Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
Zaghari-Ratcliffe in 2011
Born
Nazanin Zaghari

(1978-12-26) 26 December 1978 (age 45)
Tehran, Imperial State of Iran
Citizenship
  • Iran
  • United Kingdom (since 2013)[1]
Education
Known forImprisonment in Iran (2016–2022)
Spouse
Richard Ratcliffe
​
(m. 2009)​
Children1
AwardsBBC 100 Women (2022)[2]

Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe (née Zaghari; Persian: نازنین زاغری; born 26 December 1978)[3] is an Iranian-British dual citizen who was detained in Iran from 3 April 2016 as part of a long running dispute between Britain and Iran.[4] In early September 2016, she was sentenced to five years in prison after being found guilty of plotting to topple the Iranian government.[5][6] While in prison, she went on at least three hunger strikes trying to persuade Iranian authorities to provide medical treatment for her health problems.[4] She was temporarily released on 17 March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, but subject to electronic monitoring.[7]

In October 2017, the prosecutor general of Tehran made a new claim that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was being held for running "a BBC Persian online journalism course which was aimed at recruiting and training people to spread propaganda against Iran".[8] Zaghari-Ratcliffe has always denied the spying charges against her, and her husband maintains that his wife "was imprisoned as leverage for a debt owed by the UK over its failure to deliver tanks to Iran in 1979."[9]

On 7 March 2021, her original sentence ended, but she was scheduled to face a second set of charges on 14 March.[10] On 26 April, she was found guilty of propaganda activities against the government and sentenced to another year in prison.[11] She appealed but on 16 October 2021, her appeal was rejected by the Iranian court.[12] Zaghari-Ratcliffe was finally released on 16 March 2022[13] immediately after Britain repaid the outstanding debt of £393.8 million to Iran.[14] She returned to the United Kingdom the next day.[15]

Early life and education[edit]

Nazanin Zaghari was born and brought up in Tehran and studied English literature at the University of Tehran, before becoming an English teacher. Following the 2003 Bam earthquake she worked as a translator in the relief effort for the Japan International Cooperation Agency. She later worked for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and then moved to the World Health Organization as a communications officer.[16]

In 2007, Zaghari-Ratcliffe moved to the UK after receiving a scholarship to study for a Masters in Communication Management at London Metropolitan University.

With husband Richard Ratcliffe, 2011

Shortly after her arrival in the UK she met her future husband, Richard Ratcliffe, through mutual friends. The couple married in August 2009 in Winchester and their daughter was born in June 2014. Zaghari-Ratcliffe became a British citizen in 2013. Zaghari-Ratcliffe used to return to Iran from time to time enabling her parents to see her daughter.[17] When travelling to Iran she would always do so on her Iranian passport, as required by Iranian law. Zaghari-Ratcliffe used her British passport for all other international travel.[1]

Zaghari-Ratcliffe worked for the BBC World Service Trust from February 2009 to October 2010,[8] then worked at the Thomson Reuters Foundation as a project coordinator before taking on the role of a project manager.[18]

Arrest and trial[edit]

On 17 March 2016, Zaghari-Ratcliffe travelled to visit her family for Nowruz (Iranian New Year) with her 22-month-old daughter. On 3 April 2016, members of Iran's Revolutionary Guard arrested her at the Imam Khomeini Airport as she and her daughter were about to board a flight back to the UK.[19][20] Her daughter's British passport was confiscated during the arrest, but later returned, and she remained in Iran under the care of her maternal grandparents so she could visit her mother.[5][21]

The reason for her arrest was unclear. Zaghari-Ratcliffe had worked for the BBC World Service Trust (now called BBC Media Action) between February 2009 and October 2010.[22] This is an international charity that provided training courses to Iranian citizen journalists and bloggers in its Iran Media Development Project's ZigZag magazine and associated radio programme.[23] Iranian fundamentalists seemed to believe the BBC was a tool for British espionage and in 2014, several graduates were convicted and sentenced by Iran to up to 11 years in jail for their participation in these courses.[24][25]

BBC Media Action described her role there as "junior and purely administrative".[26] By the time of her arrest, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was working for the Thomson Reuters Foundation. CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, Monique Villa, said “Nazanin has been working at the Thomson Reuters Foundation for the past four years as a project coordinator in charge of grants applications and training, and had no dealing with Iran in her professional capacity.”[27]

