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PSLV Orbital Experimental Module
Unmodified PSLV fourth stage for PSLV-C11 campaign.
NamesPS4 Orbital Platform
Mission typeTechnology
Spacecraft properties
Dry mass~920 kg
Payload massup to 30 kg
DimensionsLength: 3 meter
Diameter: 2 meter
Power200 to 500 watts

PSLV Orbital Experiment Platform (POEM) also known as PSLV Stage 4 Orbital Platform (PS4-OP)[1] is an orbital micro-gravity test bed based on spent fourth stage of PSLV. By adding modular subsystems for power generation, communication and stabilization like photovoltaic cells, Telemetry and Telecommand (TT&C) package, attitude control system, data storage etc to the PSLV fourth stage, it can function as a satellite bus. This augmented stage can then host payloads for up to six months while in orbit, making it useful for qualifying components, gaining space heritage and conduct experiments in micro-gravity conditions. Usually the fourth stage of PSLV is discarded after deployment of satellite and remains in orbit for a significant duration in a passive state as a piece of space debris.[2][3]

Objective

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POEM or PS4-OP was conceived by VSSC/ISRO to help Indian academia and start-ups by providing a low cost platform with essential subsystems to support their payloads hence lowering the barriers of reaching orbit. POEM off-loads the burden of designing, qualifying, procuring a satellite bus, setting up a ground station etc. which reduces the development time and costs associated with using space-grade components thus allowing entities to just focus on payload.[2][3][4]

History

[edit]

PSLV fourth stage or PS4 has often been used to carry non-separable payloads like AAM on PSLV-C8,[5] Rubin 9.1/Rubin 9.2 on PSLV-C14[6] and mRESINS on PSLV-C21[7] etc. but such payloads could be supported only for a very short duration as PS4 lacked the capacity to generate power and maintain attitude stability. So it was proposed to augment PS4 with modular subsystems to convert it into a long duration orbital platform after completion of primary mission.[2][3][8]

In 2017 as an early demonstration on PSLV-C37/Cartosat-2D[9] and PSLV-C38/Cartosat-2E campaigns,[10] PS4 was kept operational and monitored for over ten orbits after completion of its primary mission of deploying spacecraft.[11][12] Fourth stage on PSLV-C38 hosted IDEA (Ionization Density and Electric field Analyzer) as a non-separable payload by Space Physics Laboratory of VSSC,[11][10] two other non-separable payloads were mAMP and 'Earth Pointing Platform'.[13]

In January 2019, PSLV-C44/Microsat-R became the first campaign where PS4 functioned as an independent orbital platform for short duration as the provisions for on-board power generation capacity were not yet made.[14] It hosted a 1U cubesat called KalamSAT-V2 as a non-separable payload by Space Kidz India based on Interorbital Systems kit.[15][16][17] Later in April, the fourth stage on PSLV-C45/EMISAT[18] had its own power generation capacity as it was augmented with an array of fixed solar cells wrapped around the propellant tank of PS4 generating about 200 watts of power.[19][20][21] Three payloads hosted on PS4-OP were, Advanced Retarding Potential Analyzer for Ionospheric Studies (ARIS 101F) by IIST,[22] experimental AIS payload by ISRO and AISAT by Satellize.[23] To function as an orbital platform, fourth stage was put in spin-stabilized mode using its RCS thrusters.[24] PS4-OP on this campaign had mission life of 3 months and AISAT payload onboard was operational for almost a year.[24][20]

After these initial testing campaigns, ISRO issued an Announcement of Opportunity in June 2019 to carry out in-orbit scientific experiments on PS4 orbital platform.[3] And in following years POEM-1 aboard PSLV-C53/DS-EO campaign in June 2022[25] and POEM-2 aboard PSLV-C55/TeLEOS-2 campaign in April 2023 were launched.[26] Both of these orbital platforms had mature configurations utilizing 3-axis stabilization and on-board power generation capacity.[27][28]

In July 2023, Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) issued an announcement of opportunity inviting payloads to be hosted aboard upcoming POEM campaigns tentatively scheduled between November 2023 and June 2024.[4]

On 1 January 2024, POEM-3 was launched along with XpoSat on PSLV-C58 hosting ten payloads. The stage was lowered from a 650 km (circular) injection orbit of XpoSAT to a 350 km circular orbit for POEM-3 operations.[29] POEM-3 re-entered atmosphere on 21 March 2024 over the Pacific Ocean after having accomplished its objectives by February and thus leaving behind no space-debris from the launch.[30][31]

Platform capabilities

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Render of PS4-OP payload deck space.
Render of PS4-OP payload deck space.

