Massalia

Massalia (Greek: Μασσαλία, romanized: Massalía; Latin: Massilia) was an ancient Greek colony (apoikia) on the Mediterranean coast, east of the Rhône. Settled by the Ionians from Phocaea in 600 BC, this apoikia grew up rapidly, and its population set up many outposts for trading in modern-day Spain, Corsica and Liguria. Massalia persisted as an independent colony until the Roman campaign in Gaul in the 1st Century BC. The ruins of Massalia still exist in the contemporary city of Marseille, which is considered the oldest city of France and one of Europe's oldest continuously inhabited settlements.^[1]

History

Massalia was established ca. 600 BC by Ionian Greek settlers from Phocaea, in Western Anatolia. After the capture of Phocaea by the Persians in 545 BC, a new wave of settlers fled towards the colony.^[2]^[3]^[4] A creation myth telling the meeting between the Greeks and the local population is given by Aristotle and Pompeius Trogus (see founding myth of Marseille).^[5]

After the middle of the 6th century BC, Massalia became an important trading post of the western Mediterranean area. It grew into creating colonies of its own on the sea coast of Gallia Narbonensis during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, including Agathe (late 5th–early 4th c. BC), Olbia [fr] (ca. 325), Tauroentium (early 3rd c.), Antipolis and Nikaia (ca. mid-3rd c.).^[6]^[4] Massalia was known in ancient times for its explorers: Euthymenes travelled to the west African coast in the late 6th century BC, and Pytheas explored northwestern Europe in the late 4th century BC.^[3]

The colony remained a faithful ally of Rome during all of the Punic Wars (264–146 BC). The retreat of Carthage from the Iberian coast after its defeat in the Second Punic War (218–201) gave Massalia the dominancy over the Gulf of Lion, and the fall of Carthage in 146 probably led to the intensification of trade between the Greek colony and the Celtiberians.^[7] Archaeological evidence, in the form of amphora fragments, indicate that the Greeks were producing wine in the region (Provence) soon after they settled. By the time the Romans reached the area in 125 BC, the wine produced there had a reputation across the Mediterranean for high quality.^{[citation needed]}

Massalia initially chose neutrality during the Civil War between Caesar and the Senate, but sided with Caesar's opponents after the arrival of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. The city was besieged in 49 BC and eventually had to surrender to Caesar's army. Massalia lost most of its inland territory in the aftermath of this defeat.^[4]

During the Roman and Late Antique periods, the city, then known as Massilia in Latin, remained a major center of maritime trade. It became a civitas within the Roman Empire at the latest ca. 300 AD.^[4]

Political system

Massalia was ruled as an oligarchic republic by a closed aristocracy initially descending from the original settlers. An assembly of 600 timouchoi, whose membership was conditioned to the involvement in trading activities, elected 15 magistrates, 3 of them with executive power.^[8]^[4]

Reputation

The Greeks used the proverbs Ἐκ Μασσαλίας ἥκεις ("you are coming out of Massalia") and Ἐς Μασσαλίαν πλεύσειας ("you might sail to Massalia") in reference to those living an effeminate and soft life, apparently because the men of Massalia were wearing fancy long perfumed robes and tying their hair up, which other Greeks interpreted as signs of disgrace.^[9]^[10]^[11]

The Romans on the other hand had a more positive view of the city as a bastion of Greek civilisation in barbarian lands,^[12]^[13] and as a loyal ally of Rome.^[14]^[15]

Legacy

A genetic study conducted in 2011 found that 4% of the inhabitants of Provence belong to the haplogroup E-V13 lineage, which is especially frequent among Phocaeans (19%), and that 17% of the Y-chromosomes in Provence may be attributed to Greek colonization. According to the authors, these results suggest "a Greek male elite-dominant input into the Iron Age Provence population".^[16]

References

^ Duchêne 1998.
^ Lafond 2006.
^ ^a ^b Rivet & Drinkwater 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Guyon 2012.
^ Bouffier & Garcia 2021, pp. 25–28.
^ Bouffier 2009, p. 38.
^ Bouffier 2009, pp. 38–39.
^ Bouffier 2009, pp. 36–37.
^ Suda, epsilon, 499 (in Greek and in English)
^ Suda, epsilon, 3161 (in Greek and in English)
^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 12.25
^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita 37.54
^ Cicero, Pro Flacco 63
^ Justin, Epitome 43.5.3
^ Jensson, Gottskálk (2017). "Sailing from Massalia, or Mapping Out the Significance of Encolpius' Travels in the Satyrica". Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel: 7–15. doi:10.1515/9781501503986-002. ISBN 9781501503986.
^ King et al. 2011.

Bibliography

Bouffier, Sophie (2009). "Marseille et la Gaule Méditerranéenne avant la Conquête Romaine". In Cabouret, Bernadette (ed.). Rome et l'occident: du IIe s. av. J.-C au IIe s. apr. J.-C. Presses Universitaire du Mirail. pp. 35–60. ISBN 978-2-8107-0052-3. JSTOR 43606588. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Bouffier, Sophie; Garcia, Dominique (2021). "Variations territoriales: indigènes et Grecs en Celtique méditerranéenne". Les territoires de Marseille antique. Errance. ISBN 978-2-87772-848-5.
Duchêne, Roger (1998). Marseille: 2600 ans d'histoire. Fayard. ISBN 978-2-7028-2422-1.
Guyon, Jean (2012). "Massilia (Marseilles)". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16085. ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6.
King, Roy J.; Di Cristofaro, Julie; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Scheidel, Walter; Myres, Natalie M.; Lin, Alice A.; Eissautier, Alexandre; Mitchell, Michael; Binder, Didier; Semino, Ornella (2011). "The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 69. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11...69K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-69. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3068964. PMID 21401952.
Lafond, Yves (2006). "Massalia". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e725870.
Rivet, A. L. F.; Drinkwater, John F. (2016). "Massalia". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3997. ISBN 9780199381135.