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Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma

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Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
Flag of the Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma
Total population
3,783[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States United States (Oklahoma Oklahoma)
Languages
Omaha-Ponca language, English
Religion
traditional tribal religion, Native American Church, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Omaha, Otoe, Missouria, Ho-Chunk, Iowa, and other Siouan peoples

The Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, also known as the Ponca Nation, is one of two federally recognized tribes of Ponca people. The other is the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. Traditionally, peoples of both tribes have spoken the Omaha-Ponca language, part of the Siouan language family.[2] They share many common cultural norms and characteristics with the Omaha, Osage, Kaw, and Quapaw peoples.

Government

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The Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma has a democratically elected committee. The government offices are headquartered in White Eagle, near Ponca City, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area includes parts of Kay and Noble counties.[3][4] As of 2018, there were 3,783 enrolled tribal members.[5] Membership in the tribe requires a 1/8 minimum blood quantum, according to rules developed by the tribe.[6]

Current administration

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According to their written constitution, the seven-member governing council of the Ponca Tribe, called the Business Committee, is democratically elected for four-year terms.[7] Among these, one person is elected as chairman. Other offices include vice-chairman, and secretary/treasurer.[8]

The current tribal administration includes:

  • Oliver Little Cook, Chairman
  • Robert Collins, Vice-Chairman
  • Carla Carney, Secretary Treasurer
  • Matilda De La Garza, Business Committee Member
  • Scotty Simpson Jr., Business Committee Member
  • Earl Howe III, Business Committee Member

Economic development

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The Ponca tribe first opened a casino in Ponca City, which is no longer operational. The Ponca opened a second casino in the same location, which also went out of business because of the 2008 recession.

In September 2020, the tribe opened up a casino in Perry, Oklahoma after a months-long delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[9][10][11]

Language and culture

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In 2009 an estimated 33 tribal members spoke the Ponca language.[12]

Since 1876 the tribe hosts an annual homecoming powwow. It takes place in August in Ponca City.[13]

History

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Standing Bear, his wife, and their son, all from Nebraska
Brent Greenwood, contemporary Ponca artist[14]

The Ponca tribe was one of five tribes (Ponca, Omaha, Osage, Kansa, and Quaqaw) that inhabited the area northeast of the Mississippi River. The Ponca and the Omaha tribe split from the others in the early 18th century as they were migrating west from the Great Lakes region prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus. The Ponca eventually settled in present-day Nebraska and South Dakota. After European settlement, smallpox, measles, influenza and other introduced European diseases took a heavy toll on the numbers of the tribe repeatedly in the 18th and 19th centuries, as they had no immunity to these diseases. The more powerful Sioux, also known as the Lakota, took these opportunities to encroach on their land areas.

Treaties

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The Ponca never went to war with the United States. They signed their first peace treaty with the US in 1817. In the 1825 they signed a trade agreement. Treaties in 1858 and 1865 ceded lands. The 1860s and 1870s were a difficult time for the Ponca tribe, as the buffalo were disappearing, droughts destroyed crops, and warfare with the Sioux combined to threaten the Ponca with starvation.[2][15]

Removal

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The US broke most of their treaty obligations to the Ponca. They gave land reserved for the Ponca to the Sioux in 1868, as part of the Great Sioux Reservation. The government relocated the Ponca to Indian Territory in 1877.[2][15]

The forced removal of the Ponca from their former reservation in South Dakota to Indian Territory (in Oklahoma) was unacceptably mismanaged. The U.S. government failed to work with tribal leaders, and did not accept any input from them. Among the repercussions to the Ponca tribe were that they arrived too late to plant crops, the government failed to provide them with adequate supplies, and their assigned location was plagued with malaria. An estimated 158 Ponca died the first year after relocation: almost a third of the entire tribe.[16][17][18] Among them was the oldest son of Standing Bear, a Ponca chief.[19][20]

Standing Bear took his son's body back to Nebraska for burial in traditional lands. There he was arrested by the Army for having left the reservation, but he gained the sympathy of Brigadier General George Crook. With help from prominent attorneys working pro bono, Standing Bear filed a habeas corpus suit challenging his arrest. The US District Court judge's decision in Standing Bear v. Crook (1879) established the right of Indian people to exercise habeas corpus and their legal status as citizens under US law.[21][2][15]

White Eagle, a principal Ponca chief, settled on a 101,000-acre (410 km2) reservation in what would later be organized as Kay and Noble counties in Oklahoma. He was pressured under the allotment act to lease much of the land to the 101 Ranch for pasture (and later, oil development). In the 1890s missionaries and government agents tried to make the Ponca abandon their traditional tribal dances and ways of life in an attempt to "Americanize" them.[2]

In 1892, under the Dawes Allotment Act, the US government registered the members of the tribe, and allocated individual plots of land to each household. This was intended to introduce them to fee ownership and subsistence farming, as well as extinguish Indian tribal land claims in Oklahoma prior to its becoming a state. The government declared the remaining reservation land as "surplus" and sold it to European-American settlers, who were able to use it productively.[22]

20th century to present

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The discovery of oil on Ponca lands in 1911 had mixed results for the people. Some became wealthy but others were taken advantage of by speculators and quickly lost their land.[2]