Specifications and capabilities of PSLV fourth stage based orbital platform which may improve over time.[24][32][4]

  • Mission life: Up to six months depending on left-over Helium pressurant in fourth stage.
  • Maximum mass of payload: 30 kg
  • Maximum size: About 3U, depends on spare area available for a particular mission and mounting location.
  • Maximum power of payload: 200 to 500 watts
  • Power bus: 28 Volts
  • Maximum data rate: 1 Mbps
  • Pointing accuracy:
    • During sunlit period: within ±1°
    • During eclipse: ±5°
    • Slew rate within 0.5° per second during stabilized regime.
  • Data storage: 1GB
  • TT&C: S-band
  • Downlink at ISRO ground station
  • Suitable for experiments requiring large Inertia and structure.

Missions

[edit]
Render of PSLV Orbital Experiment Module (POEM) without DLA upper for PSLV-C53 campaign.

List of missions where POEM has been utilized in its matured configuration.

POEM-1

[edit]

In June 2022, the PSLV-C53/DS-EO campaign had its PS4-OP referred as PSLV Orbital Experiment Module (POEM) and it was first PSLV fourth stage based orbital platform to be actively stabilized using eight Helium based cold gas thrusters after the primary mission and stage passivization.[33][27] POEM-1 (COSPAR ID:2022-072E, SATCAT no.:52939) had additional sensors and navigational aids (4 Sun sensors, Magnetometer, MRGPD and NavIC). It generated about 150 watts of power using non-deployable, fixed solar cells wrapped around PS4 tank.[20] Six non-separable payloads facilitated by NSIL and IN-SPACe were hosted aboard.

  1. DSOD-1U Small satellite deployer by Dhruva Space.[34]
  2. ROBI (ROBust Integrating proton fluence metre) by Digantara Research and Technologies
  3. Software Defined Radio based Telemetry Multi-Media Transmitter (SDRT-MTx)
  4. UHF Transmitter
  5. OP-VIS - Configured with one GVIS and two cameras
  6. POEM also carried preamble to the Constitution of India bearing Indian flag.[35][36]

POEM-2

[edit]
Render of POEM-2 on PSLV-C55 campaign with deployed solar panels.

In April 2023, on PSLV-C55/TeLEOS-2 campaign, seven non separable payloads were hosted by POEM.[28][37][38] POEM-2 had flexible solar arrays wrapped around PS4 propellant tank that generated about 500 watts of power upon deployment.[20] POEM-2 was again 3-axis stabilized by eight Helium based 1N cold gas thrusters (OPACS) developed by LPSC that utilize left-over PS4 pressurant.[39][20] Expected mission life of POEM-2 (COSPAR ID:2023-057A, SATCAT no.:56308) was of one month.[40] Payloads hosted on POEM-2 are:

  1. ARIS-2 (Advanced Retarding potential analyser for Ionosphere Studies) by IIST for ionosphere studies in Low Earth Orbit.[41][42][43]
  2. PSLV-in-orbitaL OBC and Thermals (PiLOT):[44][41][42][45]
  3. Starberry-Sense: A low-cost Raspberry Pi Zero based star sensor by Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) for cubesats.[46][47][48]
  4. ARKA200: Xenon based Hall-effect thruster (HET) by Bellatrix Aerospace.[49][50]
  5. DSOD-3U: Cubesat deployer by Dhruva Space.[51]
  6. DSOD-6U: Cubesat deployer by Dhruva Space.[51]
  7. DSOL-Transceiver: Satellite Orbiter Link in S & X bands.[51]

POEM-3

[edit]
Render of POEM-3 orbital platform

On PSLV-C58/XPoSat campaign, POEM-3 hosted ten payloads weighing ~145 kg cumulatively.[52][53] PSLV fourth stage was lowered to 350 km orbit at 9.6° inclination after deploying XPoSat to reach the POEM-3 operational orbit. POEM-3 will nominally be operational for a period of one month.[54] For power generation and storage it will again have flexible solar panels in conjunction with 50Ah Li-ion battery and will be three-axis stabilized.[55] Payloads hosted on POEM-3 (COSPAR ID:2024-001A, SATCAT no.:58694) are following, seven of them facilitated by IN-SPACe and three are by ISRO,

