] It was to fly in late February or early March 2018.[36] Its construction was completed by March end.[37] It was scheduled to fly in April 2018, and the third in the 2018 fourth quarter.[38] It made its first flight on 12 May for 1 hour 7 minutes, reaching 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 215 knots (398 km/h; 247 mph), checking its landing gear retraction and testing wing configurations.[39] On 20 July 2018, it flew from Irkutsk to the Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow in six hours.[40]

Production started in 2018, certification slipped into late 2019 and the first delivery to 2020.[38] For three years after 2018, UAC planned to invest ₽56.4 billion ($899 million) for the MC-21.[41] By October 2018, two EASA test pilots and a test engineer test flew the plane in preparation for European certification.[42] On 3 December, a fuselage was delivered to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute at Moscow-Zhukovsky for fatigue testing: repetitive loads will simulate 180,000 cycles. By then, the third flying prototype was assembled, its systems installed and it was undergoing final adjustments, a fourth test aircraft was in assembly, as the first production fuselage.[43] After completing assembly, the third MC-21 was transferred to the flight-test station on 25 December.[44]

By early 2019, the two prototypes had completed 122 test sorties, and following international sanctions against Russia, 1.6 billion roubles ($24.2 million) of additional subsidies were allocated to the program for 2019, before 4.11 billion roubles in 2020 and 4.81 billion roubles in 2021: Russian content was aimed at 97% by 2022.[45] The program cost is 438 billion rubles (US$6.6 Bn)[45] In February 2019, the EASA completed initial certification testing with 2.5-to-4-hour flights up to 10,000–33,000 feet (3,000–10,100 m), including high angle-of-attack and stall onset.[46] By then, certification trials were expected to end in the second half of 2020 before first delivery to Aeroflot by year end.[47]

On 18 February 2019, Rostec delayed entry into service another year to 2021 due to US sanctions, while another 240–250 billion rubles ($3.62–3.78 billion) is needed to complete its development.[48] On 16 March 2019, the third test aircraft, which has been fully fitted out with a passenger cabin, made its maiden flight.[49] After painting at Ulyanovsk, on 13 May 2019 it joined the other two test aircraft at Moscow-Zhukovsky Airport, where the certification programme is being conducted.[50]

On 17 September 2019, the third test aircraft made its first international flight from Moscow-Zhukovsky to Istanbul Atatürk Airport.[51] The aircraft was presented to Turkish Airlines at Teknofest Istanbul, and co-production projects were proposed to Turkey.[52] The fourth flight-test aircraft was rolled out on 28 November 2019,[53] and performed its first flight on 25 December 2019.[54]

Transition to Russian-produced parts

[edit]

In January 2020, Irkut received the first Russian-designed PD-14 engines for installation.[55] The PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.[56] In December 2021, Irkut carried out the maiden flight of the first MC-21 to be manufactured with domestically produced composite wings.[57] By October 2022, Irkut had fitted the first flight test aircraft with PD-14 engines and other domestically produced components, and flown a test sortie in the new configuration. The aircraft was to participate in the certification programme, targeted to be completed by the end of 2022.[58]

In 2022, after international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Rosaviatsia announced that in a resulting change of plans Russia would only use a domestic engine.[59][3] The original model – the MC-21-300 powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines – would not enter service, and instead production would have to wait for the MC-21-310, powered by the Russian Aviadvigatel PD-14 engine, built by the United Engine Corporation.[3]

The production MC-21-300 was planned to consist of between 40% and 50% imported parts, and Irkut needed to replace parts that were to be supplied by the sanctioning countries.[citation needed] The need to use Russian avionics was said to delay the first shipment of aircraft to late 2024 or to 2025.[3] However, as part of a plan announced in June 2022, aimed at bringing the proportion of domestically produced aircraft to 80% of the Russian fleet by the end of the decade, deliveries of the MC-21 were expected to start in 2024 and reach a delivery rate of 72 aircraft per year by 2029.[60]

Introduction

[edit]

Pre-sanctions plans

[edit]

