List of African American newspapers in Tennessee

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A front page of the Maryville Republican from 1867.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Tennessee. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

More than 100 such papers have been published in Tennessee.[1] The first was The Colored Tennessean, first published in Nashville on April 29, 1865.[2]

Newspapers currently in publication are highlighted in green in the list below.

Newspapers[edit]

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Athens Watchman 1891[3] 1895[3]
Chattanooga The Chattanooga Advocate 1915[4] 1900s[4] Weekly[4]
  • LCCN sn98069675
  • OCLC 38450720
Chattanooga
  • Blade[3]
  • Chattanooga Weekly Blade[5]
 1898[3] 1916[3] Weekly[5]
Chattanooga Citizen 1947[3] 1947[3]
Chattanooga Colored Citizen 1908[3] 1911[3]
Chattanooga Chattanooga Courier 1990s[6] 1990s[6] Weekly[6]
Chattanooga Defender 1917[3] 1937[3]
Chattanooga The Chattanooga Enterprise 1969[7] 1900s[7] Weekly[7]
Chattanooga Freeman 1896[3] 1897[3]
Chattanooga Harambee 1974[3] 1974[3]
Chattanooga Independent Tribune 1886[3] 1886[3]
Chattanooga Industrial Searchlight 1899[3] 1903[3]
Chattanooga Journal 1973[3] 1974[3]
Chattanooga Justice 1887[8] 1887[3] Weekly[8]
  • Published by Horn, Wilson & Co.[9]
Chattanooga
  • News Weekly
  • Chattanooga News Weekly (1986–1989)[11]
 1986[11] 1994[10] Weekly[10]
Chattanooga Sun 1913[12] 1915[12]
Chattanooga National Democracy 1918[12] 1921[12]
Chattanooga
  • Chattanooga News Chronicle
  • Chattanooga Chronicle
 current Weekly
Chattanooga The Chattanooga North Star 1982[13] 1980s[13] Weekly[13]
Chattanooga Observer 1890[12] 1895[12]
  • Distinct from later Observer in 20th century.[12]
Chattanooga Chattanooga Observer 1927[12] or 1928?[14] 1966[12] Weekly[14]
Chattanooga Radiance 1978[12] 1978[12]
Chattanooga Southern American 1884[12] 1887[12]
Chattanooga Tribune 1928[12] 1931[12]
Clarksville News Herald 1913[12] 1917[12]
Clarksville Negro Index 1901[12] 1903[12]
Clarksville Sun 1950s[15] 1950s[15]
Columbia Headlight 1893[15] 1895[15]
Columbia Columbia Index 1901[16] 1900s[16] Monthly newspaper[16]
Fayetteville Advocate 1900[15] 1905[15]
Fayetteville Rising Sun 1895[15] 1899[15]
Franklin The Black Perspective Inside/Out 1981[17] 1980s[17] Monthly newspaper[17]
  • Edited by Robert W. Blair.[17]
Gallatin The Major 1905[15] 1914[15] Twice monthly[18]
  • Attested from at least 1906.[18]
Jackson
  • Afro-American Sentinel[19]
  • The Afro-American Sentinel[20]
 1890[19] 1890[15] Weekly[19]
Jackson Afro-American Standard 1903[15] 1906[15]
Jackson Community Focus 1985[21] 1987[21] Weekly[21]
  • Edited by Martha Robinson.[21]
Jackson Gazette 1910[15] 1912[15]
Jackson The Jackson Headlight 1899[15] or 1900[22] 1900[15] Weekly[23]
Jackson The Metro Forum 1989[24] ? Weekly[24]
  • Edited by Bill Marable. Published by Bobby Lee.[24]
  • Attested through at least 1993.[24]
Jackson News 1906[15] 1907[15]
Knoxville Knoxville Bulletin 1881[25] ?
Knoxville Knoxville Crusader 1963[26] ?[26] Weekly[26]
  • Edited by G.J. Hill.[26]
Knoxville The East Tennessee News 1906[15] or 1908?[27] 1948[15] Weekly[27]
  • Published by Webster L. Porter.[27]
Knoxville The Enlightener 1989[28] 1990s[28] Weekly[28]
Knoxville Enquirer 1939?[29] 1939?[29]
Knoxville The Knoxville Examiner 1982[30] ? Biweekly[30]