In early September 2016, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was sentenced to five years in prison for allegedly plotting to overthrow the Iranian government.[5][6] The prosecutor general of Tehran stated in October 2017 that she was imprisoned for running "...a BBC Persian online journalism course which was aimed at recruiting and training people to spread propaganda against Iran".[8]

Imprisonment[edit]

On 23 August 2018, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released on temporary licence for three days, which is standard practice prior to lengthier releases.[28] However, Zaghari-Ratcliffe suffered from panic attacks after returning to prison, and regretted having been given the temporary release. Her husband said the temporary licence was a "cruel game" subject to conditions including the monitoring of her movements.[29]

In late September 2018, when questioned about the Zaghari-Ratcliffe case, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani acknowledged awareness of the case (though denying knowledge of its specifics), and noted that "new charges [had been] brought against her." Rouhani compared the imprisonment of foreigners in Iran to the imprisonment of Iranians in Western countries, saying that leaders on both sides were denying power over the decisions of their own judiciary, and that "we must all" exert "a constant, concerted effort... so... all prisoners must be free... but it must be a path that travels both ways."[30]

In March 2019, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) granted Zaghari-Ratcliffe diplomatic protection, raising the status of her case from a consular matter to a dispute between the two governments.[31] Iran argues the designation is contrary to international law, the Master Nationality Rule, with Iran's ambassador in London stating "Governments may only exercise such protection for own nationals, ... Iran does not recognise dual nationality".[32]

On 11 October 2019 Zaghari-Ratcliffe's daughter returned to her father in the United Kingdom to start school.[33]

In December 2019 the prosecutor general of Iran denied conditional release for Nazanin Zaghari, which had been requested by her lawyer.[34]

In March 2020, at the height of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran – when Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei announced plans to pardon 10,000 prisoners and temporarily release 85,000 to fight a surge of COVID-19 infections in prisons[35] – Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released on a temporary basis.[36][35] Her husband reported that she had been ill for two weeks with COVID-19 symptoms but had not been tested and did not require hospitalization.[35]

While on parole she lived at her parents' house in Tehran but was required to wear an electronic tag and remain within 300 metres of the house. She was able to make video calls for several hours a day to her husband and daughter.[35][37] Her parole was later extended until 18 April.[38] Her release was again delayed in April, to 20 May according to her husband.[37] Her family said on 20 May that her release had been delayed indefinitely.[39]

On 8 September 2020 Iranian state media said that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was facing new charges.[40] On 13 September, her trial was postponed.[41] It was scheduled for 2 November in October.[42] No British officials were allowed to observe it despite repeated requests.[43]

Zaghari-Ratcliffe's sentence ended on 7 March 2021.[44] The day before, Nazanin's husband, Richard Ratcliffe, had expressed that he and his daughter were waiting "very anxiously" for the release. He also said that they were not sure if she'd be released, as "the arrangements haven't been clarified".[45] She was freed as scheduled but with a new court case against her booked for 14 March.[46] On that date she appeared on charges of propaganda against the regime and was told to expect a verdict within seven working days.[47]

On 26 April, 2021 she was found guilty of propaganda activities against the government, sentenced to one year in prison and banned from leaving Iran for a year.[11][48] Her lawyer said that she had been accused of taking part in a demonstration in London 12 years before and giving an interview to the BBC Persian service.[49]

Prisoners swap dispute[edit]

On 24 April 2019 Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif suggested an official swap between Zaghari-Ratcliffe and Negar Ghodskani, an Iranian citizen being held in Australia on a US extradition warrant. Britain rejected a prisoner-swap proposal by Iran's foreign minister, calling it a "vile" diplomatic manoeuvre.[50][51] An Iranian state TV report quoted an anonymous Iran official on 2 May 2021 as stating that the United Kingdom had agreed to settle its debt of £400 million in return for her release.[52] The British government denied this the next day, saying the negotiations about the debt, accrued due to it not delivering tanks to Iran as agreed in a deal made in the 1970s, were separate from her case and still ongoing.[53]

1971 arms deal dispute[edit]

