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Nathaniel Wells

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Nathaniel Wells
Wells' seal
Born(1779-09-10)10 September 1779
Saint Kitts
Died13 May 1852(1852-05-13) (aged 72)
Bath, Somerset
NationalityBritish
Occupation(s)Planter, politician, military officer

Nathaniel Wells (10 September 1779 – 13 May 1852) was a British planter and politician of Afro-Caribbean descent. Born on a slave plantation in Saint Kitts, he was sent to Britain to complete his education, eventually serving as a magistrate after being called to the bar. Inheriting his white father's estates in the British West Indies, Wells served in the Yeomanry Cavalry, becoming the second Black person to serve as an officer in a British military unit after Royal Navy officer John Perkins. He was also the first Black sheriff in Britain. Wells died in 1852, remaining wealthy despite his slaves having been emancipated 19 years earlier by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.

Early life

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Nathaniel Wells was born on 10 September 1779 to William Wells and Juggy Wells. William was a Welshman from a wealthy Cardiff family who emigrated to Saint Kitts with his younger brother Nataniel. He became a successful slave trader before becoming a member of the planter class, owning several slave plantations. His wife Elizabeth, their son, and one daughter died and were buried in Basseterre and their surviving daughter Elizabeth married John Taylor, a colonist on Nevis.[1] Following his wife's death, William Wells began fathering children by his female slaves – at least six, all by different women.[2] Although sexual liaisons with slaves was a common practice at the time, Wells differed from the majority by looking after both the children and their mothers, giving them both their freedom and sums of money to live on—including Nathaniel's mother Juggy (d.1811),[3] who became known as Joardine Wells following her manumission.[4] William Wells died when Nathaniel was 15 years old and left the bulk of his estate to him as his only surviving, 'natural and dear'[5] son. This included around £120,000 and three sugar plantations.[4]

Return to Wales

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When Nathaniel was aged around ten, his father sent him to London to be educated, under the care of his uncle Nataniel until the age of 21. On completing his education, he remained in Britain, becoming a respected landowner in Monmouthshire, Wales. Wells also became a magistrate during his time in Britain, being one of the few Black British members of the British legal system at the time.[1]

Slave estates

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Nathaniel managed his inherited sugar plantation estates like any absentee white owner. Wells had little control over the way the slaves he owned were treated, as the estates were leased out to local managers.[citation needed] The punishment of slaves by one of these managers was singled out for criticism by British abolitionists and became the subject of an abolitionist tract,[6][better source needed] although it would appear that this was with the tacit consent of Wells, who refrained from suppressing its publication through the courts.[citation needed] The crux of the issue concerned punishment of a slave owned by Wells - there were only supposed to be 39 lashes administered in one sitting of punishment,[citation needed] while it was alleged that a manager gave the slave 39 lashes plus a "brining" – putting pepper water onto those lashes to make the enslaved person scream.

Wells remained a plantation owner and slave owner until emancipation was enacted by law in St Kitts in 1833, and was compensated financially for his loss by the British government with the sum of £1,400 9s 7d for the ownership of 86 enslaved people on St Kitts.[7][1]

Piercefield House and Monmouthshire

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By 1801, Wells had property worth an estimated £200,000 and was married to Harriet Este (1780–1820), the only daughter of Charles Este, a former chaplain to King George II.[8] They had ten children including author Nathaniel Armstrong Wells (1806–1846), and churchmen Charles Rush Wells (1807-1869) and John Tighe Wells (1808-1848).[1]

In 1802, he bought Piercefield House, Chepstow from Colonel Mark Wood, after agreeing to buy it for £90,000 over dinner.[2] Wells added to Piercefield until it reached almost 3,000 acres (12km²). He continued the tradition of allowing visitors access to the grounds of his estate, among them the landscape painter Joseph Farington, who having met him in 1803 noted in his diary: "Mr Wells is a West Indian of large fortune, a man of very gentlemanly manners, but so much a man of colour as to be little removed from a Negro".[1]

Wells seems to have taken full part in local society. In 1804, he was appointed a churchwarden of St Arvans Church near Piercefield, a position he held for 40 years. Together with the Duke of Beaufort he contributed to the upkeep of the church fabric, and St Arvan's distinctive octagonal tower (1820) was his gift.[9] In 1806, he was appointed a Justice of the Peace,[10] while in 1832 he was on the committee of the Chepstow Hunt.

