List of busiest container ports
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This article lists the world's busiest container ports (ports with container terminals that specialize in handling goods transported in intermodal shipping containers), by total number of twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) transported through the port. The table lists volume in thousands of TEU per year. The vast majority of containers moved by large, ocean-faring container ships are 20-foot (1 TEU) and 40-foot (2 TEU) ISO-standard shipping containers, with 40-foot units outnumbering 20-foot units to such an extent that the actual number of containers moved is between 55%–60% of the number of TEUs counted.[1]
# | Port | Country | Region | Location | 2023[3] | 2022[4] | 2021[5] | 2020[5][6] | 2019[7] | 2018[7][8][9] | 2017[10] | 2016[11] | 2015[12] | 2014[12] | 2013[13] | 2012[14] | 2011[15] | 2010[16] | 2009[17] | 2008[18] | 2007[19] | 2006[20] | 2005[21] | 2004[22] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Shanghai | ![]() |
East Asia | Yangtze Delta | 49,000 | 47,303 | 47,030 | 43,500 | 43,303 | 42,010 | 40,233 | 37,133 | 36,537[23] | 35,268 | 33,617 | 32,529 | 31,700 | 29,069 | 25,002 | 27,980 | 26,150 | 21,710 | 18,084 | 14,557 | |
2 | Singapore | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Singapore Strait | 39,010 | 37,289 | 37,470 | 36,600 | 37,195 | 36,599 | 33,666 | 30,904[24] | 30,922[24] | 33,869 | 32,240 | 31,649 | 29,937 | 28,431 | 25,866 | 29,918 | 27,932 | 24,792 | 23,192 | 21,329 | |
3 | Ningbo-Zhoushan | ![]() |
East Asia | Yangtze Delta | 35,300 | 33,351 | 31,070 | 28,720 | 27,530 | 26,351 | 24,607 | 21,560[25] | 20,620[25] | 19,450 | 17,351 | 16,670 | 14,686 | 13,144 | 10,502 | 11,226 | 9,349 | 7,068 | 5,208 | 4,006 | |
4 | Shenzhen | ![]() |
East Asia | Pearl River Delta | 26,890 | 30,036 | 28,768 | 26,550 | 25,770 | 25,740 | 25,208 | 23,979[26] | 24,204[26] | 23,798 | 23,280 | 22,940 | 22,570 | 22,510 | 18,250 | 21,414 | 21,099 | 18,469 | 16,197 | 13,615 | |
5 | Qingdao | ![]() |
East Asia | Yellow Sea | 26,390 | 25,670 | 23,710 | 22,000 | 21,010 | 19,315 | 18,262 | 18,010[27] | 17,510 | 16,624 | 15,520 | 14,503 | 13,020 | 12,012 | 10,260 | 10,320 | 9,462 | 7,702 | 6,307 | 5,140 | |
6 | Busan | ![]() |
East Asia | Korean Strait | 22,750 | 22,078 | 22,706 | 21,590 | 21,992 | 21,662 | 20,493 | 19,850[28] | 19,469[28] | 18,423 | 17,690 | 17,046 | 16,185 | 14,157 | 11,954 | 13,425 | 13,270 | 12,039 | 11,843 | 11,430 | |
7 | Tianjin | ![]() |
East Asia | Yellow Sea | 21,800 | 21,021 | 20,269 | 18,350 | 17,264 | 15,972 | 15,040 | 14,490[29] | 14,090 | 14,050 | 13,010 | 12,300 | 11,500 | 10,080 | 8,700 | 8,500 | 7,103 | 5,950 | 4,801 | 3,814 | |
8 | Guangzhou | ![]() |
East Asia | Pearl River Delta | 20,800 | 24,857 | 24,180 | 23,190 | 23,236 | 21,992 | 20,370 | 18,858[30] | 17,625 | 16,160 | 15,309 | 14,744 | 14,400 | 12,550 | 11,190 | 11,001 | 9,200 | 6,600 | 4,685 | 3,308 | |