In February 2018, Richard Ratcliffe said he believed his wife's release was dependent on the interest on a £450 million debt the UK has owed to Iran since the 1970s for a cancelled arms deal.[54][55] In October 2019 he repeated the claim with more detail, stating that a UK government agency was using "every legal roadblock to delay and minimise the payment".[56]

In 1971, the Iranian government, then under the Shah of Iran, paid Britain for an order for more than 1,500 Chieftain tanks and other armoured vehicles as part of a £650 million deal. When the Shah's regime fell, Britain cancelled the undelivered part of the order and the Islamic regime asked for a partial refund on undelivered tanks.[57] A legal dispute had existed between Britain and Iran ever since.[58] In May 2021, after his wife had her sentence extended yet again, Richard Ratcliffe wrote a piece for Declassified UK, in which he stated that the UK's secretive, unaccountable arms export is a danger to Nazanin and British citizens everywhere.[59]

In January 2016, the United States refunded Iran $400 million for undelivered military equipment which was associated with the release of four Iranian-Americans, including Washington Post journalist Jason Rezaian, which could be viewed as a precedent for Zaghari-Ratcliffe's situation.[60][61]

Zaghari-Ratcliffe was allegedly told by her military interrogators of the link between her detention and the disputed arms deal.[57] This claim was denied by both the Iranian Foreign Ministry[62] and the British Foreign Office, with the latter stating:

This is a longstanding case and relates to contracts signed over 40 years ago with the pre-revolution Iranian regime. We and the Iranians reject any idea the two issues are linked. Funding to settle the debt was paid to the High Court by the Treasury and the International Military Services in 2002. Iran's Ministry of Defence remains subject to EU sanctions.[63]

Richard Ratcliffe reaffirmed his belief that his wife was being used as a bargaining chip in the dispute over the unpaid IMS debt and talks over the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action nuclear enrichment deal with Iran. However he believed recent reports on Iranian TV suggested the governments were in the middle of negotiations. On 2 May 2021 British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab said Iran was using Zaghari-Ratcliffe in "a cat-and-mouse game", and her treatment "amounts to torture".[64] The debt repayment deal failed, which Prime Minister Boris Johnson later explained as "difficult to settle and square away for all sorts of reasons to do with sanctions".[65]

On 16 March 2022, Foreign Secretary Liz Truss announced that after months of negotiations the government had paid the debt of £393.8 million to Iran, ring-fenced for humanitarian use only. The same day the travel ban on Zaghari-Ratcliffe was rescinded and she flew back to the UK.[15][14]

On 21 March 2022, the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee announced it would hold an inquiry into the delay in paying the debt to Iran. The former Middle East minister Alistair Burt had written to the committee stating that even while in office he could not discover which part of government was resisting paying the debt, and suggested the committee should now investigate.[66]

Release campaign[edit]

Her husband Richard Ratcliffe[edit]

On 7 May 2016, Zaghari-Ratcliffe's husband, Richard Ratcliffe, launched an online petition[67] urging both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Iran's supreme leader to take appropriate action to secure the safe return of his wife and daughter. By June 2019 the petition had more than 3.5 million supporters in 155 countries.[68]

In June 2019 both Richard and Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe went on hunger strike in protest at Nazanin's imprisonment, with Richard Ratcliffe camping outside the Iranian Embassy in London. They both ended the hunger strike on 29 June 2019 after 15 days.[69][70]

In September 2021 Richard Ratcliffe and the release campaigns called on the British government to sanction individual Iranian officials involved with the detention with asset freezes and travel bans. Richard Ratcliffe called the detention "hostage-taking".[71]

On 24 October 2021 Richard Ratcliffe went on a second hunger strike in an effort to persuade the British government to expand the efforts in calling for his wife’s release from detention in Iran. His hunger strike took place outside the Foreign Office in London.[72] On 9 November 2021, the 17th day of his hunger strike, there was mounting concern over his health.[73] On 13 November 2021 Richard Ratcliffe ended his hunger strike after 21 days, stating that their daughter "needs two parents".[74]

Boris Johnson comments[edit]

A central part of Zaghari-Ratcliffe's defence was that she was there on a holiday and never worked to train journalists in the country.[75][76] However, on 1 November 2017, the then-British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said "When we look at what Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe was doing, she was simply teaching people journalism, as I understand it, at the very limit."[77] These remarks appeared to have put her at risk,[76] prompting condemnation from Leader of the Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn, who called for Johnson to be sacked.[78]