Aeroflot expected to lease 50 MC-21-300s from Aviakapital for 12 to 18 years and a monthly lease of less than $437,282 each.[61] By 2018, they were to be delivered from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2026, with EASA certification targeted for early 2021.[61] Powered by PW1400Gs or possibly PD-14s for the second half, Irkut guaranteed less than 9,865 kg (21,749 lb) fuel burn on a 1,750 nmi (3,240 km; 2,010 mi) route with a 14-knot (26 km/h; 16 mph) tailwind.[61] They were guaranteed to reach 2,100h and a dispatch reliability of 96% for the first year, rising to 2,900h and 97% in the second year then 3,750h and 98.5% in the third year.[61]

In October 2018, fuselage panels for the first customer MC-21 were completed by United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Aviastar.[62] In early 2019, the annual output was targeted from 20 initially to 72 airframes in 2025, towards 100 and possibly 120 later for a forecast of 850 deliveries.[45]

In July 2021 it was reported that Aeroflot would launch the MC-21-300 with its regional subsidiary Rossiya Airlines in summer 2022.[citation needed] In September 2021, Evgeny Ditrikh, CEO of GTLK (Public Transport Leasing Company of Russia), stated that the MC-21 project was in need of new government grants.[63][better source needed][importance?]

By the end of December 2021, Russian type certification was granted for the MC-21-300 variant powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines, ahead of its planned introduction with its launch operator Rossiya.[64] Additional testing was still needed for high-altitude, strong crosswinds, and low and high temperatures operations.[64] The initial target market was for 800 airframes in Russia over the next 20 years.[64] The aircraft was denied European certification on 14 March 2022.[65]

Post-sanctions plans

[edit]

In March 2024, Kommersant reported that the design and testing of new Russian-made equipment would delay the aircraft's service introduction until 2025–2026 and that the MC-21 was currently overweight by 5.75 t (5.66 long tons; 6.34 short tons), rendering it incapable of meeting its original specifications for operating weight, range, and altitude.[9] With a maximum commercial load of 20.3 t (20.0 long tons; 22.4 short tons), range will be reduced to less than 2,000 km (1,200 mi), and the service ceiling will only be 23,000 ft (7,000 m).[66] The original specifications reportedly cannot be met unless engine thrust increases by 20%, an increase thought to be infeasible in commercial operations.[9]

Industry analysts questioned the revised delivery schedule due to UAC's reliance on unproven engines and parts from Russian suppliers who also provide parts to the Russian military. Analysts said the suppliers were struggling to procure enough components to satisfy military orders, suggesting that civil MC-21 deliveries might be delayed by parts shortages if military parts deliveries had higher priority.[9]

Design

[edit]
Cabin mock-up in 2011
Flight deck mock-up with a HUD

The design is based on the never-realized, twin-engine Yakovlev Yak-242 as a development of the three-engine Yakovlev Yak-42.[13]

Airframe

[edit]

United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) subsidiary AeroComposit, a Russian firm, developed the vacuum infusion process to produce the wingbox and wing panels. The vertical and horizontal fins and wingbox are also composite and the high aspect ratio wing is a supercritical airfoil.[10] The MC-21 design is more innovative than the C919: it is the only airliner with a carbon fibre wingbox made with resin infused dry fibre, cured in an oven out of autoclave.[67] The initial design included roughly 33% composite materials, increasing to 40–45% with the composite wing.

By January 2019, U.S. sanctions against Russia had interrupted the supply of foreign raw materials, on which the UAC relied to produce the composite parts. The UAC started looking for either domestically produced or Chinese replacements, maintaining that the wing box and consoles would still consist of polymeric composites. By then, a metal wing was "no longer on the agenda" according to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI).[68] In March 2019, AeroComposit reported that it had produced the first fuselage centre section and wing box from domestic materials.[69][better source needed]

The fuselage of the MC-21 is mostly made of lightweight aluminium–lithium alloy, which accounts for 40% of the airframe's structural weight.[70] It is 11 cm (4.3 in) wider than the A320/C919 and 27 cm (11 in) wider than the 737, for a 61 cm (24 in) aisle allowing passing others or a trolley.[67] Its 79.25 t (174,700 lb) MTOW is the same as the almost 5 m (16.5 ft.) shorter A320neo, and is 3 t (6,600 lb) lighter than the almost 3 m (9.8 ft) shorter 737-8, for similar two-class layouts of 162 to 165 while the 737-8 and A320neo have 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) more range.[35]