  1. Radiation Shielding Experimental Module (RSEM): Experimental payload by TakeMe2Space to evaluate effectiveness of Tantalum coating for radiation shielding.[56]
  2. Women Engineered Satellite (WESAT): Payload by LBS Institute of Technology for Women to compare and measure UV radiation in space and on Earth's surface in real-time.
  3. BeliefSat-0: Amateur Band UHF to VHF FM voice repeater, and VHF APRS Digipeater satellite by K. J. Somaiya Institute of Technology.[57][58]
  4. Green Impulse TrAnsmitter (GITA): Green bipropellant CubeSat propulsion unit by Inspecity Space Labs Pvt. Ltd.
  5. Launching Expeditions for Aspiring Technologies-Technology Demonstrator (LEAP-TD): P-30 nanosatellite platform subsystems validation by Dhruva Space.[59][60]
  6. RUDRA 0.3 HPGP: Green Monopropellant Thruster by Bellatrix Aerospace Pvt. Ltd.[61]
  7. ARKA200: Xenon based Hall-effect thruster (HET) by Bellatrix Aerospace.[61]
  8. Dust Experiment (DEX): Interplanetary dust count measurement by Physical Research Laboratory.
  9. Fuel cell Power System (FCPS): Demonstration of 100 watt fuel cell power system by VSSC.[62][63]
  10. Si based High Energy cell: Demonstration of Silicon based High Energy cells by VSSC.[64]
  • VSSC's 100 W class Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell based Power System (FCPS)
    VSSC's 100 W class Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell based Power System (FCPS)
  • 10 Ah Silicon–Graphite anode based high energy density Li-ion cell
    10 Ah Silicon–Graphite anode based high energy density Li-ion cell
  • Configured payload for testing Silicon–Graphite anode based Li-ion cell
    Configured payload for testing Silicon–Graphite anode based Li-ion cell

Future payloads

[edit]

List of payloads proposed to be hosted aboard POEM on a future flight.

  • Quantum Entanglement Studies in Space (QuantESS) by SAC/PRL.[65]
  • Atomic Oxygen Sensor (ATOXS) by SPL/VSSC[32][66]
  • PlasDEM (Plasmaspheric electron Density Measurements)[32]
  • Near Ultraviolet Transient Surveyor (NUTS)[67]
  • Smart Space Robot Experiment[68][69]
  • Potential experiments related to space robotics, proximity operations etc.[70]

