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Lamium

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Lamium
Lamium amplexicaule
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Lamioideae
Genus: Lamium
L.[1]
Type species
Lamium purpureum
L.
Synonyms[2]
  • Orvala L.
  • Lamiastrum Heist. ex Fabr.
  • Galeobdolon Adans.
  • Pollichia Schrank.
  • Psilopsis Neck.
  • Wiedemannia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
  • Lamiopsis Opiz
  • Lamiella Fourr.

Lamium (dead-nettles) is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across much of the temperate world.[3][4]

Description

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The genus includes both annual and perennial species; they spread by both seeds and stems rooting as they grow along the ground. They have square stems[5] and coarsely textured pairs of leaves, often with striking patterns or variegation. They produce double-lipped flowers in a wide range of colours.[6]

Taxonomy

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In volume 2 of Species Plantarum published in 1753, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Lamium by recognizing four species: Lamium album, Lamium purpureum, Lamium amplexicaule, and Lamium multifidum.[7][8] The name Lamium L. is the primary generic name in use today.[2][9]

As of May 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:[2]

Several closely related genera were formerly included in Lamium by some botanists, including Galeopsis (hemp-nettles) and Leonurus (motherworts).[citation needed]

Etymology

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The generic name Lamium was used by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD.[10][11] The name comes from the Greek laimos, which means "gullet", a reference to the gaping throat-like appearance of the corolla.[12]

The common name "dead-nettle" has been derived from the German Taubnessel ("deaf nettle", or "nettle without a kernel"),[13] and refers to the resemblance of Lamium album[14] to the very distantly related stinging nettles, but unlike those, they do not have stinging hairs and so are harmless or apparently "dead".

Cultivation

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Lamium species are widely cultivated as groundcover, and numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use.[6] They are frost hardy and grow well in most soils. Flower colour determines planting season and light requirement: white- and purple-coloured flowered species are planted in spring and prefer full sun. The yellow-flowered ones are planted in fall (autumn) and prefer shade. They often have invasive habits and need plenty of room.

Ecology

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Scanograph of Lamium moschatum

Lamium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including angle shades, setaceous Hebrew character and the Coleophora case-bearers C. ballotella, C. lineolea and C. ochripennella.

References

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  1. ^ Carl Linnaeus (1753) Species Plantarum, p. 579.
  2. ^ a b c "Lamium L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  3. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere Lamium includes photos and distribution maps for Europe and North America
  4. ^ Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 157 野芝麻属 ye zhi ma shu Lamium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 579. 1753.
  5. ^ Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. p. 355. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-185918-4783
  6. ^ a b RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  7. ^ "Lamium L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  8. ^ Linnaeus (1753), Vol. 2, p. 579.
  9. ^ "Lamium L.". WFO Plant List. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  10. ^ Gledhill (2008), p. 229.
  11. ^ DeFelice (2005), p. 768.
  12. ^ "Lamium galeobdolon". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  13. ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 70.
  14. ^ Brown, V. K.; Lawton, J. H.; Grubb, P. J. (29 August 1991). "Herbivory and the Evolution of Leaf Size and Shape [and Discussion]". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 333 (1267): 265–272. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0076. ... appearance of vegetative plants of white dead-nettles (Lamium album) (Labiatae) bear a close resemblance to stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) (Urticaceae). Stinging hairs deter soft-muzzled, grazing mammals, suggesting that dead-nettles are harmless Batesian mimics. However, many other labiates that do not closely mimic nettles have ovate leaves with serrate margins, so if this is a case of true mimicry, it may have involved rather little modification in leaf shape. ...

Bibliography

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