Engines

[edit]
A МС-21-300 powered by PW1400Gs (right) and a МС-21-310 powered by PD-14 engines (left)

Pratt & Whitney (non-production)

[edit]

The 130 kN (30,000 lbf) thrust class Pratt & Whitney PW1000G was selected in December 2009.[71] The design configuration now calls for the PW1400G-JM geared turbo fan engine to be installed on one version.[citation needed] Russia decided to have both an internal and external supplier for the engine and nacelle for greater flexibility in controlling rate and price.[citation needed]

Aviadvigatel (production engine)

[edit]

The Russian-designed engine used for actual production is the 8–16 tf (18,000–35,000 lbf) Aviadvigatel PD-14.[72] United Engine Corporation (UEC) planned to deliver five PD-14s for the MC-21 by the end of 2018, to start flight tests in 2019 for the MC-21 variant certification in 2021.[73] By October 2018, the PD-14 had received its Rosaviatsia type certification.[74] In October 2019, PD-14 flight-testing on the MC-21 was delayed until 2020.[75]

Systems

[edit]

In August 2009, Hamilton Sundstrand, a subsidiary of United Technologies, announced it would provide electric power generation and distribution equipment for $2.3 billion over 20 years of production.[76] Rockwell Collins and its Russian partner Avionika were selected to supply the MC-21's avionics.[77] Honeywell, Thales and Elbit Systems were to supply avionics with nine 12-inch multifunction displays, electronic flight bags, synthetic vision and enhanced vision systems. The MC-21 was planned to be the first airliner with active side-sticks, supplied by UTC Aerospace Systems.[10] It was to have fly-by-wire controls.[67] Its design features a glass cockpit with side-stick controls and an optional head-up display.

Goodrich Corporation, also a subsidiary of United Technologies, along with Aviapribor was initially selected to provide the flight control system actuators.[78] Zodiac Aerospace, Eaton and Meggitt were planned to provide other components.[10] Interior furnishings were planned to come from Zodiac Aerospace, coordinated from C&D Zodiac in Huntington Beach, California. Innovations from Zodiac Aerospace in Carson, California, were to be incorporated in the water and waste systems.

There were two types of auxiliary power units (APU) designed with specifications suitable for MC-21: the HGT750 from Honeywell Aerospace[79] and the TA18-200 developed by Aerosila.[80]

Component suppliers

[edit]

Initially it was assumed that the share of domestic components for the MC-21 would be 38%,[citation needed] but due to sanctions in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the Russian government ordered a target figure of 98% by 2023, making it independent of imported components.[81]

In July 2021 a composite wing made of Russian materials was docked to the fuselage of the aircraft.[82] The fuselage was designed and manufactured by Irkut Corporation and Yakovlev Design.[83] The landing gear was supplied by the company Hydromash from Nizhny Novgorod.[84]

The cockpit and part of the aircraft's avionics were developed and supplied by the Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies and Rockwell Collins with the participation of personnel from the Russian company Avionika.[85] It is possible to use both imported auxiliary power units and Russian units developed and produced in NPP Aerosila.[86]

For personnel training, the Russian scientific and production company Systems of Complex Simulators developed and manufactured a number of simulators, including a number of flight simulators of different degrees of realism, emergency procedures simulator, firefighting simulator, service simulator, engineering simulator for technician training.[87]

Variants

[edit]

In 2009, the MC-21-200 was designed with around 150 passengers in a single-class configuration, to be followed by a 181-seat -300 and 212-seat -400 with basic and extended-range models, plus a very-long-range -200LR.[16]

MC-21-300
Standard model with PW1400G engines, 163 passengers in two classes, up to 211, up to 6,000 km (3,200 nmi; 3,700 mi) range, powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines. The first flight was made on 28 May 2017; six aircraft were built before sanctions prevented purchase of further PW1400G engines.[citation needed]
MC-21-310
Standard model with Aviadvigatel PD-14 engines.[88] The first flight was made on 15 December 2020; one aircraft has been built. The second aircraft is a remotorization of a previous MC-21 with imported engines.[89]