Her employer, Thomson Reuters Foundation, called on Johnson to "immediately correct the serious mistake he made" in this statement. They added, "She is not a journalist and has never trained journalists at the Thomson Reuters Foundation". Four days later Zaghari-Ratcliffe was returned to court in Iran, where the Foreign Secretary's statement was cited as evidence against her.[79][80]

Zaghari-Ratcliffe was thought likely to appear in court again on 10 December 2017 to face additional charges relating to her work for the BBC World Service Trust;[81][82] however Iranian court officials released a statement that no new charges had been raised and these reports were false.[83] Johnson visited Tehran on 9 December 2017, raising the case of Zaghari-Ratcliffe.[84]

United Nations[edit]

The United Nations has on several occasions called for Zaghari-Ratcliffe's release. On 7 October 2016, the United Nations rapporteur on human rights in Iran, Ahmed Shaheed, called on Iran to immediately release Zaghari-Ratcliffe.[85] The call was repeated a year later by Shaheed's successor, Asma Jahangir, as well as by José Antonio Guevara Bermúdez, Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: "We consider that Ms. Zaghari-Ratcliffe has been arbitrarily deprived of her liberty and that her right to a fair trial before an independent and impartial tribunal has been violated … These are flagrant violations of Iran's obligations under international law".[86] The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention had also formally called for her immediate release in its Opinion 28/2016, adopted in August 2016.[86]

Further calls for Zaghari-Ratcliffe's release have been made by the US Congress, the Canadian Parliament,[87] and the European Parliament.[88]

Coronavirus pandemic[edit]

In February 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread to Iran, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was suspected of falling ill with COVID-19 from the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[35] Her family called on the UK and Iranian governments to ensure that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was tested for the virus and received proper medical treatment.[89] However, Iran's judiciary spokesman Gholamhossein Esmaili said she did not have coronavirus and was in "good health". Gholamhossein also described reports of her infection as "propaganda".[90]

On 17 March, she was temporarily freed for two weeks, which was later extended indefinitely.[35][91][39] After her new trial was postponed in September, the Foreign Office called for her to be permanently released. Kate Allen, director of Amnesty International UK, called it nonsense that the trial had been moved, saying she had already faced an unjust trial. She accused the Iranian government of playing cruel political games on her and asked the British government to work harder for her release.[92]

Consular assistance[edit]

In December 2020, in relation to Zaghari-Ratcliffe's imprisonment it was widely reported that British citizens arrested abroad do not have a right to government help or protection even if they are being tortured.[93][94] However, in normal circumstances, British citizens abroad are eligible for consular assistance in times of need.[95] The legal difficulty for the British Foreign Office in this particular case is that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was arrested in the country of her birth citizenship and in a country which does not recognise dual nationality for Iranian citizens. Furthermore, during her visits to Iran, Zaghari-Ratcliffe entered the country using her Iranian passport.[1] The FCDO have acknowledged the risk to dual nationals of arrest and detention in its travel advice to persons travelling to Iran.[1]

Release[edit]

Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released, together with Anoosheh Ashoori, on 16 March 2022.[13] Boarding a Royal Air Force of Oman plane, the pair arrived in Muscat that day[96] and returned to the United Kingdom the next day[15] in a government-chartered flight to RAF Brize Norton.[97] The decision to release her has been linked to the UK's payment of the £393.8 million debt related to the unfulfilled arms deal in the 1970s,[98] although the Iranian government have denied this,[99] and British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss called them "parallel issues".[15] Other factors which have been described as contributory included her family's campaigning, British diplomacy's focus on the issue and an alignment of interests between the two countries during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[100] English humanitarian Terry Waite, who was held captive for four years in Lebanon from 1987 to 1991, said that Zaghari-Ratcliffe "should tell her story".[101]

Zaghari-Ratcliffe said in a press conference soon after her release that the feeling of returning home was "precious" and "glorious" but also criticised the government's response to her imprisonment commenting that "I have seen five foreign secretaries change over the course of six years. How many foreign secretaries does it take for someone to come home?" and "We all know… how I came home. It should have happened exactly six years ago."[102] Former foreign secretary Jeremy Hunt sympathised with this, arguing on social media that "Those criticising Nazanin [for her views on her imprisonment] have got it so wrong. She doesn't owe us gratitude: we owe her an explanation. She's absolutely right that it took too long to bring her home."[103]

