Emir Mustapha
Emir Mustapha El Djezaïri مصطفى الـجـزائـري | |
---|---|
Native name | مصطفى ابن محيي الدين |
Birth name | Mustafa ibn Muhieddine al-Hasani |
Born | 1814 Guetna, ![]() |
Died | 1863![]() |
Allegiance | Emirate of Abdelkader |
Rank | Emir, Caliph, Bey |
Battles/wars |
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Mustapha ibn Muhieddine (1814–1863; Arabic: مصطفى ابن محيي الدين Mustafa ibn Muḥy al-dīn), known as Emir Mustapha, Sidi Moustafa, Moustafa El Hassani El Djazairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century with his brother, Emir Abdelkader.[1]
Family
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/DamascusabdulKader.jpg/220px-DamascusabdulKader.jpg)
Mustapha was one of Mahieddine's sons and the younger brother of Emir Abdelkader. He married one of his cousins, with whom he had three sons and two daughters.[2]
In memory of his father, one of his sons was named Mahieddine, who married his cousin Zeyneb, the daughter of his uncle Emir Abdelkader.[3]
French conquest
[edit]Mustapha strove to gain influence in the Emirate of Abdelkader and took an important part in the affairs of the Algerian country.[4]
Sahara tribes
[edit]In 1836, Mustapha tried proclaim himself Sheikh of the Algerian Sahara tribe who had rallied to Abdelkader, but his attempt failed and he was struck with disgrace.[clarification needed][5][6] However, he deeply apologised, so Abdelkader appointed him bey of Titteri in Médéa.[7][8]
Khalifa of Médéa
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mizerana.jpg/220px-Mizerana.jpg)
When Abdelkader laid siege to the city of Tlemcen in July 1836 to liberate it from General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, he received news that some people had tried to rally the French and to rebel against him in Médéa.[9][10]
Abdelkader let an auxiliary force continue the siege of the French garrison in Tlemcen, and advanced with dozens of cavaliers to Médéa to stop the rebellion.[11][12]
Abdelkader wanted give land to his younger brother Mustafa, and in turn named him khalifa of Médéa territory before returning to Tlemcen to continue the siege.[13][14]
Mustapha worked to submit Titteri and Mitidja to the power of the Emirate of Abdelkader before passing the title of Bey of Titteri to his successor, Mohamed Berkani.[15][16]
Revolt of Kabylia
[edit]On May 8, 1837, Mustapha organized a surprise attack on a large agricultural farm in Reghaïa to force the French occupiers to sign a cease-fire treaty with Abdelkader.[17][18]
The farm, managed by settlers Mercier and Saussine, was positioned with its 3,000 hectares of area at the entrance of Kabylia which remained in sight of the sustained advance of French colonization towards the plains of Oued Isser.[19][20]
Mustapha urged the marabouts of the zawiyas of the Beni Aïcha, the Issers, and the Amraoua to terrorize the French settlers to stop the invasion of the mountain range of Khachna, which precedes Djurdjura.[21][22]
The first Kabyle attack on Reghaïa alarmed General Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont, who was the military governor of Algiers. He ordered General Alexandre Charles Perrégaux and Colonel Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg to organize a punitive expedition against the Kabyles who sacked and looted the farm.[23]
Mustapha's goal was achieved, since the colonial troops, who were to quickly join Orania in order to contribute with General Bugeaud to the defeat of Abdelkader, were maintained and posted in Algiers in order to protect it and to organize the counter-offensive against the Emirate of Abdelkader.[24]
During the expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha on May 17, 1837, the colonial forces lost because of bad weather, while the First Battle of Boudouaou on May 25 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Tafna on May 30.[25]
Khalifa of M'Sila