Proposed

[edit]

Initially, a 132-seat MC-21-100 variant was planned but then superseded by the Superjet 100 development.[90] The small variant with a capacity of 130- to 150-seat was proposed with commonality with the Sukhoi Superjet 130.[91]

UAC is said to be considering further development of the MC-21 by 2035. These include: a -400 with 18-tonne-force [tf] (40,000 lbf) engines for a 105-tonne [t] (231,000 lb) MTOW, a -500, a -600 with 20–25 tf (44,000–55,000 lbf) engines, and a -700 with 30 tf (66,000 lbf) engines, as well as a MC-21X with a 155 t (342,000 lb) tons MTOW for a 9,000–10,000-kilometre (4,900–5,400 nmi; 5,600–6,200 mi) range.[92][better source needed] Ilyushin Finance wants an MC-21-400 stretch for up to 256 seats and plans to buy 20 to 60 of them.[93] The 250-passenger MC-21-400 single-aisle twinjet could be jointly produced in the United Arab Emirates.[94]

Variants with PD-14 engines will be designated MC-21-310 and MC-21-210.[95]

МС-21-210
Shortened version with 132 passengers in two classes, up to 165, up to 6,400 km (3,500 nmi; 4,000 mi) range, powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14 engines.
МС-21-300LR
Modification of MC-21-300 with increased range up to 12,000 km (6,500 nmi; 7,500 mi) and Aviadvigatel PD-18R engines.[citation needed]
МС-21-400
Lengthened version with a capacity of up to 256 seats in a single-class configuration, to be powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14M engines.
МС-21-400LR
Modification of MC-21-400 with increased range up to 12,000 km (6,500 nmi; 7,500 mi) and Aviadvigatel PD-18R engines.[citation needed]

Orders

[edit]

By the end of the 2013 MAKS Air Show, there were 175 firm orders including 50 for Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leased to Aeroflot and 35 more with PD-14 engines for governmental customers, 50 for Ilyushin Finance (10 to be leased to Red Wings Airlines and six to Transaero), 30 for Vnesheconombank Leasing (10 to be leased to UTair Aviation and 6 to Transaero) and 10 for IrAero with an agreement for 20 others leased from Sberbank of Russia, for a potential 195 orders.[96] Transaero bankrupted in 2015.[citation needed]

In June 2016, Azerbaijan Airlines tentatively signed to lease ten -300s from Ilyushin Finance.[97] By July 2018, 175 firm orders and nearly 150 intentions had been recorded.[98]

At the 2019 MAKS Air Show, at Zhukovsky International Airport, Moscow, Bek Air signed a letter of intent for ten Irkut MC-21 aircraft, Yakutia Airlines likewise signed for five aircraft and an undisclosed customer for a further five aircraft. Delivery of the new aircraft was expected to be in the second half of 2021.[99]

In the fall of 2022, Russia's largest air carrier, the Aeroflot Group ordered 89 SJ-100 regional jets, 210 MC-21 medium-range jets, and another 40 Tu-214 narrow-body jets. 18 MC-21 & 34 SJ-100 Aircraft From Rostec was confirmed later in 2023. But chief executive Sergei Aleksandrovsky suggested the other two types might be dropped, and transfer of the entire fleet to MC-21s.[100]