Mahsa Amini protests[edit]

Because of the Mahsa Amini protests, Zaghari-Ratcliffe cut her hair publicly as a symbol of opposition to tyranny in the Islamic Republic of Iran.[104]

Media[edit]

On 28 December 2022, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was the guest editor on the Today (BBC Radio 4) programme. She told Andy Murray that had she had experienced a rare moment of joy during her imprisonment when her captors gave her a television, on which she saw him win the Men's singles at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships.[105]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: Legal Opinion" (PDF). 16 October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  2. ^ "BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year?". BBC News. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe spends 40th birthday in Iranian jail". The Guardian. 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  4. ^ a b Dean, Sarah; Lyons, Emmet; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (27 April 2021). "Iran sentences British-Iranian charity worker to another year in jail". CNN. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  5. ^ a b c "UK-Iranian mother Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 'jailed on secret charges'". BBC News. 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  6. ^ a b Trew Cairo, Bel (10 October 2017). "British mother Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe facing 16 more years in Iranian jail". The Times. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  7. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe temporarily released from Iranian prison amid coronavirus outbreak fears". Sky News. 17 March 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Saeed Kamali Dehghan (6 November 2017). "Boris Johnson 'mistake' could harm case for Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, say family". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  9. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe sentenced to a year in Iran prison". BBC. 26 April 2021.
  10. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe freed but may face new charges". The Guardian. 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  11. ^ a b Vesty, Sarah; Kitching, Chris (26 April 2021). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe jailed for 12 months and banned from leaving Iran over 'propaganda' charges". MSN News. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  12. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: British-Iranian aid worker loses court appeal in Iran". BBC News. 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  13. ^ a b "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe and Anoosheh Ashoori on way home to UK". BBC News. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  14. ^ a b Dixon, Hayley (16 March 2022). "Liz Truss confirms £400m debt repaid to Iran, as Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe freed". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe and Anoosheh Ashoori back with families". BBC News. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  16. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: The British-Iranian mother jailed in Tehran". www.shropshirestar.com. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  17. ^ "Mother jailed in Tehran". Belfast Telegraph. 8 September 2020. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  18. ^ "'New evidence' against Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe – Iran – THE BARON". www.thebaron.info. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  19. ^ "Husband of Iranian-British Citizen Held in Iran Calls Her Detainment 'Outrageous' and 'Cruel'". International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran. 10 May 2016.
  20. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (9 May 2016). "Briton pleads with Iran to release arrested wife and daughter". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  21. ^ Ferguson, Donna (15 October 2017). "Husband of Nazanin Zaghari Ratcliffe, jailed in Iran, tells of strain of separation". The Observer. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  22. ^ "History and links to the BBC". BBC Media Action. BBC. Archived from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  23. ^ Godfrey, Anna; Thelwall, Michael; Eneyat, Mahmood (2008). Generating new media and new participation in Iran: The Case of ZigZag (PDF) (Report). BBC World Service Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2017.
  24. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (22 January 2017). "UK woman imprisoned in Iran has conviction upheld in appeals court". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  25. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (20 June 2014). "Iran technology news website staff jailed for alleged links to BBC". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  26. ^ Nursey, Caroline (5 July 2016). "In the matter of Nazanin Zaghari Ratcliffe and Iran" (PDF). BBC Media Action. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2017.
  27. ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (15 June 2016). "Iran Accuses Thomson Reuters Charity Official of Sedition". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  28. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: Iran grants temporary release". BBC News. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  29. ^ Rushton, Simon (2 September 2018). "Jailed Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe regrets getting a temporary taste of freedom". i News. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  30. ^ Rouhani, Hassan (President of Iran), with Christiane Amanpour: interview (video and transcript), 1 October 2018 (replay of excerpt of 30 September 2018 interview), Amanpour and Company, PBS-TV, retrieved 13 November 2021.
  31. ^ Wintour, Patrick (8 March 2019). "Foreign Office grants Zaghari-Ratcliffe diplomatic protection". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  32. ^ Josie Ensor; Ahmed Vahdat (8 March 2019). "Iran says UK's diplomatic protection for Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 'against international law'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  33. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: Daughter of Briton jailed in Iran back in UK". BBC. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  34. ^ "Iran rejects conditional release for Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe". Iranian Diaspora. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Richard Ratcliffe with Christiane Amanpour: "British-Iranian Woman Temporarily Released from Iranian Jail," 19 March 2020, Amanpour and Company, PBS-TV, retrieved 13 November 2021.