Knoxville The Examiner 1878[25] 1878[29]
Knoxville The Knoxville Express 1982[31] 1982[31] Biweekly[31]
  • Edited by R.J. Booker.[31]
Knoxville Flashlight Herald 1931[29] 1963[29]
Knoxville Gleaner 1891[29] 1900[29] Founded by printer and attorney James Leonard Smith.[32]
Knoxville Herald 1927[29] 1935[29]
Knoxville Independent Call 1952[29] 1961[29]
Knoxville Keyana 1974[33] 1974[33] Weekly[33]
Knoxville The Keyana Spectrum 1974[34] 1975[33] Weekly[34]
Knoxville Messenger 1908[33] 1910[33]
Knoxville Monitor 1944[33] 1954[33]
Knoxville
1887[35] or 1888[38] 1895[35] or 1892[33] Biweekly[35] or weekly[36]
  • Published by Patterson Brothers & Co.[35]
Knoxville New South 1887[39] 1895[39]
Knoxville Public Guide 1934[39] 1938[39]
Knoxville Review 1904[39] 1910[39]
Knoxville The Righteous Tribe 1973[40] ?[40] Biweekly[40]
Knoxville The Knoxville Spectrum 1974[41] or 1975[39] 1975[41] Weekly[41]
Knoxville Times 1964[39] 1966[39]
Knoxville Voice 1949[39] 1949[39]
Liberty Afro-American 1899[39] 1902[39]
Maryville
1879[39] 1882[39]
Maryville The Maryville Monitor 1872[42] 1874[42] Monthly newspaper[42]
  • Published by W.B. Scott & Co.[42]
Maryville
1867[43] 1878[43] or 1877[39] Weekly[43]
Memphis African American Voice 1994?[44] ?[44] Monthly newspaper[44]
Memphis Afro-American 1895[45] 1895[45]
Memphis
  • Bluff City News
  • The Bluff City News[46]
 1902[45] or 1903[47] or 1904?[46] 1920[45] Weekly[47]
Memphis Colored Citizen 1900[45] 1921[45]
Memphis Dublin Weekly Bulletin 1920[48] 1922[48]
Memphis The Greater Memphis & Mid-South Silver Star News 1980s[49] 1998[49] Weekly[49]
Memphis Head and Hand 1902?[48] 1902?[48]
Memphis Headlight 1886[48] 1888[48]
Memphis
1888[51] 1892[50]
Memphis Index 1923[48] 1936[48]
Memphis The Jerusalem Chronicle 1990[53] current Monthly[53]
Memphis Journal 1936[48] 1938[48]
Memphis Mid-South Express 1979[48] 1980s[54] Weekly[54]
  • Published by M. Latroy A. Williams Publishing Co.[54]
Memphis The Mid-South Tribune 1996[55] Weekly[55]
Memphis Mid-Weekly Progress 1905[48] 1910[48]
Memphis The Moon Illustrated Weekly 1905[56] or 1906[48] 1906[56] Weekly[56]
Memphis The New Tri-State Defender 1961[57] 1967[57] Weekly[57]
Memphis Outlook 1902[48] 1906 + 1920s[48]
Memphis Record 1920[48] 1922[48]
Memphis Scimitar 1898[58] 1900[58]
Memphis The Memphis Sentinel 1940[59] 1900s[59] Weekly[59]
Memphis Signal 1901[58] 1916[58]
Memphis The Memphis Silver Star News 1980s[60] 1989[60] Weekly[60]
Memphis Star Times 1954[58] 1957[58]
Memphis Sun 1913[58] 1913[58]
Memphis Times 1918[58] 1937[58]
Memphis The Times-Herald 1959[61] 1900s[61] Weekly[61]
Memphis
1951[62] current Weekly[62]
Memphis The Tri-state Tribune 1920s[64] or 1930[58] 1932[58] Weekly[64]
Memphis Memphis Triangle 1920s[65] or 1930[58] 1932[58] Weekly[65]
  • Billed as the "[l]argest circulated Negro weekly newspaper in the Mid-South."[65]
Memphis Memphis Watchman 1884?[66] 1889?[66] Weekly[66]
  • Edited by J. Thomas Turner.[66]
Memphis Weekly Planet 1872[58] 1872[58] Weekly
Memphis Memphis World 1931[67] 1972[58] Twice weekly[67] or weekly[68]
Morristown Reporter 1920[69] 1921[69]
Murfreesboro The Murfreesboro News 1954[70] or 1956[69] 1966[69] Monthly newspaper[70]
  • Published by Pearl Wade.[70]
Murfreesboro The Murfreesboro Union 1920[71] 1900s[71] [71]
  • Attested through at least 1939.[71]
Nashville 780 Countdown 1962[72] 1964[72]