9 | Los Angeles / Long Beach | ![]() |
North America | West Coast | 16,618[31][32] | 19,044 | 20,061 | 17,327 | 16,969 | 17,549 | 17,013 | 15,632[33][34] | 15,352 | 15,161 | 14,600 | 14,124 | 14,002 | 14,095 | 11,815 | 14,200 | 15,671 | 15,759 | 14,195 | 13,101 | |
10 | Jebel Ali | ![]() |
West Asia | Persian Gulf | 14,472 | 13,970 | 13,742 | 13,488 | 14,111 | 14,954 | 15,368 | 14,772[35] | 15,592 | 14,750 | 13,641 | 13,270 | 13,000 | 11,600 | 11,124 | 11,827 | 10,653 | 8,923 | 7,619 | 6,429 | |
11 | Hong Kong | ![]() |
East Asia | Pearl River Delta | 14,300 | 16,685 | 17,798 | 20,070 | 18,361 | 19,596 | 20,770 | 19,813[36] | 20,073[36] | 22,374 | 22,352 | 23,117 | 24,384 | 23,532 | 20,983 | 24,248 | 23,881 | 23,539 | 22,427 | 21,984 | |
12 | Port Klang | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Malacca Strait | 14,061 | 13,220 | 13,724 | 13,240 | 13,580 | 12,316 | 11,978 | 13,170[37] | 11,887 | 10,736 | 10,350 | 10,000 | 9,604 | 8,870 | 7,309 | 7,970 | 7,120 | 6,326 | 5,544 | 5,244 | |
13 | Rotterdam | ![]() |
Europe | Rhine delta | 13,400 | 14,455 | 15,300 | 14,350 | 14,810 | 14,512 | 13,734 | 12,385[38] | 12,235 | 12,453 | 11,621 | 11,866 | 11,877 | 11,146 | 9,743 | 10,784 | 10,791 | 9,655 | 9,287 | 8,281 | |
14 | Xiamen | ![]() |
East Asia | Taiwan Strait | 12,550 | 12,434 | 12,045 | 11,410 | 11,122 | 10,702 | 10,380 | 9,614[39] | 9,183 | 8,572 | 8,010 | 7,202 | 6,461 | 5,820 | 4,680 | 5,035 | 4,627 | 4,019 | 3,342 | 2,872 | |
15 | Antwerp | ![]() |
Europe | Scheldt delta | 12,528 | 13,500 | 12,020 | 12,031 | 11,860 | 11,100 | 10,451 | 10,037[40] | 9,654 | 9,136 | 8,578 | 8,635 | 8,664 | 8,468 | 7,309 | 8,663 | 8,176 | 7,019 | 6,482 | 6,064 | |
16 | Tanjung Pelepas | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Malacca Strait | 10,480 | 10,512 | 11,200 | 9,850 | 9,100 | 8,960 | 8,261 | 8,281[41] | 9,120 | 8,500[12] | 7,628 | 7,700 | 7,500 | 6,530 | 6,000 | 5,600 | 5,500 | 4,770 | 4,177 | 4,020 | |
17 | Kaohsiung | ![]() |
East Asia | Taiwan Strait | 8,834 | 9,491 | 9,864 | 9,622 | 10,428 | 10,445 | 10,271 | 10,465[42] | 10,264 | 10,593 | 9,938 | 9,781 | 9,636 | 8,872 | 8,581 | 9,677 | 10,257 | 9,775 | 9,471 | 9,714 | |
18 | Laem Chabang | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Gulf of Thailand | 8,680 | 8,741 | 8,335 | 7,547 | 8,106 | 8,070 | 7,670 | 7,227[43] | 6,780 | 6,518 | 6,032 | 5,830 | 5,731 | 5,068 | 4,538 | 5,134 | 4,642 | 4,123 | 3,834 | 3,529 | |
19 | Tanger-Med | ![]() |
North Africa | Western Mediterranean | 8,617[44] | 7,596 | 7,173 | 5,771 | 4,801 | 3,472 | 3,312 | 2,960 | |||||||||||||
20 | New York / New Jersey | ![]() |
North America | East Coast | 9,493 | 8,985 | 7,586 | 7,471 | 7,179 | 6,711 | 6,252[45] | 6,372 | 5,772 | 5,467 | 5,530 | 5,503 | 5,292 | 4,561 | 5,265 | 5,299 | 5,093 | 4,785 | 4,478 | ||
21 | Hamburg | ![]() |
