List of George Cross recipients
![The George Cross and ribbon (plain silver cross with circular medallion in the centre depicting the effigy of St. George and the Dragon, surrounded by the words "FOR GALLANTRY")](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/George_Cross.jpg)
The George Cross (GC) is the second highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry not "in the presence of the enemy" to both members of the British armed forces and to British civilians. Posthumous awards have always been available. It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians including police, emergency services and merchant seamen. Many of the awards have been personally presented by the British monarch to recipients and in the case of posthumous awards to next of kin. These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.[1]
Initially, the Empire Gallantry Medal recognised acts of the highest bravery but was never considered equal in status to the Victoria Cross. The George Cross succeeded the Empire Gallantry Medal and all those living who had been awarded the medal, and all posthumous awards from the outbreak of World War II, were obliged to exchange their medal for the George Cross. In 1971, the living recipients of either the Albert Medal for Lifesaving or Edward Medal, that respectively recognised the saving of life and acts of bravery following industrial accidents, were invited to exchange their medals for the George Cross; 24 recipients elected not to exchange their medals.
Since the Second World War most Commonwealth realms have instituted their own honours systems with the second highest award being for gallantry not in the face of the enemy. In 1972, Canada created the Cross of Valour for Canadian citizens;[2] in 1975 Australia, inspired by Canada, created a similar award with the same name in the Australian Honours System, the Cross of Valour. Recipients of the Canadian and Australian awards both use the postnominal CV.[2][3] Unlike the GC within British honours, the majority of Canadian CV awards and all Australian CV awards have been to civilians. The Australian Government ceased recommendations for British awards in 1983 and the last two Australian state governments ceased recommendations in 1989. During the period when Australian states made recommendations for British awards, the Governor of Victoria recommended a GC which was granted. The award gazetted in 1978 was for 39 years the most recent award to a living civilian, until the award in 2017 to Dominic Troulan.[3] On 5 October 1992, the Australian Prime Minister announced that Australian governments would make no further recommendations for British honours with British awards to Australians after that date being treated as foreign awards. The Queen on the recommendation of the Governor-General of New Zealand awarded the New Zealand Cross, instituted in 1999 to four individuals. There were two awards in 1999 and another two awards in 2021.[4] The postnominal is NZC.[5]
There have been 407 George Cross awards, including two special awards, but no honorary awards. Some recipients serving in British forces were foreign born, including Albert Guérisse (Belgium), Violette Szabo (France), and Noor Inayat Khan (Russia). All three served within the Special Operations Executive during World War II. As of November 2023 there are 12 living recipients.[6]
Individual awards
[edit]This list contains all George Cross recipients including former recipients of the Empire Gallantry Medal, the Albert Medal or the Edward Medal who exchanged their earlier award for the George Cross.
The table defaults to sorting alphabetically by name. When sorting by the heading "Rank (or Role)", military ranks take precedence, followed by police ranks and then all civilian roles. Military ranks are sorted by the comparative rank of the recipient within the British Armed Forces, where the Royal Navy takes precedence, followed by the British Army and then Royal Air Force.
It is customary for Indian and Nepalese names to be written with the family name first, which is followed below unless their citation dictates otherwise.[7]
This along with an * (asterisk) indicates that the gazetted award was posthumous.
This along with ** indicates the individual is alive as of 20 August 2024 [6]
List of 407 individual George Cross recipients with note whether original or exchange award. The three collective are not listed.[123]
Group awards
[edit]By express instruction of King George VI, the Island of Malta has been awarded the George Cross collectively in perpetuity. In a letter to Malta's Governor (Lieutenant-General Sir William Dobbie) dated 15 April 1942, King George VI awarded the George Cross "to the Island Fortress of Malta to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history". Dobbie replied: "By God's help Malta will not weaken but will endure until victory is won."
