Lat Mosque
| Lāṭ masjid | |
|---|---|
 Interior of the Lāṭ masjid | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| Location | |
| Location | Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Geographic coordinates | 22°35′02″N 75°17′53″E / 22.584°N 75.298°E |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Mosque |
| Founder | Dilawar Khan |
| Date established | 1405 CE |
Lat Mosque (IAST: Lāṭ Masjid, literally "Pillar Mosque") is a mosque in Dhar in Madhya Pradesh, India. Named after the Iron pillar of Dhar (called "lāṭ" in Hindi), it is also known as Lat ki masjid, Ladh Masjid, or Lath Masjid.
Current status
[edit]The Lāṭ masjid is a Monument of National Importance protected by the Archaeological Survey of India under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act. Its serial number is N-MP-118 in the List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West.
History
[edit]The mosque was built in 1405 CE by Dilawar Khan as the jami masjid to mark his declaration of independence from Delhi and the establishment of the Malwa Sultanate. The jami masjid is located at the edge of the city similar to other towns like Chanderi. Its name comes from the fragmentary iron pillar (lāṭ in Hindi) located in the compound.[1]
Architecture
[edit]The mosque consists of a large courtyard with post and lintel arcades on all sides. The arcades on the north, south, and east are shallow and only one bay deep. The prayer hall has four bays and a dome over the miḥrāb. The raised platform inside the prayer hall likely served as a royal gallery used by the Sultan comparable to the platform in the Adina Mosque in Pandua. The miḥrāb and minbar are modest harbingers of the Jama Masjid, Mandu, built about fifty years later by Hoshang Shah. Entrances feature a gatehouse built in the eclectic style favoured in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and also seen at Mān Mandir, Gwalior fort, Datia, Chanderi and Agra. Some pillars and lintels were purpose-made for the mosque, others were recycled from older temples and other structures.[1] In his study of the iron pillar, Ramamurthy Balasubramanian of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, made unsubstantiated assertions about the origin and communal identity of the pillars; in fact, the original location, likely uses, and dates of the pillars remains unexplored.[2][relevant?]
Iron pillar
[edit]The mosque's name comes from its iron pillar, fragments of which are lying outside the building in the compound's gardens.[3] Early rulers in Delhi used pillars in jami mosques also seen in the Qutb Minar complex and the Lat ki Masjid in Hissar.[4] The pillar is not inscribed with a date, purpose, or patron. It bears early, undeciphered graffiti. Henry Cousens suggested the pillar was made under later Paramāra king Arjunavarman in 1210 CE from an enemy army's weapons.[5] In 1531 CE, Dhar came under the sway of Bahādur Shāh of the Gujarat Sultanate. The Sultan of Gujarat attempted to move the pillar to Gujarat, but it broke.[6] Documentation from 1912 shows the pillar lying diagonally against the platform.[7]
Documentation and repair
[edit]
The Lāṭ mosque has drawn the attention of visitors, scholars, and government officers. The earliest recorded important visitor was Emperor Akbar who left a Persian inscription on the iron pillar. In the colonial period, Captain E. Barnes noted the monument's considerable repair costs realized by Dhar Durbar (i.e. the Powars) and urged for further conservation work.[8]
In 1939–40, the journalist Annemarie Schwarzenbach visited Dhar and photographed the mosque. Her photographs are an indispensable record of the state of monument at that time.
The iron pillar originally lay at an angle after the Sultan of Gujarat attempted to remove it in the sixteenth century. In the 1980s, the Archaeological Survey of India shifted the remains to a platform where all parts can now be seen. The large stone footing of the pillar is displayed nearby.
- Photographs by Annemarie Schwarzenbach, 1939-1940
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References
[edit]- ^ a b "Lat ki masjid". Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ^ Balasubramaniam 2002.
- ^ Ray, Amitava (2007). "Microstructural Manifestations of the Ancient 11th Century Iron Pillar at Dhar, India." Microscopy and Microanalysis 13, S02, pp. 1102–1103; Ray, Amitava, Dhua, S. K., Prasad, R. R., Jha, S., & Banerjee, S. (1997). "The ancient 11th century iron pillar at Dhar, India: a microstructural insight into material characteristics." Journal of materials science letters, 16, no. 5, pp. 371–375; Saxena, V. K., Kapoor, S., & Tewari, S. K. (1996). "Metallographic studies of iron pillar, Dhar," Conservation of cultural property in India 29, pp. 259-267.
- ^ Anthony Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10 (1993), pp. 311-322.
- ^ Balasubramaniam 2002, p. 117.
- ^ Balasubramaniam 2002, p. 119.
- ^ For the photograph, Vernon & Company (Bombay). (1912). Dhār धार دهار (Madhya Pradesh). Lāṭ masjid. Iron pillar. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10825359.
- ^ Government of India. Proceedings of the Foreign Department, Internal B, 1904. Grant of Rs. 40,000 to the Dhar State for expenditure during 1904-05 on restoration and maintenance of historical buildings at Mandu, to which is appended a report on Archaeological Work at Dhar by Captain E. Barnes, Political agent, Bhopawar, and minute no. 5225 of 1904 addressed to the First Assistant to the Agent of the Governor General in C.I., Indore, from Captain E. Barnes, I.A., Political Agent, Bhopawar, Sirdarpur. Archived online at: Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10809072.
Bibliography
[edit]- Balasubramaniam, R. (2002). "A new study of the Dhar iron pillar" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 37: 115–151.
- Balasubramaniam, R.; Kumar, A.V. Ramesh (2003). "Corrosion resistance of the Dhar iron pillar" (PDF). Corrosion Science. 45 (11): 2451–2465. Bibcode:2003Corro..45.2451B. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00074-X.