Nashville The Block Bulletin 1947[74] or 1950[69] 1950s[73] Monthly newspaper[74]
  • Published by Solid Block. Edited by George W. Harvey.[74]
Nashville
  • Capitol City Defender[75]
  • Capital City Defender[69]
 1963[75] 1965[69] Twice monthly[75]
  • Published by H.C. Savage.[75]
Nashville Citizen 1893[69] 1905[69]
Nashville The City Examiner 1960[69] or 1962[76] 1962?[76] Weekly[76]
  • Published and edited by Mrs. W.A. Mason.[76]
Nashville Nashville Clarion 1896[77] or 1902[69] 1937[69] Weekly[77]
  • Attested through at least 1931.[77]
Nashville The Colored Tennessean 1865[78] 1866[78] or 1867[69] Weekly[78]
  • First African American newspaper in Tennessee, first published April 29, 1865.
  • Founded by William B. Scott.
Nashville The Nashville Commentator 1948[80] 1971[79] Weekly[80]
Nashville Corner Stone 1881[79] 1892[79]
Nashville The Nashville Defender 1938[81] 1943[79] Weekly[81]
  • Edited by D.J. Fabree.[81]
Nashville The Ebony Gazette 1975[82] 1976[79] Weekly[82]
  • Edited by Norman G. Simons.[82]
Nashville Emigration Herald 1879[79] 1879[79]
Nashville Free Lance 1885[79] 1887[79]
Nashville
  • Nashville Globe And Independent[84]
  • The Nashville Globe and Independent[85]
 1930s[84] 1960[83] Weekly[85]
  • Formed by the merger of the Nashville Globe and Nashville Independent.[84]
Nashville The Nashville Globe 1906[86] 1930s[86] Weekly[86]
Nashville The Herald Examiner 1976[87] 1976[83] Biweekly[87] or irregular[88]
  • Published by Robert J. Sye.[87]
Nashville Herald and Pilot 1879[83] 1879[83]
Nashville Independence News 1972[89] ?[89] Biweekly[89]
  • Published by the Nashville Urban League.[89]
Nashville Nashville Independent 1929[83] or 1931[90] 1938[83] Weekly[90]
  • Merged with Nashville Globe to become the Nashville Globe and Independent.[91]
Nashville Metropolitan 1979[83] 1979[83]
Nashville Metropolitan Times 1980[93] 1997[92] Weekly[93]
  • Published by Latham Communications, Inc. Edited by Bruce Honick.[92]
Nashville Metropolitan Weekly 1980[94] 1980s[94] Irregular[94]
Nashville The Mid-State Observer 1978[95] 1970s[83] Weekly[95] or irregular[96]
  • Published by The Eagle Press. Edited by Lou Taylor.[95]
Nashville Neighborhood Times 1959[97] 1962[97] Monthly newspaper (two summer months combined)[97]
Nashville News 1914[83] 1918[83]
Nashville Nashville News-Star 1960[98] 1961[83] Weekly[98]
Nashville Palladium 1883[83] 1909[83]
Nashville
1988[100] current Weekly[99]
Nashville The Nashville Sun 1950[102] ?[102] Weekly[102]
  • Published by Central Southern Publishing Co., Inc. Edited by L.D. Williams (1950) and W.N. Daniel (1951).[102]
Nashville
1865[104] or 1866[103] 1867[103] or 1866[104] Weekly[103]
  • Published by Scott, Waring and Co. Edited by W.B. Scott.[103]
Nashville The Tennessee Star 1886[105] 1891[105] Weekly[105]
  • Edited by George T. Robinson.[105]
Nashville Sun 1950[72] 1951[72]
Nashville Times Mirror Tennessee 1997[106] 1998[106] Weekly[106]
Nashville Tribune 1912[72] 1913[72]
Nashville The Tennessee Tribune 1992[107] current Weekly[107]
Nashville Uplift 1973[72] 1976[72]
Nashville The Urban Journal 1998[108] ? Weekly[108]
Nashville Weekly Pilot 1878 / 1879[72] 1879 / 1879[72]
Nashville Nashville World 1932[72] 1938[72] Weekly[109]
Nashville Yours 1949[72] 1949[72]
Paris Headlight 1909[72] 1911[72]
Winchester Negro Enterprise 1899[72] 1900[72]