See also

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References

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  2. ^ a b c "Opportunities for science experiments in the fourth stage of India's PSLV" (PDF). 21 February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Orbital platform: an avenue for in-orbit scientific experiments" (PDF). 15 June 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "IN-SPACe Announcement of Opportunity for hosting of payloads on POEM Page - IN-SPACe". www.inspace.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  5. ^ "PSLV C8 / AGILE brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  6. ^ "PSLV C14/Oceansat-2 brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Space-India July 2012 to August 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  8. ^ Kumar, Chethan. "2 days after Space Station news, Isro calls for "docking experiments" on PSLV stage-4". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  9. ^ The launch of PSLV–C37/CARTOSAT – 2 Series Satellite - Live. 15 February 2017. Event occurs at 1 hour 08 minutes 14 seconds.
  10. ^ a b "In-situ observations of rocket burn induced modulations of the top side ionosphere using the IDEA payload on-board the unique orbiting experimental platform (PS4) of the Indian Polar Orbiting Satellite Launch Vehicle mission - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Department of Space Annual Report 2017-18" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2018.
  12. ^ rajasekhar, pathri (20 June 2017). "Isro to lower rocket's altitude". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  13. ^ 5th Manohar Parrikar Vidnyan Mahotsav: Talk By ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath. 13 December 2023. Event occurs at 50 min. 36 sec.
  14. ^ Rajwi, Tiki (12 January 2019). "PSLV lift-off with added features". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  15. ^ "PSLV-C44 - ISRO". isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  16. ^ Interorbital Systems [@interorbital] (25 January 2019). "Congratulations to ISRO and SpaceKidzIndia on getting their CubeSat into orbit! The students modified their IOS CubeSat kit, complete w/ their own experiments!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  18. ^ "PSLV-C45/EMISAT Mission Press-kit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  19. ^ Clark, Stephen. "Indian military satellite, 20 more Planet imaging CubeSats launched by PSLV". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
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  25. ^ "NSIL's Second Dedicated commercial launch "PSLV-C53/ DS-EO Mission" successfully accomplished on 30th June 2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2023.
  26. ^ "India's PSLV launches with two Singaporean satellites – Spaceflight Now". Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
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  28. ^ a b "PSLV-C55/TeLEOS-2 mission press kit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2023.
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  31. ^ "POEM-3 Mission achieves all its Payload objectives". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  32. ^ a b c DAY 1 | PS 5 | SESSION A. 31 January 2022. Event occurs at 8 minutes.
  33. ^ Kumar, Chethan (25 June 2012). "Bengaluru's Digantara, Hyderabad startup Dhruva become first to get IN-SPACe authorisation". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  34. ^ "Dhruva Space Private Limited". www.dhruvaspace.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  35. ^ News9 Staff (8 September 2022). "Har Ghar Tiranga happened in Antriksh. ISRO did hoist the Indian flag in Space!". NEWS9LIVE. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-సి53లో నూతన సాంకేతికత". EENADU (in Telugu). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  37. ^ "IN-SPACe Mission Details Page - IN-SPACe". www.inspace.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  38. ^ "Monthly Summary of Department of Space for February 2023" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2023. POEM PSLV-C55 Five experimental payloads viz., Dhruva (3U deployer, 6U deployer, Satellite Orbiter Link), are assessed for accommodation and compatibility in PSLV-C55.
  39. ^ The Future of the Indian Space Programme by A. S. Kiran Kumar. 18 April 2023. 39 minutes in.
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  41. ^ a b "Small-spacecraft Systems and PAyload Centre (SSPACE)". Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
  42. ^ a b "IIST C55 Brochure" (PDF). April 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2023.
  43. ^ "ARIS-201F".
  44. ^ Graphs, Galactic. "B002 - PILOT is flying !". sanidhyavijaywat.co.in. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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  47. ^ P, Bharat Chandra; Sarpotdar, Mayuresh; Nair, Binukumar G.; Rai, Richa; Mohan, Rekhesh; Mathew, Joice; Safonova, Margarita; Murthy, Jayant (1 July 2022). "Low-Cost Raspberry Pi Star Sensor for Small Satellites". Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems. 8 (3). arXiv:2207.03087. doi:10.1117/1.JATIS.8.3.036002. ISSN 2329-4124.
  48. ^ "First test launch of new low-cost star sensor developed from off-the-shelf components successfully conducted". www.pib.gov.in. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  49. ^ "Expecto Patronum". Twitter. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  50. ^ "Bellatrix Aerospace's statement on their ARKA-200 HET". Twitter. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  51. ^ a b c "Newsroom | Dhruva Space". www.dhruvaspace.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  52. ^ Launch of PSLV-C58/XPoSat Mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. 1 January 2024. Event occurs at 39 minutes 37 seconds.
  53. ^ "POEM-3 Mission achieves all its Payload objectives". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  54. ^ Simhan, T. E. Raja (1 January 2024). "With a launch a month, ISRO has a packed calendar for 2024". BusinessLine. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  55. ^ "PSLV-C58/XPoSat Press Kit" (PDF). 28 December 2023.
  56. ^ "Radiation Shielding Experiment Module (RSEM)". TakeMe2Space. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  57. ^ "IARU Sat Coordinator". iaru.amsat-uk.org. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  58. ^ BeliefSat-0, New Leap Initiative-KJSIEIT, 4 July 2023, retrieved 30 December 2023
  59. ^ "Newsroom | Dhruva Space". www.dhruvaspace.com. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  60. ^ "Newsroom | Dhruva Space". www.dhruvaspace.com. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  61. ^ a b "Arka Shines and Rudra Roars". bellatrix.aero. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  62. ^ "ISRO's fuel cell tech to power Indian Space Station and quench thirst of astronauts". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  63. ^ "ISRO's Fuel Cell flight tested in PSLV C58". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  64. ^ "Flight Demonstration of Si-Gr anode based High Energy Density Li-ion Cells". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  65. ^ Desai, Nilesh M (27 March 2023). ""Building a Quantum Network" Space Applications Centre (ISRO) Ahmedabad" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2023.
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  67. ^ Ambily, S.; Sarpotdar, Mayuresh; Mathew, Joice; Nair, Binukumar G.; Sreejith, A. G.; K., Nirmal; Murthy, Jayant; Safonova, Margarita; Mohan, Rekhesh; Aggarval, Vinod Kumar; Nagabhushanam, S.; Jeeragal, Sachin (August 2022). "The Near Ultraviolet Transient Surveyor (NUTS): An ultraviolet telescope to observe variable sources". Experimental Astronomy. 54 (1): 119–135. arXiv:2201.02684. doi:10.1007/s10686-022-09836-x. ISSN 0922-6435.
  68. ^ "75 Major Activities of ISRO" (PDF). p. 86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2022.
  69. ^ Arunkumar, P.; Mahesh, G.; Ajith, B.; Thomas, Ebin; Shankhdhar, Aishwarya (2023). "Design and Development of Cold Gas Propulsion System for Smart Space Robot". In Priyadarsini, R.S.; Sundararajan, T. (eds.). Advances in Small Satellite Technologies. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Singapore: Springer Nature. pp. 123–134. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7474-8_11. ISBN 978-981-19-7474-8.
  70. ^ "Novel R&D efforts by emerging space entities of India" (PDF). 14 February 2023. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2023.
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