Date Airline EIS Orders
-200 -300 Options Total
21 Jul 2010 Russia Nordwind Airlines TBA — 3 2 5
21 Jul 2010 Russia VEB Leasing TBA — 30 30 60
1 Sep 2010 Russia Aeroflot 2024[101] — 50 — 50[102]
18 Aug 2011 Russia Ilyushin Finance 2024 — 28 22 50[103]
23 Aug 2011 Russia Rostec 2024 15 35 35 85[104]
16 Sep 2011 Russia IrAero 2024[105][106] — 10 10 20[107][a]
27 Aug 2013 Russia Utair TBA — 10 — 10[b]
29 Aug 2013 Russia Sberbank Leasing TBA — 20 — 20[109]
30 Aug 2013 Russia Red Wings Airlines 2024 — 16 — 16[110][c]
8 Jun 2016 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Airlines TBA — 10 — 10[97]
19 Jul 2017 Russia Angara Airlines TBA — 3 — 3[111]
19 Jul 2017 Russia ALROSA 2023 — 3 3 6[112][113][c]
Total without duplicates 175[98]
Letters of Intention signed
30 August 2019 Russia Yakutia Airlines 2024[114] — 5+ — 5[115]
7 Jun 2022 Russia Aeroflot TBA — 100+ — 100+[116][better source needed]
30 August 2019 Unknown customer TBA — 5[117] — 5[118]
Total without duplicates 140+[119]
  1. ^ Launch operator[108] through Sberbank of Russia
  2. ^ through VEB Leasing
  3. ^ a b through Ilyushin Finance

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

On 18 January 2021, an MC-21-300 (prototype 73051) experienced a runway excursion at Zhukovsky Aerodrome and came to a stop in heavy snow during testing. There were no injuries to the crew.[120]

Original specifications

[edit]
MC-21 aircraft family specifications and performance[121]
Variant MC-21-200 MC-21-300
Cockpit crew 2
2-class seats 132 (12J + 120Y) 163 (16J + 147Y)
1-class seats 165 @ 29–28" 211 @ 29–28"
Cargo capacity 34 m3 (1,200 cu ft) – 5 LD3-45 49 m3 (1,700 cu ft) – 9 LD3-45
Length 36.8 m (121 ft) 42.2 m (138 ft)
Wingspan 35.9 m (118 ft)
Height 11.5 m (38 ft)
Fuselage width 4.06 m (13.3 ft)
Cabin width 3.81 m (12.5 ft)
Runway Length 2,200m
Maximum take-off weight 72,560 kg (159,970 lb) 79,250 kg (174,720 lb)
Maximum landing weight 63,100 kg (139,100 lb) 69,100 kg (152,300 lb)
Maximum payload 18,900 kg (41,700 lb) 22,600 kg (49,800 lb)
Fuel capacity 20,400 kg (45,000 lb)
Turbofans (x 2) Aviadvigatel PD-14[122]
Max. thrust (x 2) PW1428G: 28,000 lbf (120 kN) PW1431G: 31,000 lbf (140 kN)
2-class range 6,400 km (3,500 nmi; 4,000 mi) 6,000 km (3,200 nmi; 3,700 mi)