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Maadid.jpg/220px-Maadid.jpg)
Mustapha was later appointed in August 1839 by Abdelkader as Khalifa of the Hodna region around the M'Sila territory.[26][27] As soon as he arrived in M'Sila, he headed for the Hautes Plaines in the northeast, calling all the tribes in his path to arms against the French, and in less than eight days, the insurrection became widespread.[28][29]
Constantinois
[edit]At the beginning of 1840, Mustapha was commander-in-chief to the Algerian rebels that Abdelkader sent to the province of Constantine to harass the French troops.[30][31]
Mustapha carried out his mission in the Constantinois region and returned to temporarily live in Medjana before returning to the traveling capital of Abdelkader.[32][33]
Château d'Amboise
[edit]After Abdelkader surrendered in 1847, Mustapha accompanied him with the other members of his family to be exiled in the Château d'Amboise in France. Mustapha, along with all of his other brothers, left Amboise and settled in Morocco.[34]
Gallery
[edit]-
Emir Abdelkader (1808–1883)
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First Raid on Reghaïa (1837)
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First Battle of Boudouaou (1837)
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First Battle of the Issers (1837)
See also
[edit]- French conquest of Algeria
- Emirate of Abdelkader
- First Raid on Reghaïa (8 May 1837)
- Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha (17 May 1837)
- First Battle of Boudouaou (25 May 1837)
- First Battle of the Issers (27 May 1837)
- Treaty of Tafna (30 May 1837)
Bibliography
[edit]- Armand-Gabriel Rozey (1840). Cris de conscience de l'Algérie. Paris: Rousseau, Libraire. pp. 336–343.
- George Henri Schuster (1842). Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire. Vienna: P. Rohrmann, Libraire. pp. 132–133.
- Léon Galibert (1843). Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne. Paris: Furne et Cie, Libraires-Éditeurs. pp. 474–475.
- Léon Galibert (1844). L'Algérie ancienne et moderne. Paris: Furne et Cie, Libraires-Éditeurs. pp. 625–626.
- Ministère de la Guerre (1845). Tableau de la situation des établissements français dans l'Algérie. Paris: Imprimerie royale. p. 405.
- Histoire pittoresque de l'Afrique française. Paris: B. Renault, Éditeur. 1845. p. 219.
- Société orientale (1846). Revue de l'Orient: Bulletin de la Société orientale, Volume 9. Paris: Delavigne, Libraire. pp. 344–346.
- Auguste Debay (1848). Biographie d'Abd-el-Kader écrite dans le pays même où est né le célèbre bédouin. Relation de sa défaite et de sa soumission. Paris: Moquet, Libraire-Éditeur. p. 32.
- Clara Filleul de Pétighy (1851). L'Algérie. Clermont: Thibaut-Landriot frères, Éditeurs. pp. 255–256.
- Eugène de Civry (1853). Napoléon III et Abd-el-Kader, Charlemagne et Witikind. Paris: P. Martinon, Libraire-Éditeur. pp. 432–434.
- Moritz Wagner (1854). The Tricolor on the Atlas, or, Algeria and the French Conquest. New York: Thomas Nelson. pp. 288–289.
- Société orientale (1854). Revue de l'Orient et de L'Algérie et des Colonies. Paris: Just Rouvier, Libraire. p. 56.
- Arsène Berteuil (1856). L'Algérie française, Volume 2. Paris: Dentu, Libraire-Éditeur. p. 245.
- Louis-Adrien Berbrugger (1857). Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie. Algiers: Bastide, Librairie-Éditeur. pp. 13–15.
- Edouard Carteron (1858). Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne - Tome septième. Paris: Firmin Didot et Cie, Imprimeurs-Libraires. p. 376.
- Revue contemporaine, Volume 63. Paris: Bureaux de la revue contemporaine. 1862. p. 530.
- Alexandre Bellemare (1863). Abd-el-Kader, sa vie politique et militaire. Paris: Louis Hachette et Cie, Libraire. p. 166.
- Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archélologique de la province de Constantine, Volumes 8 à 9. Constantine: Alessi et Arnolet, Libraire-Éditeur. 1864. pp. 197–198.