Sheriff

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On 24 January 1818, Wells became Britain's first Black sheriff when he was appointed sheriff of Monmouthshire by the Prince Regent,[11] and a deputy lieutenant of the county.[12]

Yeomanry commission

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On 20 June 1820, Wells was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Chepstow Troop of the Yeomanry Cavalry of Gloucestershire and Monmouth.[13] Wells was the second Black person to be commissioned as an officer in a British military unit. His commission was signed by the Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire Lord Beaufort, not the King, as were regular army commissions, and those in the later Special Reserve as held by Walter Tull during the First World War.

Wells' military service was not just an honorary role. As Lieutenant Wells, it is recorded[14] that he took part in action against striking coal-miners and iron workers in South Wales in 1822. Jackson's Oxford Journal of 11 May 1822 reprinting an article from the Bristol Mercury recorded that:

"It was then decided that a party of the cavalry, under the command of Lieutenant Wells, of Piercefield, should form a kind of advance guard, and should precede the main body by about a mile, to prevent the breaking up of the roads." However, the road ran along a steep-sided valley, and his party came under attack from the iron workers, who threw down large stones and rocks. Even with the arrival of the rest of the Yeomanry, and the reading of the Riot Act, the road could not be cleared, and was not until three hours later, with the arrival of the regular cavalry of the Royal Scots Greys behind the workers, that the road was cleared.[15]

He resigned his commission on 7 August 1822.[16]

Declining years

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In 1850, in failing health, Wells sold Piercefield to John Russell (1788–1873). Wells had been married twice: His second wife, in 1823, was Esther Owen (1804–1871), daughter of John Owen (1766–1822).[17] Her sister, Mary Frances Owen, was married to William Wilberforce (1798–1879), eldest son of William Wilberforce.

In all, Wells had 22 children. Two of his sons became clergymen and the eldest, Nathaniel Armstrong Wells (1806–1846), an author, writing and illustrating an account of his travels through Spain.[18]

Wells died at 9 Park Street, Landsdown in Bath, Somerset, in 1852 at the age of 72, worth an estimated £100,000.[citation needed] Esther Wells and four her daughters moved to Brighton after Wells' passing.[19]

A memorial tablet can be seen at St Arvans Church, near Chepstow, Monmouthshire.[20][21] Piercefield estate is now the home of Chepstow Racecourse, while the house is abandoned and derelict.[22]

Esther Wells died in Brighton in 1871, having been recorded in the census of that year living with five of her daughters, Esther, Augusta, Catharine, Cecilia and Matilda Wells.[23] Her daughters remained in the town during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[19]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Evans, J. A. H. (2004). "Wells, Nathaniel (1779–1852), slave owner and landowner". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74450. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 25 February 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ a b "South East Wales". BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  3. ^ In the 18th century "Juggy" was a common English pet-form of "Joan". In later records however, Wells's mother is referred to as "Joardine" Wells, [1], possibly a variant spelling of "Jourdaine".
  4. ^ a b "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  5. ^ "Will of William Wells, Planter of Island of Saint Christopher, West Indies". The National Archive. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  6. ^ "Calendar - Community Events - Abolition of the slave trade - March 14, 2007". Traidcraft InterActive. 21 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  7. ^ "Details of Claim | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  8. ^ "GB0218.D412GB0218.D412GB0218.D412". www.gwentarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  9. ^ "History of St Arvan's". Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  10. ^ "Britain's First Black Justice of the Peace?" National Archives
  11. ^ "No. 17326". The London Gazette. 27 January 1818. p. 188.
  12. ^ "Archives Wales". Archives Wales. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  13. ^ Wyndham Quin, p. 78.
  14. ^ Wyndham Quin, p. 81.
  15. ^ "Riots in Monmouthshire". Jackson's Oxford Journal (3602). Oxford: 1. 11 May 1822.
  16. ^ "No. 17912". The London Gazette. 8 April 1823. p. 564.
  17. ^ Gerzina, Gretchen H. (2020). Britain's Black Past. Oxford University Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-78962-160-0.
  18. ^ Wells, Nathaniel Armstrong. The Picturesque Antiquities of Spain, Described in a series of letters, with illustrations representing Moorish palaces, cathedrals, and other monuments of art, contained in the cities of Burgos, Valladolid, Toledo, and Seville.
  19. ^ a b "Fragments in Time | Brighton & Hove Black History". Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  20. ^ " A monumental inscription in a church at St. Arvans in south Wales". Data Wales.
  21. ^ St Arvans Church. Church History Archived 17 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Nathaniel Wells' rise from slavery to slave owner". BBC News. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  23. ^ "1871 England Census". www.ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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