Europe | Elbe River | 8,261 | 8,715 | 8,540 | 9,274 | 8,730 | 8,860 | 8,910[46] | 8,821 | 9,729 | 9,302 | 8,864 | 9,022 | 7,900 | 7,007 | 9,737 | 9,890 | 8,862 | 8,088 | 7,003 | ||
22 | Taicang / Suzhou | ![]() |
East Asia | Yangtze Delta | 8,025 | 7,038 | 5,212 | 5,152 | 5,071 | 4,514 | 4,081 | 3,760 | |||||||||||||
23 | Saigon | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | East Vietnam Sea | 7,905 | 7,956 | 7,854 | 7,220 | 6,586 | 6,156 | 5,987[47] | 5,788[12][47] | 6,334 | 5,542 | 5,060 | 4,674 | 4,100 | 3,563 | 3,100 | 2,532 | 2,532 | 2,122 | 1,868 | ||
24 | Tanjung Priok | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Java Sea | 6,849 | 6,134 | 7,600 | 7,640 | 6,090 | 5,515[48] | 5,201[48] | 5,034 | 6,590 | 6,200 | 5,618 | 4,715 | 3,800 | 3,984 | 3,900 | 3,280 | 3,282 | 3,170 | |||
25 | Colombo | ![]() |
South Asia | Laccadive Sea | 6,860 | 7,250 | 6,855 | 7,228 | 7,047 | 6,209 | 5,735[49] | 5,185[12][49] | 4,910 | 2,221 | |||||||||||
26 | Mundra | ![]() |
South Asia | Gulf of Kutch | 6,503 | 6,660 | 6,503 | 5,657 | 4,732 | 4,449 | 4,240 | 3,320 | 2,895 | ||||||||||||
27 | Nhava Sheva / Mumbai | ![]() |
South Asia | Arabian Sea | 5,959 | 5,630 | 4,470 | 5,100 | 5,051 | 4,833 | 4,432 | 4,490 | 4,450 | ||||||||||||
28 | Savannah | ![]() |
North America | East Coast | 5,892 | 5,613 | 4,682 | 4,599 | 4,350 | 4,046 | 3,645 | 3,737 | 3,346 | 3,034 | 2,966 | 2,945 | 2,825 | 2,356 | 2,616 | 2,604 | 2,160 | 1,902 | 1,662 | ||
29 | Rizhao | ![]() |
East Asia | Yellow Sea | 5,804 | 5,174 | 4,860 | 4,500 | 4,000 | 3,240 | 3,010[50] | 2,810[50] | |||||||||||||
30 | Hai Phong | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Hong River Delta | 5,629 | 5,696 | 5,142 | 5,133 | 4,954 | ||||||||||||||||
31 | Vũng Tàu | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | East Vietnam Sea | 5,593 | 5,385 | 4,411 | 3,742 | 3,567 | 3,065 | 2,261 | ||||||||||||||
32 | Lianyungang | ![]() |
East Asia | Yellow Sea | 5,570 | 5,090 | 4,800 | 4,780 | 4,750 | 4,711 | 4,703 | 4,703 | |||||||||||||
33 | Manila | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Manila Bay | 5,474 | 4,976 | 4,443 | 5,315 | 5,085 | 4,782 | 4,523 | 3,976 | 3,673 | 3,770 | 3,705 | 3,250 | 3,257 | 2,815 | 2,977 | 2,800 | 2,638 | 2,625 | |||
34 | Qinzhou | ![]() |
East Asia | Gulf of Tonkin | 5,407 | 4,630 | 3,950 | 2,580 | 2,400 | 2,303 | 2,091 | ||||||||||||||
35 | Colón | ![]() |
Central America | Caribbean coast | 5,102 | 4,916 | 4,454 | 4,379 | 3,890 | 3,891 | 3,258 | 3,577 | 3,356 | 2,060 | 1,900 | 1,600 | 2,802 | 1,856[51] | 2,262 | N/A | 1,947 | 2,150 | |||
36 | Valencia | ![]() |
Europe | Western Mediterranean | 5,052 | 5,604 | 5,428 | 5,439 | 5,128 | 4,832 | 4,722 | 4,616 | 4,442 | 4,328 | 4,470 | 4,327 | 4,207 | 3,653 | 3,593 | 3,043 | 2,612 | 2,410 | 2,145 | ||
37 | Piraeus | ![]() |
Europe | Eastern Mediterranean | 5,000 | 5,311 | 5,437 | 5,648 | 4,907 | 4,145 | 3,737 | 3,330 | 3,164 | 2,745 | 1,680 | 1,198 | 665 | 434 | 1,373 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