- Société historique algérienne (1867). Revue africaine, Volume 11. Algiers: Adolphe Jourdan, Libraire-Éditeur. pp. 370–371.
- Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans (1870). Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères. pp. 270–274.
- Société historique algérienne (1884). Revue africaine, Volume 28. Algiers: Adolphe Jourdan, Libraire-Éditeur. p. 327.
- Jean Baptiste Xavier Bardon (1886). Histoire nationale de l'Algérie. Paris: Ernest Leroux, Éditeur. p. 237.
- Ferdinand-Désiré Quesnoy (1888). L'armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger. Paris: Jouvet et Cie, Éditeurs. pp. 116–117.
- Lucien Darier-Chatelain (1888). Historique du 3e régiment de tirailleurs algériens. Constantine: Georges Heim, Éditeur. pp. 14–16.
- Léonce Grandin (1898). Le général Bourbaki. Paris: Berger-Levrault, Éditeur. p. 34.
- Georges Yver (1927). Correspondance du général Damrémont (1837). Paris: Honoré Champion, Librairie ancienne. pp. 150–164–173.
References
[edit]- ^ "Revue de l'Orient: Bulletin de la Société orientale". 1846. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ "Histoire pittoresque de l'Afrique française, son passé, son présent, son avenir, ou, l'Algérie sous tous les aspects: Le pays, les productions du sol, les habitants, leur origine, leurs mœurs, leurs usages, leurs costumes suivie de la conquête, des travaux et des expolits de nos régiments de la colonisation, ses ressources, ses progrès, ses espérances". 1845. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ "ص567 - كتاب تاريخ الجزائر الثقافي - إخوة الأمير عبد القادر - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". al-maktaba.org. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ Civry, Eugène de (1853). "Napoléon III et Abd-el-Kader, Charlemagne et Witikind: étude historique et politique. Biographie de l'Émir, contenant un grand nombre de lettres et de documents inédits". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ "Biographie d'Abd-el-Kader écrite dans le pays même où est né le célèbre bédouin. Relation de sa défaite et de sa soumission". 1848. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ Berteuil, Arsène (1856). "L'Algérie française". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ "L'Algérie". 1851. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ "Revue contemporaine: Philosophie - histoire - sciences - litterature - poesie - romans - voyages - critique - archeologie - beaux-arts". 1862. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ "الامير عبد القادر محيي الدين الجزائري قائد رباني و مجاهد اسلامي". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ Bardon, Jean Baptiste Xavier (1886). "Histoire nationale de l'Algérie". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "Cris de conscience de l'Algérie". 1840.
- ^ "Revue de l'Orient et de l'Algérie: Bulletin de la Société orientale". 1854. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ Berteuil, Arsène (1856). "L'Algérie française". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ France (1845). "Tableau de la situation des établissements français dans l'Algérie". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "الامير عبد القادر محيي الدين الجزائري قائد رباني و مجاهد اسلامي". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Revue africaine: Journal des travaux de la Société Historique Algérienne". 1867. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ Wagner, Moritz (1855). "The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ Schuster, George Henri (1842). "Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire: ... Avec un vocabulaire militaire français - allemand". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "Encyclopédie moderne: Dictionnaire abrégé des sciences, lettres, arts". 1858. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française". Paris Furne. 1843.
- ^ "L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères". 1844. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "Correspondance du général Damrémont, gouverneur général des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique (1837) Pub". 1927. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie". 1857.
- ^ "Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839". Paris M. Lévy. 1870.
- ^ "L'Armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger". Jouvet. 1888.
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- ^ "Annales algériennes". 1854. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ Grandin, Léonce (1898). "Le général Bourbaki". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
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- ^ Bellemare, Alexandre (1863). "Abd-el-Kader, sa vie politique et militaire". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ Civry, Eugene Comte de (1853). "Napoléon III et Abd-el-Kader, Charlemagne et Witikind: étude historique et politique. Biographie de l'Émir, contenant un grand nombre de lettres et de documents inédits". Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2021.