  36. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe freed for two weeks by Iran". The Times. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  37. ^ a b Lovett, Samuel (21 April 2020). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe temporary prison release extended as coronavirus pandemic continues". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  38. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe prison leave extended as coronavirus outbreak continues". Independent. 29 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022.
  39. ^ a b Peltier, Elian (20 May 2020). "Iran Extends Temporary Release of British-Iranian Woman". New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  40. ^ MacDiarmid, Campbell (8 September 2020). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe faces new charge while on temporary release says Iran state media". The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  41. ^ Schaverein, Anna (13 September 2020). "Trial Is Postponed of British-Iranian Woman Held in Iran". New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  42. ^ Wintour, Patrick (28 October 2020). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe to stand trial on fresh charges in Iran next week". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  43. ^ Wintour, Patrick (2 November 2020). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe avoids being returned to jail". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  44. ^ Wintour, Patrick (31 January 2021). "Foreign Office tells Richard Ratcliffe to keep quiet as wife's release date nears". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  45. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: 'Anxious' husband and daughter don't know if Briton detained in Iran will be freed when sentence ends". Sky News. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  46. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe freed but faces new court date". BBC News. 7 March 2021.
  47. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe in Tehran court on new charge". BBC News. 14 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Iran sentences British-Iranian aid worker to another year in jail". Reuters. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  49. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe sentenced to a year in Iran prison". BBC News. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  50. ^ "Iran offers Zaghari-Ratcliffe prisoner swap". 24 April 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  51. ^ "Britain Calls Iran's Prisoner-Swap Offer 'Vile'". Radio Liberty. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  52. ^ Chmaytelli, Maher; Hafezi, Parisa (3 May 2021). "Washington denies Iran state media report saying prisoner swap agreed". Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  53. ^ Gillett, Francesca (3 May 2021). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: UK and Iran in talks over debt but 'unlinked' to case". BBC. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  54. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe still in jail in Iran 'due to financial dispute". Sky News. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  55. ^ Patrick Wintour; Saeed Kamali Dehghan (16 November 2017). "UK hopes to end long legal dispute with Iran over 1976 arms deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  56. ^ Wintour, Patrick (31 October 2019). "Iran debt row holding back Zaghari-Ratcliffe release, says husband". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  57. ^ a b Jon Ungoed-Thomas; Griffiths, Sian (26 May 2019). "Nazanin case 'linked to £400m payment to Iran'". Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  58. ^ Dowson, Nick (24 April 2010). "The MoD, the arms deal and a 30-year-old bill for £400m". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  59. ^ Ratcliffe, Richard (1 May 2021). "NAZANIN'S STORY IN IRAN IS NOT JUST A TRAGEDY, IT'S A WARNING". Declassified UK. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  60. ^ Osborne, Samuel (26 November 2017). "Iran broadcasts pictures it says show jailed British mum Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe trained journalists". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  61. ^ Sara Elizabeth Williams (26 November 2017). "Iran claims 'proof' Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe was training journalists before arrest". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  62. ^ "Zaghari's Case Not Linked to UK Debts to Iran". Kayhan International. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  63. ^ Oliphant, Roland (22 February 2018). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe's release 'linked to interest on UK debt to Iran'". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  64. ^ Gillett, Francesca (3 May 2021). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: UK and Iran in talks over debt but 'unlinked' to case". BBC News. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  65. ^ Das, Shanti (13 February 2022). "Zaghari-Ratcliffe 'angry at her life being stolen' after deal for release collapses". The Observer. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  66. ^ Wintour, Patrick; Elgot, Jessica (22 March 2022). "Zaghari-Ratcliffe: MPs to hold inquiry into delay over Iran debt payment". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  67. ^ "Free Nazanin Ratcliffe". Change.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  68. ^ "Husband of Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe urges government to use aid to help secure her release". The Independent. 2 June 2019. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  69. ^ Busby, Mattha (16 June 2019). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe's husband: I will join hunger strike for as long as I can". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  70. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe ends Iran hunger strike after 15 days". BBC News. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  71. ^ Wintour, Patrick (19 September 2021). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe campaign urges sanctions against 10 Iranians". The Observer. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe's husband on second hunger strike in effort to free her". The Guardian. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  73. ^ Wintour, Patrick (9 November 2021). "Growing concern for Richard Ratcliffe 17 days into hunger strike". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  74. ^ Faulkner, Doug (13 November 2021). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: Husband ending hunger strike after 21 days". BBC News. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  75. ^ Watts, Joe (7 November 2017). "Boris Johnson admits Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe comments 'could have been clearer' as Brit faces extended jail spell". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  76. ^ a b Jack Straw with Christiane Amanpour: interview (video and transcript), 26 July 2019, Amanpour and Company, PBS-TV, retrieved 13 November 2021.
  77. ^ "Oral evidence: Oral Evidence from the Foreign Secretary November 2017, HC 538". House of Commons. UK Parliament. 1 November 2017. Q73. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  78. ^ Helm, Toby; Quinn, Ben; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (12 November 2017). "Sack Boris Johnson for shaming our nation, Jeremy Corbyn tells PM". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  79. ^ "Fears for Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe after Boris Johnson remark". BBC News. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  80. ^ Oliphant, Roland (6 November 2017). "Boris Johnson 'mistake' risks fresh prison term in Iran for Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, family warn". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  81. ^ Bulman, May (23 November 2017). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe to face second charge of 'spreading propaganda' in Iranian court". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  82. ^ Whiteside, Philip (26 November 2017). "Iran makes fresh allegations against jailed Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe". Sky News. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  83. ^ "Iranian Judiciary Denies Sunday Court Trial for Zaghari". Kayhan International. 10 December 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  84. ^ Sara Elizabeth Williams (11 December 2017). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe hails 'light at the end of the tunnel' after Boris Johnson's Iran visit". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  85. ^ "U.N. rights envoy urges Iran to free three dual nationals". Reuters. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  86. ^ a b "OHCHR | Iran: UN rights experts urge immediate release of Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe after fresh charges". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  87. ^ "After Hunger Strike, This Is What's Next For Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe's Fight For Justice". HuffPost UK. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  88. ^ "Brexit Party MEPs abstain from vote calling for release of detained British citizen in Iran". The Independent. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  89. ^ Busby, Mattha; Safi, Michael (29 February 2020). "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe suspected of having coronavirus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  90. ^ "Iran denies jailed British-Iranian Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe has coronavirus". Al Arabiya English. 3 March 2019.
  91. ^ "British-Iranian Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe temporarily freed for two weeks". Al Arabiya English. 18 March 2020.
  92. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: New trial postponed in Iran". BBC. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  93. ^ Sanghani, Radhika (30 December 2020). "Richard Ratcliffe: 'Nazanin is being held hostage and the British government needs to stop walking away'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  94. ^ "Zaghari-Ratcliffe: UK 'starting to look weak' over failure to protect citizens, says Hunt". the Guardian. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  95. ^ "FCDO: Support for British nationals abroad: A guide" (PDF). Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. 1 January 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  96. ^ "Freed British-Iranians arrive in Oman - Omani State Media". Cairo: Reuters. 16 March 2022.
  97. ^ Holt, James (16 March 2022). "Thousands track Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe's Government-chartered flight back home after six-year Iran prison ordeal". Manchester Evening News.
  98. ^ "How is a UK debt to Iran connected to Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe?". BBC News. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  99. ^ "No Link between Settlement of UK's Debt to Iran, Release of Prisoners: Spokesman - Politics news". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  100. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: Why has she been freed now?". BBC News. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  101. ^ "Telling her story will help Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, says Terry Waite". The Guardian. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  102. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: I should have been freed six years ago". BBC News. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  103. ^ Emily, Ferguson (22 March 2022). "Nazanin is 'absolutely right' that it took too long to bring her home, says Jeremy Hunt". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  104. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe cuts her hair in protest over death of Mahsa Amini in Iran". YouTube.
  105. ^ "Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe: Watching Andy Murray from prison was joyful". BBC. 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.

External links[edit]

Media related to Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazanin_Zaghari-Ratcliffe&oldid=1187627172"