Peyote religion was introduced in the 1910s. In 1918, Louis MacDonald and Frank Eagle, both educated Ponca, co-founded the Native American Church.[2][23]

After many Ponca served in World War I, returning Ponca veterans founded the American Legion chapter Buffalo Post 38. In their community they revived traditional war dances, such as the heluska dance.[2][24]

Under the 1936 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, the tribe reorganized their government. They ratified their constitution in 1950 and became federally recognized. Tribal headquarters were established in White Eagle, located south of Ponca City.[2][25][26]

Clyde Warrior, a Ponca, cofounded the National Indian Youth Council. He promoted self-determination and inspired many young Native activists during the 1960s and 1970s.[2][27][28]

In the years since allocation of plots under the Dawes Act, these land holdings and interests became highly divided among heirs. In addition, the departments of Interior and Treasury were found in the late 20th century to have mismanaged the fee accounts and payments due to holders of land for drilling and mineral leases. In 2009 the US government settled a major class action suit against it brought by Elouise Cobell (Blackfeet) in 1996, known as the Cobell v. Salazar suit.[29][30]

The Ponca are participating in the Department of Interior's Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations, developed as part of this settlement. In August 2016, Interior officials announced that it had offered approximately $7 million in purchase offers to "more than 1,300 landowners with fractional interests at the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma" as part of the Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations (Buy-Back Program). Recipients had 45 days to complete the transaction. This program is designed to purchase fractionated interests and transfer land back to tribes in trust, to increase their communal holdings and ability to better use the land.[31]

In 2017, the Ponca Nation enacted a Rights of Nature law which is a resolution that gives the Ponca Tribal Court the power to punish crimes against nature with prison and fines.[32][33]

References

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  1. ^ [1] Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma.. Retrieved 10 Jan 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Van de Logt, Mark. "Ponca" Archived 2012-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. 2009 (6 August 2009)
  3. ^ "Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma". www.spthb.org. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  4. ^ "Tribes of OK - Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma" (PDF). sde.ok.gov.
  5. ^ "Ponca History". www.ponca.com. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  6. ^ "Enrollment". www.ponca.com. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  7. ^ "Constitution". www.ponca.com. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  8. ^ "Ponca Business Committee". www.ponca.com. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  9. ^ Eagle, Mia Goulart (6 September 2020). "Ponca Tribe's casino opening near Enid". Tahlequah Daily Press. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  10. ^ "Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma". www.worldcasinodirectory.com. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  11. ^ "Ponca Tribe on track to get back into Indian gaming industry". Indianz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  12. ^ Anderton, Alice, PhD. Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma. Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine Intertribal Wordpath Society. 2009 (6 August 2009)
  13. ^ Ponca Nation. The Official Website of the Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma. (retrieved 6 August 2009)
  14. ^ "Urban Indian 5." US Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board. (retrieved 15 Oct 2011)
  15. ^ a b c "The Story of the Ponca". www.nebraskastudies.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  16. ^ "Ponca Removal Trail Map · Chief Standing Bear Map". chiefstandingbearmap.com. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  17. ^ "The Removal of the Ponca Indians | Native American Netroots". Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  18. ^ Clark, Stanley (March 1943). "Ponca Publicity". Journal of American History. 29 (4): 495–616. doi:10.2307/1916600. JSTOR 1916600.
  19. ^ "Chief Standing Bear - Missouri National Recreational River". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  20. ^ "Biographies of Plains Indians: Standing Bear - 1829-1908 - American Indian Relief Council is now Northern Plains Reservation Aid". www.nativepartnership.org. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  21. ^ Davis, Jennifer (2019-11-21). "Chief Standing Bear and His Landmark Civil Rights Case | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  22. ^ "American Indians In Oklahoma - Dawes Act". www.okhistory.org. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  23. ^ M. A., History; B. A., History. "Why Can the Native American Church Still Use Peyote?". Learn Religions. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  24. ^ "Buffalo Post 38 Organization | The American Legion Centennial Celebration". centennial.legion.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  25. ^ "Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". www.okhistory.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  26. ^ "[USC02] 25 USC Ch. 45A: OKLAHOMA INDIAN WELFARE". uscode.house.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  27. ^ Stremlau, Rose (2017-02-19). "Clyde Warrior: Tradition, Community, and Red Power". Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  28. ^ "Warrior, Clyde | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". www.okhistory.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  29. ^ "Cobell v. Salazar - Department of Justice" (PDF). December 7, 2009.
  30. ^ "Cobell v. Salazar Class Action Website". www.indiantrust.com. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  31. ^ "More than $7 Million in Buy-Back Offers Sent to Landowners with Fractional Interests at Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma", Press Release, 18 August 2016, Department of Interior; accessed 26 November 2016
  32. ^ Kauffman, Craig M.; Martin, Pamela L. (2021). The Politics of Rights of Nature - Strategies for Building a More Sustainable Future. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780262542920.
  33. ^ Brown, Alex (October 30, 2019). "Cities, Tribes Try a New Environmental Approach: Give Nature Rights". PEW Stateline. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
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