In a similar manner, Queen Elizabeth II awarded the Royal Ulster Constabulary the George Cross on 23 November 1999. Buckingham Palace announced that it was awarded "to honour the courage and dedication of the officers of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and their families who have shared their hardship".[124] Queen Elizabeth II presented it in person at Hillsborough Castle, County Down. On 4 November 2001, the Royal Ulster Constabulary was reorganised and renamed as the Police Service of Northern Ireland with most former RUC officers remaining [1] in the new organisation .[125]
On 5 July 2021, on the 73rd anniversary of the NHS, and during the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Queen awarded the George Cross to the National Health Service staff of the United Kingdom. The Queen wrote in a personal message: "It is with great pleasure, on behalf of a grateful nation, that I award the George Cross to the National Health Services of the United Kingdom. This award recognises all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations. Over more than seven decades, and especially in recent times, you have supported the people of our country with courage, compassion and dedication, demonstrating the highest standards of public service. You have our enduring thanks and heartfelt appreciation. Elizabeth R."[126]
See also
[edit]- List of Australian George Cross recipients
- Lists of Victoria Cross recipients
- British and Commonwealth orders and decorations
References
[edit]Specific
[edit]- ^ Mussell, J. W. (Editor), (2015), Medal Yearbook 2016 (Token Publishing Ltd: Devon)
- ^ a b "Letters patent repealing the Canadian Bravery Decorations Regulations, 1997 and making the Canadian Bravery Decorations Regulations, 2005". 9 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ a b "It's an Honour: Cross of Valour". 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ "Special Honours List 16 December 2021 - Citations for New Zealand Bravery Awards".
- ^ "New Zealand Gallantry and Bravery Awards - The New Zealand Cross (NZC)". Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ a b "Our People". Victoria Cross and George Cross Association. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
- ^ Brazier, Kevin; p.11
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- ^ "No. 36572". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 June 1944. pp. 2931–2934.
- ^ "No. 39979". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 October 1953. pp. 5305–5308.
- ^ a b "No. 35201". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 June 1941. pp. 3651–3654.
- ^ "No. 36717". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 September 1944. pp. 4437–4340.
- ^ a b c "No. 35048". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 January 1944. pp. 403–406.
- ^ "Bravery in Spinning Aeroplane." Times [London, England] 9 March 1940: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 Mar. 2016.
- ^ "No. 36097". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1943. pp. 3263–3266.
- ^ "No. 47085". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 December 1976. pp. 16447–16450.
- ^ "No. 35788". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 November 1942. pp. 4989–4992.
- ^ "No. 36163". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 September 1943. pp. 4005–4006.
- ^ "No. 58774". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 July 2008. pp. 11163–11164.
- ^ a b c "No. 35018". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 December 1940. pp. 7107–7108.
- ^ "No. 37455". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 February 1946. pp. 805–810.
- ^ "No. 37870". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 January 1947. pp. 599–610.
- ^ a b "No. 37386". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 December 1945. pp. 6055–6082.
- ^ a b "No. 35043". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 January 1941. pp. 329–338.
- ^ "No. 42162". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 October 1960. pp. 6849–6853.
- ^ "No. 35037". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 January 1941. pp. 149–189.
- ^ "No. 34365". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 January 1937. pp. 701–702.
- ^ a b "No. 36239". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 November 1943. pp. 4907–4914.
- ^ a b "No. 37575". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 May 1946. pp. 2443–2500.
- ^ "No. 35022". The London Gazette. 24 December 1940. pp. 7207–7250.
- ^ a b c "No. 35051". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 January 1941. pp. 463–464.
- ^ "No. 45588". The London Gazette. 1 February 1972. pp. 1281–1376.
- ^ "No. 35239". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 August 1941. pp. 4545–4550.
- ^ "No. 39746". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1953. pp. 167–168.
- ^ a b "No. 36169". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 September 1943. pp. 4073–4076.
- ^ "No. 57100". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 October 2003. pp. 1–12.
- ^ "No. 35802". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 November 1942. pp. 5173–5206.
- ^ "No. 36946". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 February 1945. pp. 993–994.
- ^ "No. 35591". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 June 1942. pp. 2547–2550.
- ^ "No. 39033". The London Gazette. 3 October 1950. pp. 4919–4958.
- ^ a b "No. 36623". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 July 1944. pp. 3457–3460.
- ^ "No. 44316". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 May 1967. pp. 5727–5730.
- ^ "No. 47027". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 September 1976. pp. 13305–3308.
- ^ "No. 36707". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 September 1944. pp. 4333–4336.
- ^ "No. 35706". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 September 1942. pp. 4019–4022.
- ^ "No. 37549". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 April 1946. pp. 2085–2088.
- ^ "No. 35587". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 June 1942. pp. 2533–2534.
- ^ "No. 37538". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 April 1946. pp. 1967–1970.
- ^ "No. 36980". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 March 1945. pp. 1387–1390.
- ^ "No. 52837". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 February 1992. pp. 2783–2784.
- ^ The London Gazette: no. 61311. p. 14242 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ^ a b "No. 39008". The London Gazette. 1 September 1950. pp. 4431–4472.