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "MC-21". United Aircraft Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  2. ^ "Самолёты Иркут МС-21". russianplanes.net. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d Karnozov, Vladimir (25 April 2022). "Russia Ditches MC-21-300 To Focus on Indigenous Version". Aviation International News.
  4. ^ a b "First flight of MC-21" (Press release). United Aircraft Corporation. 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  5. ^ "Rostec gains control over Russia's United Aircraft Corporation". Russian Aviation Insider, 25 October 2018. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  6. ^ "Irkut Research and Production Corporation PJSC". opensanctions.org. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  7. ^ "PJSC United Aircraft Corporation". opensanctions.org. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  8. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (25 March 2022). "MC-21, Tu-204 and Superjet among types affected by EASA certificate suspension". Flight Global. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d Abdullin, Aigul (1 March 2024). "Российские самолеты тяжелы на подъем". Kommersant (in Russian).
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Maxim Pyadushkin (24 May 2017). "UAC's MC-21 About To Make Its First Flight". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  11. ^ a b "Irkut to build first MC-21 by year-end". Flight Global. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  12. ^ "Russian industry makes push into the Iranian market". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017.
  13. ^ a b David Kaminski Morrow (25 October 2013). "Russia to revive Yak-242 name for Irkut MC-21". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  14. ^ "Irkut still contemplating MC-21 name change". Flightgobal. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  15. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (16 August 2023). "Yakovlev name formally approved as Irkut's new corporate identity". Flight Global.
  16. ^ a b "Russia's United Aircraft reaches maturity". Flight Global. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  17. ^ Alan Dron (19 June 2011). "PARIS: Irkut forges ahead with MS-21 work". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  18. ^ Vladimir Karnozov (29 February 2012). "Russia Maintains Big Plans Despite Last Year's Failures". Aviation International News. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  19. ^ "MC-21 Roll Out". AirInsight. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  20. ^ Stephen Trimble (8 June 2016). "PICTURES: Irkut rolls-out MC-21 airliner in bid for single-aisle share". Flight International. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  21. ^ Gregory Polek (8 June 2016). "Russia's MC-21 Rolls Out in Irkutsk". Aviation International News. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  22. ^ Bjorn Fehrm (5 April 2017). "Irkut MC-21 missing ultimate load test". Leeham Co. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  23. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (23 November 2017). "MC-21 wing box passes latest flight-load test". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  24. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (15 May 2017). "MC-21 undergoes taxiing and ground tests". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  25. ^ Gleb Stolyarov and Jack Stubbs (28 May 2017). "Russia squares up to Boeing, Airbus with maiden jet flight". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  26. ^ "MC-21 airliner makes first test flight—source". TASS. 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  27. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (29 May 2017). "Russian ministry outlines demand forecast for MC-21". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  28. ^ "Can Russia make the MC-21 a sales success?". Flight International. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  29. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (17 August 2017). "Irkut readies second MC-21 for test flights". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  30. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (13 September 2017). "MC-21 embarks on new flight-test phase". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  31. ^ "Irkut Corporation starts the second stage of MC-21 flight tests" (Press release). United Aircraft Corporation. 13 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  32. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (17 October 2017). "Irkut conducts long MC-21 flight to Gromov test centre". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  33. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (3 November 2017). "MC-21 begins flight-test programme from Gromov". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  34. ^ a b David Kaminski-Morrow (11 November 2017). "Second MC-21 shortly heading for flight test". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  35. ^ a b c Jens Flottau, Maxim Pyadushkin and Michael Bruno (2 January 2018). "MC-21 Narrowbody Flight Tests Symbolize Russian Sector Ambitions". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  36. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (9 January 2018). "Second MC-21 to fly around end-February: Rogozin". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  37. ^ "Irkut Corporation completed the construction of the second MC-21-300 aircraft" (Press release). Irkut Corporation. 25 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  38. ^ a b Thierry Dubois (9 April 2018). "Russian Industry Gears Up To Supply MC-21's Composites". Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  39. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (12 May 2018). "Second MC-21 commences flight tests". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  40. ^ "The second MC-21-300 test aircraft has flown nonstop from Irkutsk to Zhukovsky" (Press release). Irkut Corporation. 20 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  41. ^ Vladimir Karnozov (9 July 2018). "Kremlin Boosts Effort toward 'Indigenization' of SSJ100". AIN online. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  42. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (26 September 2018). "EASA crew test-flies MC-21 ahead of certification bid". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  43. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (4 December 2018). "Fatigue-test MC-21 delivered to Moscow institute". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  44. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (26 December 2018). "Third assembled MC-21 moves to flight line". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  45. ^ a b c Vladimir Karnozov (29 January 2019). "Kremlin Boosts Funding for MC-21". AIN online. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  46. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (13 February 2019). "EASA completes initial MC-21 flight-test evaluation". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  47. ^ Gregory Polek (13 February 2019). "EASA Personnel Perform First MC-21 Certification Flights". Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  48. ^ Steve Trimble (18 February 2019). "U.S. Sanctions Trigger One-Year MC-21 Schedule Delay". Aviation Week Network.
  49. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (16 March 2019). "Third test MC-21 lifts off on maiden flight". Flightglobal.com.
  50. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (13 May 2019). "Cabin-fitted MC-21 flown to Moscow for tests". Flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  51. ^ "Russian MC-21 Airliner Lands in Istanbul After First International Flight". www.defenseworld.net. 16 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  52. ^ content provided by a third party (23 October 2019). "Irkut MC-21-300 makes its first international flight". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  53. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (29 November 2019). "Irkut rolls out fourth test MC-21". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  54. ^ "The fourth MC-21-300 aircraft joined the flight test program" (Press release). Irkut Corporation. 25 December 2019. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  55. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (29 January 2020). "Irkut receives first PD-14 engines for installation on MC-21". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  56. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (15 December 2020). "MC-21 with Russian-built PD-14 engines carries out maiden flight". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  57. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (25 December 2021). "Irkut flies first MC-21 with domestically-produced composite wings". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  58. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (7 October 2022). "MC-21 test aircraft flies with PD-14 engines after swap from PW1400Gs". Flight Global.
  59. ^ "Russia to only use domestic engines for its Irkut MC-21 jet". April 2022.
  60. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (27 June 2022). "Russian fleets to comprise over 80% domestically-built aircraft by 2030: government". Flight Global.
  61. ^ a b c d David Kaminski-Morrow (4 June 2018). "Aeroflot outlines performance expectations for MC-21s". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  62. ^ "Aviastar completes fuselage panels for first serial MC-21". Flightglobal. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  63. ^ "ГТЛК попросила у властей новых субсидий для лайнера MC-21" (in Russian). РБК. 2 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  64. ^ a b c David Kaminski-Morrow (28 December 2021). "Irkut MC-21-300 obtains initial Russian type certification". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  65. ^ "Sukhoi Superjet 100 and Beriev Be-200 lose European approval, MC-21 does not get one". Aviation24.be, 17 March 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  66. ^ "Проблемы с двигателями. Серийные поставки самолетов SJ-100 и МС-21 перенесли на 2026 г."
  67. ^ a b c Bjorn Fehrm (3 January 2018). "United Aircraft's and COMAC's eventful year". Leeham. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  68. ^ Vladimir Karnozov (24 January 2019). "U.S. Sanctions Force MC-21 Course Correction". AINonline. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  69. ^ "Первые детали крыла МС-21 из российских композитов уже изготовлены". Aviation Explorer (in Russian). 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  70. ^ Karnozov, Vladimir (5 November 2007). "Russia to adopt composite wing and aluminium fuselage for next narrowbody". Flightglobal.
  71. ^ "Pratt & Whitney PW1000G Engine Selected to Power Russia's Irkut MS-21 Aircraft" (Press release). 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  72. ^ "Second borderline is behind" (Press release). Perm Engine Company. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  73. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (26 January 2018). "Irkut signs for MC-21's initial PD-14 flight-test engines". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  74. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (19 October 2018). "PD-14 engine for MC-21 secures Russian certification". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  75. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (9 October 2019). "Flight-test PD-14 engines edge towards MC-21 installation". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  76. ^ "Hamilton Sundstrand Announces $2.3B Deal With Irkut". Hartford Courant. 21 August 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  77. ^ "Western next generation engines power to MS-21 and C919 selection". Flight Global. 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  78. ^ "SINGAPORE 2010: Goodrich wins MS-21 flight control system deal". Flight Global. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  79. ^ "Irkut MC-21 – aeronautica.online". aeronautica.online. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  80. ^ "Development of auxiliary power unit for MS-21 aircraft will be completed in November – News – Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM". www.ruaviation.