38 | Yingkou | ![]() |
East Asia | Liaodong Bay | 4,995 | 5,207 | 5,650 | 5,480 | 6,487 | 6,278 | 6,086[52] | 5,922 | 5,770 | ||||||||||||
39 | Santos | ![]() |
South America | South Atlantic Ocean | 4,986 | 4,831 | 4,232 | 4,165 | 4,120 | 3,854 | 3,394 | 3,645 | 3,685 | 3,446 | 3,172 | 2,985 | 2,716 | 2,252 | 2,675 | 2,533 | 2,208 | 2,240 | 1,883 | ||
40 | Jeddah | ![]() |
West Asia | Red Sea | 4,960 | 4,882 | 4,737 | 4,433 | 4,120 | 4,150 | 3,957 | 4,188[53] | 4,200 | 4,561 | 4,738 | 4,010 | 3,830 | 3,091 | 3,326 | 3,068 | 2,964 | 2,836 | 2,426 | ||
41 | Algeciras | ![]() |
Europe | Western Mediterranean | 4,767 | 4,799 | 5,108 | 5,125 | 4,773 | 4,340 | 4,761[54] | 4,516[54] | 4,457 | 4,501 | 4,114 | 3,603 | 2,810 | 3,042 | 3,324 | 3,152 | 3,257 | 3,180 | 2,937 | ||
42 | Bremerhaven | ![]() |
Europe | North Sea | 4,572 | 5,018 | 4,767 | 4,856 | 5,450 | 5,510 | 5,535 [55] | 5,479[55] | 5,796 | 5,831 | 6,115 | 5,915 | 4,871 | 4,578 | 5,529 | 4,912 | 4,450 | 3,736 | 3,469 | ||
43 | Salalah | ![]() |
West Asia | Arabian Sea | 4,504 | 4,510 | 4,340 | 4,109 | 3,390 | 3,946 | 3,325 | 2,569 | 2,229 | ||||||||||||
44 | Dalian | ![]() |
East Asia | Yellow Sea | 4,459 | 3,672 | 5,110 | 10,210 | 9,770 | 9,707 | 9,614[56] | 9,450 | 10,128 | 10,860 | 8,060 | 6,400 | 5,242 | 4,552 | 4,503 | 4,574 | 3,212 | 2,665 | 2,211 | ||
45 | Tokyo | ![]() |
East Asia | Tokyo Bay | 4,430 | 4,326 | 4,260 | 4,510 | 4,570 | 4,500 | 4,700 | 4,629 | 4,917 | 4,861 | 4,752 | 4,640 | 4,286 | 3,810 | 4,271 | 3,818 | 3,969 | 3,593 | 3,358 | ||
46 | Abu Dhabi | ![]() |
West Asia | Persian Gulf | 4,330 | 3,440 | 3,220 | 2,780 | 1,740 | 1,400 | |||||||||||||||
47 | Port Said | ![]() |
North Africa | North of Suez Canal | 4,252 | 4,765 | 4,010 | 3,816 | 3,105 | 2,968 | 3,036 | 3,462 | 3,036 | 4,100 | 3,631 | 4,272 | 3,646 | 3,300 | 3,202 | 2,127 | 2,127 | 1,522 | 869 | ||
48 | Yantai | ![]() |
East Asia | Yellow Sea | 4,117 | 3,651 | 3,300 | 3,102 | 3,001 | ||||||||||||||||
49 | Houston | ![]() |
North America | Gulf of Mexico | 3,974 | 3,453 | 3,001 | 2,987 | 2,701 | ||||||||||||||||
50 | Tanjung Perak | ![]() |
Southeast Asia | Madura Strait | 3,972 | 3,901 | 3,602 |
See also
[edit]- United States container ports
- List of largest container shipping companies
- List of largest container ships
- List of busiest ports in Europe
- List of countries by container port traffic
References
[edit]- ^ Assuming that all boxes are either counted as 1 or 2 TEUs (which is pretty much the case), and that for every 20-foot / single TEU box, there are at least two 40-foot (or other 2 TEU) units (meaning 2 × 2 = 4 TEUs) in circulation, the 40-footers represent at least 80% of the TEU volume; and for every 10 TEUs, on average, at least 80% of them must be divided by two, to compute the actual number of boxes, meaning the total number of boxes drops below 60% of the number of TEUs moved.
