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Meritaten

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Meritaten
Pharaoh/Queen, King's Daughter
Queen Meritaten, wearing crown, courts young Tutankhaten, with walking stick, who will become her husband and take the name Smenkhkare
BornPossibly Thebes
SpouseSmenkhkare
IssueMeritaten Tasherit
Egyptian name
it
n
ra		 N36
t		 B1
Dynasty18th of Egypt
FatherAkhenaten
MotherNefertiti
ReligionAncient Egyptian religion and Atenism

Meritaten, also spelled Merytaten, Meritaton or Meryetaten (Ancient Egyptian: mrii.t-itn)[1] (14th century BC), was an ancient Egyptian royal woman of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Her name means "She who is beloved of Aten"; Aten being the sun-deity whom her father, Pharaoh Akhenaten, worshipped. She held several titles, performing official roles for her father and became queen and pharaoh after the deaths of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, as she was the eldest daughter of the king and co-regent with Nefertiti before her mother's death. She, wearing her queen's crown, is pictured as courting the much younger Tutankhaten in a well-known relief, holding out flowers to him, he with his walking stick under his arm. The two were then married at which time he took the coronation name "Smenkhkare." Upon this marriage, Tutankhaten, who was much younger than Meritaten was, became the "boy king." The two were officially married about two years, until Meritaten's death.

Family

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Meritaten was the first of six daughters born to Pharaoh Akhenaten and his Great Royal Wife, Nefertiti. Her sisters are Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, and Setepenre.[2] Meritaten is mentioned in diplomatic letters, by the name Mayati.[3] She is mentioned in a letter from Abimilki of Tyre. The reference usually is thought to date to the period when Meritaten's position at court became more important, during the latter part of the reign of Akhenaten. It is possible, however, that the letter refers to the birth of Meritaten.[4]

Inscriptions mention a young princess named Meritaten Tasherit.[3][5] Inscriptions from Ashmunein suggest that Meritaten-tasherit is the daughter of Meritaten. The scene dates to the reign of Akhenaten, and this means the father of the young princess was likely her own father. Another princess named Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit had been suggested as an additional daughter of Meritaten, but it is more likely that she is a daughter of Ankhesenpaaten, possibly also with her father Akhenaten.[4]

Biography

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Early years in Thebes

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Meritaten most likely was born in Thebes, early in her father's marriage to Nefertiti, perhaps before he assumed the throne, as she is shown officiating during year five of his reign. The royal family first lived in Thebes and the royal palace may have been part of the Temple Complex of Akhenaten at Karnak. The exact use of the buildings in Karnak is not known, but the scenes decorating the Teni-menu suggest it may have served as a residence.[4] Meritaten is depicted beside her mother Nefertiti in reliefs carved into the Hut-Benben.[5] The Hut-Benben was a structure associated with Nefertiti, who is the main officiant in the scenes, the great royal wife being the highest priestess. Meritaten appears behind her mother shaking a sistrum. Her younger sisters Meketaten and Ankhesenpaaten also appear in some of the scenes, but not so often as Meritaten.[4]

Amarna princess

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Bust of Queen Meritaten - Museum in Berlin
Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten, with early Aten cartouches on king's arm and chest, from Amarna, Egypt, Eighteenth Dynasty, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

In year five of her father Akhenaten's reign, Meritaten appears on the boundary stelae designating the boundaries of the new capital to which her father moved the royal family and his administrators.[3][5] During Akhenaten's reign, she was the most frequently depicted and mentioned of the six daughters. Her figure, with her shaved head, appears on paintings in temples, tombs, and private chapels. Not only is she shown among images showing the family life of the pharaoh, which were typical of the Amarna Period, but on those depicting official ceremonies, as well.[3]

The two structures most associated with Meritaten at Amarna are the Northern Palace and the Maru-Aten. The Maru-Aten was located to the south of the city limits of Amarna. The structure consisted of two enclosures containing pools or lakes and pavilions set in an area planted with trees. An artificial island contained a pillared construction that held a painted pavement showing scenes from nature.[6]

Meritaten's name seems to replace that of another royal lady in several places, among them in the Northern Palace and in the Maru-Aten. This had been misinterpreted as evidence of Nefertiti's disgrace and banishment from the royal court but, more recently, the erased inscriptions turned out to be the name of Kiya, Akhenaten's daughter by Tiye and secondary "great royal wife," disproving that interpretation.[3] Kiya had been Akhenaten's lover and apparently died in childbirth. Afterward, Akhenaten's attention seems to have shifted to Meritaten, with whom he appears to have had a daughter.