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  81. ^ "Медведев считает важным уход от импорта в проекте МС-21". www.aif.ru. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  82. ^ "Крыло из российских композиционных материалов установлено на самолет МС-21-300". www.uacrussia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  83. ^ "Крыло из российских композиционных материалов установлено на самолет МС-21-300". www.uacrussia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  84. ^ "Шасси для МС-21 | Авиация России как на ладони - последние события, технологии и история авиации". www.poletim.net. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  85. ^ tvzvezda.ru, Редакция (15 June 2015). "Вопреки санкциям российским лайнером МС-21 заинтересовались на Западе". Телеканал «Звезда» (in Russian). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  86. ^ ""Аэросила" готова кМС-21: Разработчик сертифицировал вспомогательную силовую установку, созданную по заказу Минпромторга "АВИСА" – Ассоциация производителей авиационных систем и агрегатов". avisa.aero. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  87. ^ "Полнопилотажный тренажер МС-21-300 подготовили к установке органов управления". Авиатранспортное обозрение (in Russian). 21 November 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  88. ^ "Irkut starts testing its first MS-21-310 with russian engines". 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020.
  89. ^ "The Second MC-21 Aircraft Flew with Russian PD-14 Engines". 7 October 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  90. ^ "Is Russian MC-21 Good Enough to Join the Oligopolistic Market?". Aviation Voice. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  91. ^ "Russia's United Aircraft to develop new twin-jet". FlightGlobal. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  92. ^ "Рассматриваются варианты расширения семейства самолетов МС-21". Военно-промышленный курьер (in Russian). 16 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  93. ^ Vladimir Karnozov (19 July 2017). "Irkut MC-21 Wins Few Airline Orders at MAKS 2017". AIN. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  94. ^ Polina Montag-Girmes (13 November 2017). "Russia, UAE to design a new 250-seat narrowbody aircraft". Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  95. ^ "Российские двигатели ПД-14 "примерили" на МС-21". Popmech.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  96. ^ "New MC-21 orders" (PDF). Take Off Magazine. November 2013. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014.
  97. ^ a b Kaminski-Morrow, David (13 June 2016). "Azerbaijan to firm MC-21 lease once flight-tests start". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  98. ^ a b "Programme Status MC-21" (PDF). Irkut. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  99. ^ "MC-21 Scores New Orders". Airliner World. October 2019: 17.
  100. ^ "Aeroflot reportedly negotiating to switch fleet order entirely to MC-21".
  101. ^ "Названы сроки поставки самолётов МС-21 с отечественными комплектующими". ИА REGNUM (in Russian). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  102. ^ Zaitsev, Tom (1 September 2010). "Aeroflot plans up to 50 MS-21s as part of effort to support Russia's airliner industry". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  103. ^ Govindasamy, Siva (18 August 2011). "MAKS: Ilyushin Finance orders 28 MS-21s". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  104. ^ "Rostekhnologii and IFC sign for up to 135 MS-21s". Flight Global. 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  105. ^ "Авиакомпания "Ираэро" и Корпорация "Иркут" заключили контракт на поставку 10 самолетов МС-21". 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  106. ^ ""ИрАэро" в 2019 году планирует получить 10 самолетов МС-21". tass.ru. 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  107. ^ "IrAero will acquire 10 MS-21s". Russian Aviation. 16 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  108. ^ "Russia's IrAero named as MC-21 launch operator". ch-aviation. 28 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  109. ^ "MAKS: Sberbank signs for 20 MC-21s and 20 Superjets". flightglobal.com. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  110. ^ "MAKS: Red Wings signs for Russian jets and Q400s". Flight Global. 30 August 2013. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  111. ^ "Russia's MC-21 and IL-114 win new orders at MAKS Air Show". Aviation Week Network. 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  112. ^ "Russia's Alrosa to lease 3+3 MC-21-300s from IFC". ch-aviation.com. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  113. ^ "Irkut MC-21 Wins Few Airline Orders at MAKS 2017". ainonline.com. 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  114. ^ "Первые поставки самолетов МС-21 в Якутию могут начаться в 2025-2026 годах". ТАСС. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  115. ^ "MC-21 adds a further 20 potential 'soft orders' to its sales portfolio". rusaviainsider.com. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  116. ^ ""Аэрофлот" планирует заказать 300 самолетов российского производства". Ведомости (in Russian). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  117. ^ "Самолет МС-21 получил 20 предварительных заказов на МАКС-2019". Авиатранспортное обозрение (in Russian). 28 August 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  118. ^ "Самолет МС-21 получил 20 предварительных заказов на МАКС-2019". Авиатранспортное обозрение (in Russian). 28 August 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  119. ^ "Первые поставки самолетов МС-21 в Якутию могут начаться в 2025-2026 годах". ТАСС. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  120. ^ Irkut MC-21 Suffers Runway Overrun Archived 19 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, AINonline, by Gregory Polek, 18 January 2021, 3:54 PM
  121. ^ "MC-21 aircraft family specifications and performance". Irkut. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  122. ^ "The new engines : PD-14". Irkut. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Irkut MC-21.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakovlev_MC-21&oldid=1254457531"