- ^ "Top 50 Ports". World Shipping Council. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
- ^ "The top 10 busiest container ports in the world". Ship Technology. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
- ^ "One Hundred Container Ports 2023". Lloyd's List. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
- ^ a b "One Hundred Container Ports 2022". Lloyd's List. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
- ^ "Top 50 Ports". World Shipping Council. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
- ^ a b "One Hundred Container Ports 2020". Lloyd's List. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
- ^ "Top 50 World Container Ports | World Shipping Council". www.worldshipping.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-04. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ^ "One Hundred Container Ports 2019". Lloyd's List. Archived from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ^ "Lloyd's List Top 100 Ports 2018 | Maritime Intelligence". Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
- ^ "Lloyd's List Top 100 Ports | Maritime Intelligence". Archived from the original on 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- ^ a b c d e "Top 50 World Container Ports | World Shipping Council". www.worldshipping.org. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ The Lloyd's List of the World's Busiest Container Ports 2013 Archived 2015-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Lloyd's List of the World's Busiest Container Ports 2012 Archived 2015-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Lloyd's List of the World's Busiest Container Ports 2011 Archived 2015-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Lloyd's List of the World's Busiest Container Ports 2010 Archived 2015-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "AAPA World Port Rankings 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
- ^ "AAPA World Port Rankings 2008" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ "Port of Hamburg". Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
- ^ AAPA World Port Rankings 2006 Archived December 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ AAPA World Port Rankings 2005 Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ AAPA World Port Rankings 2004 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "01 Shanghai (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "02 Singapore (Singapore)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02.
- ^ a b "04 Ningbo-Zhoushan (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "03 Shenzhen (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "08 Qingdao (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "05 Busan (South Korea)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "10 Tianjin (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "07 Guangzhou (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "The Port of Los Angeles 2023 Facts & Figures Card". The Port of Los Angeles. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
- ^ "Teus Archive: 1969 to present by year". Port of Long Beach - The Port of Choice. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
- ^ "18 Los Angeles (US)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "21 Long Beach (US)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "09 Dubai (United Arab Emirates)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "06 Hong Kong (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "11 Port Klang (Malaysia)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02.
- ^ "12 Rotterdam (The Netherlands)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "16 Xiamen (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "14 Antwerp (Belgium)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "19 Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "13 Kaohsiung (Taiwan)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "20 Laem Chabang (Thailand)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ Taouil, Khadija. "Tangier Med signs its 2023 annual report with record figures". Atalayar (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ^ "22 New York/New Jersey (US)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "17 Hamburg (Germany)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "24 Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "27 Tanjung Priok (Indonesia)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "25 Colombo (Sri Lanka)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "50 Rizhao (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-01.
- ^ "PORTS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, CONTAINER TRAFFIC 2009 - 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-04. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ "23 Yingkou (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "37 Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "28 Algeciras (Spain)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ a b "26 Bremen/Bremerhaven (Germany)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "15 Dalian (China)". Lloyd's List. 2017-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.