See also[edit]

Works cited[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Brown 1982, p. 9.
  2. ^ Shannon 1983, p. 313.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Brown 1982, p. 197.
  4. ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga advocate. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1915-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  5. ^ a b "About Chattanooga weekly blade. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  6. ^ a b c "About Chattanooga courier. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 199?-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  7. ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga enterprise. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1969-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  8. ^ a b "About Justice. [online resource] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  9. ^ "About Justice. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  10. ^ a b "About News weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1989-1994". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  11. ^ a b "About Chattanooga news weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1986-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Brown 1982, p. 198.
  13. ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga north star. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1982-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  14. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145, ¶ 1504.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Brown 1982, p. 199.
  16. ^ a b c "About Columbia index. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 1901-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  17. ^ a b c d "About The black perspective inside/out. ([Franklin, Tenn.]) 1981-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  18. ^ a b "About The major. (Gallatin, Tenn.) 190?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  19. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 26, ¶ 259.
  20. ^ "About The Afro-American sentinel. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1890-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  21. ^ a b c d "About Community focus. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1985-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  22. ^ "About The Jackson headlight. [volume] (Jackson, Tenn.) 1900-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  23. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 309, ¶ 3244.
  24. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 360, ¶ 3770.
  25. ^ a b c d Lewis L. Laska (2018-03-01). "William F. Yardley". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-02-09. In 1878 Yardley was the publisher and editor of Knoxville's first black newspaper, the Knoxville Examiner. In 1882 he organized and published another newspaper, the Knoxville Bulletin.
  26. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 329, ¶ 3437.
  27. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 203, ¶ 2119.
  28. ^ a b c "About The enlightener. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1989-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Brown 1982, p. 200.
  30. ^ a b "About The Knoxville examiner. [volume] ([Knoxville, Tenn.]) 1982-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  31. ^ a b c d "About The Knoxville express. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1982-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  32. ^ Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. 1915. p. 248.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown 1982, p. 201.
  34. ^ a b "About The Keyana spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  35. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 404, ¶ 4204.
  36. ^ a b "About The Knoxville Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1888". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  37. ^ "About The Weekly Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  38. ^ "About Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brown 1982, p. 202.
  40. ^ a b c "About The righteous tribe. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1973-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  41. ^ a b c "About The Knoxville spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  42. ^ a b c d "About The Maryville monitor. [volume] (Maryville, Tenn.) 1872-1874". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  43. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 354, ¶ 3707.
  44. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 14, ¶ 136.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Brown 1982, p. 203.
  46. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 110, ¶ 1145.
  47. ^ a b c "About Bluff City news. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brown 1982, p. 204.
  49. ^ a b c "About The greater Memphis & Mid-South silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  50. ^ a b c Kenneth W. Goings (2019-10-07). "Memphis Free Speech". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-02-10. The Free Speech received national attention in 1892 for its coverage of the so-called Curve Riot.
  51. ^ Brown 1982, p. 81.
  52. ^ Brown 1982, pp. 81–82.
  53. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 313, ¶ 3288.
  54. ^ a b c "About Mid-South express. (Memphis, Tenn.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  55. ^ a b "About The Mid-South tribune. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  56. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 375, ¶ 3909.
  57. ^ a b c "About The new tri-state defender. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1961-1967". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Brown 1982, p. 205.
  59. ^ a b c "About The Memphis sentinel. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1940-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  60. ^ a b c "About The Memphis silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  61. ^ a b c "About The Times-herald. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1959-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  62. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5931.
  63. ^ "About The tri-state defender. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1951-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  64. ^ a b "About The Tri-state tribune. (Memphis, Tenn) 192?-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  65. ^ a b c "About Memphis triangle. [online resource] (Memphis, Tenn.) 192?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  66. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 357, ¶ 3749.
  67. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 358, ¶ 3750.
  68. ^ "About Memphis world. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1931-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brown 1982, p. 206.
  70. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 379, ¶ 3959.
  71. ^ a b c d "About The Murfreesboro union. [online resource] (Murfreesboro, Tenn.) 1920-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brown 1982, p. 209.
  73. ^ "About The block bulletin. (Nashville, Tenn.) 194?-195?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  74. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 109, ¶ 1129.
  75. ^ a b c d "About Capitol city defender. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1963-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  76. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 154, ¶ 1606.
  77. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4026.
  78. ^ a b c "About The colored Tennessean. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  79. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown 1982, p. 207.
  80. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4027.
  81. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4028.
  82. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 204, ¶ 2132.
  83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Brown 1982, p. 208.
  84. ^ a b c "About Nashville globe and independent. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  85. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4029.
  86. ^ a b c d "About The Nashville globe. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  87. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2877.
  88. ^ "About The herald examiner. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1976-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  89. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 294, ¶ 3094.
  90. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4030.
  91. ^ "About Nashville independent. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1931-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  92. ^ a b "About Metropolitan times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 198?-1997". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  93. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3788.
  94. ^ a b c "About Metropolitan weekly. ([Nashville, Tenn.) 1980-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  95. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3801.
  96. ^ "About The mid-state observer. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1978-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  97. ^ a b c "About Neighborhood times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1959-1962". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  98. ^ a b "About Nashville news-star. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1960-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  99. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4032.
  100. ^ a b "About Nashville pride. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  101. ^ Pride Publishing Group. "Nashville Pride Newspaper, Nashville Community Newspaper". Retrieved 2020-02-10. The Nashville PRIDE newspaper was founded on January 15, 1988 by Dr. Larry D. Davis and Dr. Cynthia E. Hodge.
  102. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4033.
  103. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5807.
  104. ^ a b c "About The colored Tennessean. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  105. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5809.
  106. ^ a b c "About Times mirror Tennessee. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1997-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  107. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 557, ¶ 5811.
  108. ^ a b "About The urban journal. (Nashville, TN) 1998-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  109. ^ "About Nashville world. (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
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