Smenkhare and Meritaten shown in the tomb of Meryre II

Great Royal Wife

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Inscription mentioning Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, and Meritaten, from the tomb of Tutankhamen

Meritaten is depicted with Tutankhaten, identified as "beloved of the king," in the tomb of Meryre II, bestowing honors and gifts upon Meryre.[7] Nefertiti still held the Great Royal Wife title in year 16, hence Smenkhkare must have ruled with his wife Meritaten sometime after year 16 of Akhenaten.[8]

Meritaten is mentioned on gold daisies that decorated a garment found in Tutankhamen's tomb. She also is mentioned on a wooden box meant to contain linen garments. The box mentions two kings: Neferkheperure-Waenre (Akhenaten) and Ankhkheperure-mr-waenre, Neferneferuaten-mr-waenre (Nefertiti) and the Great Royal Wife Meritaten.[7]

According to some scholars, such as J.P. Allen, Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare ruled together with Meritaten, but in the year following Akhenaten's death, Smenkhkare died. The theory is, that Meritaten was the 'king's daughter' Akenkeres who is recorded in Manetho's Epitome to have assumed the throne next, in her own right as king and bearing the name Neferneferuaten.[9] Neferneferuaten is assigned a reign of two years and one month and is placed in Manetho's account as the immediate predecessor of the king, Rathothis, who is believed to be Tutankhamun, her half-brother by another, unnamed wife of Akhenaten. The truth is that Meritaten and Tutankhaten were simply officially husband and wife and he took the throne name Smenkhkare, then when he remarried to Ankesenamun, was renamed yet again to Tutankhamun.

Archaeologist Alain Zivie asserts that Meritaten also became a foster mother to Tutankhamun, referred to as Maia in some ancient records. Zivie noted that Thutmose, the sculptor appointed vizier by Akhenaten and who was found to be the creator of the famous bust of Nefertiti also created one of Maïa (Bubasteion I.20), the foster mother of Tutankhamun and who, in fact, was "Merytaten, the elder daughter of Akhenaten", "who sat briefly on the throne".[10] All of this was incorrect as she was actually the boy's wife, and that is why the two were associated.

Death and burial

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The texts of its boundary stele mention that Meritaten was meant to be buried at Akhet-Aten (modern Amarna).[5]

Let a tomb be made for me in the eastern mountain of Akhetaten. Let my burial be made in it, in the millions of jubilees which the Aten, my father, has decreed for me. Let the burial of the Great King's Wife, Nefertiti, be made in it, in the millions of years which the Aten, my father, decreed for her. Let the burial of the King's Daughter, Meritaten, [be made] in it, in these millions of years.[11]

The royal tomb in Amarna was used for the burial of Meketaten, Tiye, and Akhenaten, and likely was closed after the death and burial of Akhenaten. After that, Meritaten's burial may have been planned for one of the other royal tombs in Amarna.

References

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  1. ^ Ranke, Hermann (1935). Die Ägyptischen Personennamen, Bd. 1: Verzeichnis der Namen (PDF). Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin. p. 161. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  2. ^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2004, ISBN 0-500-05128-3, p.142-157
  3. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference Tyldesley was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d Dodson, Aidan, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt from Golden Age to Age of Heresy, The American University in Cairo Press, 2014
  5. ^ a b c d Aldred, Cyril, Akhenaten: King of Egypt,Thames and Hudson, 1991 (paperback), ISBN 0-500-27621-8
  6. ^ Kemp, Barry, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People, Thames and Hudson, 2012
  7. ^ a b Dodson, Aidan, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-reformation, The American University in Cairo Press, 2009
  8. ^ Seyfried, Friederike (Editor), In the Light of Amarna: 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery, Michael Imhof Verlag, 2013
  9. ^ Ertman, Earl L. and Hoffmeier, James K. A new fragmentary relief of King Ankhkheperure from Tell el-Borg (Sinai)?, JEA Vol 94, 2008
  10. ^ Zivie, Alain, Pharaoh's Man, Abdiel, the vizier with a Semitic name, Biblical Archaeological Review, July–August 2018 edition, p. 25
  11. ^ Murnane, William J. (1995). Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. p. 78. ISBN 1-55540-965-2.
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