- ^ "No. 35016". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 December 1940. pp. 7093–7096.
- ^ "No. 44913". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 August 1969. pp. 8211–8216.
- ^ "No. 35030". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1940. pp. 45–50.
- ^ "Brave Deeds in Mine And Factory." Times [London, England] 23 June 1917: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 March 2016.
- ^ "No. 34296". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 June 1936. p. 4010.
- ^ "No. 37181". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 July 1945. pp. 3675–3680.
- ^ "No. 35962". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1943. pp. 1511–1516.
- ^ "Gallantry of Mine Manager." Times [London, England] 27 May 1936: 13. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 March 2016.
- ^ "No. 35596". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 June 1942. pp. 2645–2648.
- ^ "No. 36995". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 March 1945. pp. 1573–1582.
- ^ "No. 46371". The London Gazette. 11 October 1974. pp. 8809–8948.
- ^ "No. 37996". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 June 1947. pp. 2921–2926.
- ^ a b "No. 59365". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 March 2010. pp. 4831–4832.
- ^ "No. 35173". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 May 1941. pp. 3019–3064.
- ^ "No. 37294". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 October 1945. pp. 4889–1898.
- ^ "No. 52324". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 November 1990. p. 17199.
- ^ "No. 38201". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 February 1948. p. 953.
- ^ "No. 46660". The London Gazette. 14 August 1975. p. 10433.
- ^ "No. 38578". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 April 1949. pp. 1703–1710.
- ^ a b "No. 40146". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 April 1954. pp. 2205–2206.
- ^ "No. 40665". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 December 1955. p. 7299.
- ^ "No. 38134". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 November 1947. p. 5635.
- ^ "No. 35006". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 December 1940. pp. 6909–6912.
- ^ a b c "No. 35041". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 January 1941. pp. 259–264.
- ^ "No. 35117". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 March 1941. p. 1777.
- ^ a b "No. 35014". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 December 1940. pp. 7053–7054.
- ^ a b "No. 43698". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 June 1965. pp. 6203–6204.
- ^ "No. 47769". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 February 1979. p. 1991.
- ^ "No. 34365". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 January 1937. p. 701.
- ^ "No. 57935". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 March 2006. pp. 4191–4192.
- ^ "No. 43793". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 October 1965. p. 9767.
- ^ a b c "No. 34786". The London Gazette. 6 February 1940. p. 714.
- ^ "No. 34094". The London Gazette. 9 October 1934. p. 6374.
- ^ "No. 47582". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 July 1978. p. 8045.
- ^ "No. 39366". The London Gazette. 23 October 1951. p. 5509.
- ^ a b "No. 45826". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 November 1972. pp. 13433–13434.
- ^ "No. 43604". The London Gazette. 19 March 1965. p. 2797.
- ^ "No. 61008". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 October 2014. p. 19314.
- ^ "No. 41528". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 October 1978. p. 6425.
- ^ "No. 45569". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 January 1972. p. 347.
- ^ "No. 39519". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 April 1952. p. 2165.
- ^ "No. 38982". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 August 1950. p. 3949.
- ^ "No. 61969". The London Gazette (8th supplement). 16 June 2017. p. 11774.
- ^ "No. 45404". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 June 1971. p. 6641.
- ^ "No. 38414". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 September 1948. p. 5185.
- ^ "No. 58182". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 December 2006. pp. 17352–17353.
- ^ "Royals celebrate NHS anniversary with George Cross and tea party". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ Turner, John Frayn (2010). Royal Ulster Constabulary (2 ed.). Pen & Sword Books Ltd. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-84884-200-7. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
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ignored (help) - ^ "'New era' as NI police change name". BBC. 4 November 2001. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ "Queen awards George Cross to NHS to mark 70 years of public service". The Guardian. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
General
[edit]- The Register of the George Cross (2nd ed.). Cheltenham: This England Books. 1990. ISBN 978-0-906324-17-2.
- Ashcroft, Michael (2012). George Cross Heroes. London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-7553-6452-7.
- Brazier, Kevin (2010). The Complete Victoria Cross. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-84884-150-5.
- Hebblethwaite, M (2005). One Step Further: Those Whose Gallantry Was Rewarded with the George Cross. Oxon: Chameleon HH Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9546917-1-4.
- Mackay, J; Mussell, P; Mussell, J W (2005). The Medal Yearbook 2006. Devon: Token Publishing. ISBN 978-1-870192-70-5.
External links
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