Ports of Entry of China
The Ports of Entry of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国的口岸)[a] , according to the definition of "Several Provisions of the State Council on Port Opening", are the seaports, river ports, airports, railway stations, border crossings (边境通道), and all other entry-points through which people, goods, and means of transportation may legally enter and exit the country.[1] Ports of Entry are legal entities and state institutions, and the opening or closing of ports of entry must be announced and implemented after approval by the State Council or by the provincial people's government. "Ports of Entry" are distinct entities to the associated transportation facility (so, the "Tianjin Water Transport Port of Entry" [天津水运口岸] is distinct to "Tianjin Port" [天津港]).
Ports of Entry (PoE) are mainly composed of physical markers and facilities indicating the boundary and signaling national sovereignty, custom agents, and other relevant inspection departments of the State (migration, quarantine, etc.). They are generally located at transport terminals (交通港站) entering and exiting the country, and form an institutional and economic complex with the local relevant departments and industry units.[2]: 1
Types of Ports of Entry
[edit]According to the "Regulations of the State Council on Port of Entry Openings", China's ports of entry are divided into Class I ports of entry and Class II ports of entry.[1] In the "China Port of Entry Yearbook", all inbound and outbound freight, people, or vehicle inspection stations are separately listed as either port type.
Class I Ports of Entry (一类口岸)
[edit]Class I entry ports, often referred to as national-level Ports of Entry, are opened by the relevant national authorities in consultation with the provincial government where the port is located and with the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and need the approval of the State Council.[3]: 385 There are three types of Class I ports:[1]
- Sea, land, air, and passenger/cargo ports of entry that are open to foreign vessels, aircraft, vehicles, and other means of transportation. Most Category 1 ports belong to this category.
- Sea, land, air, passenger, and cargo ports of entry that only allow Chinese-flagged ships, aircraft, and vehicles to enter or leave the country (e.g. Luoyang Air Transportation Port of Entry in Henan Province and Zhongshan Water Transportation Port in Guangdong Province, which only allow Chinese aircraft and ships to enter or leave the country.[4]: 834–835 As of 2016, there are no Category 1 land Ports of Entry).
- Sea delivery points in China's territorial waters where foreign vessels are allowed to enter and exit (e.g., the Bohai Oil Water Transport Port of Entry in Tianjin, which is the offshore oil delivery point for CNOOC Bohai Corporation).[4]: 67
The "13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of National Ports of Entry" specifies that certain passenger and cargo volume indicators three years after the opening of a Port of Entry will be used to determine the suitability of its status, and this status may be withdrawn.[5]
Units | Sea | Inland River | Border River | Railway | Road | Coastal Airports | Other Airports | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cargo | 1000 t | 1000 | 200 | 50 | 100 | 50 | 30 | 30 |
Passengers | 1000 | - | - | 10 | 100 | 50 | 100 | 50 |
Class II Ports (二类口岸)
[edit]Class II ports, also known as local-level ports, are approved by the local government where the port is located with the consent of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and after consulting with the local border inspection and examination units, they are reported to the provincial government for approval. Their construction is financed locally.[3]: 386 Class II ports are further subdivided into three types:[1]
- Loading and unloading points, points of departure, and transshipment points for foreign trade transportation by national vessels that rely on other ports of entry for border inspection and examination procedures.
- Ports for small-scale border trade and people-to-people exchanges agreed with the local governments of neighboring countries.
- Entry-exit points that are restricted to border residents only.
In the period of reform and opening, the various provincial governments of China approved the establishment of 331 Type II ports. On August 28, 1998: 46, the State Council issued the "Circular on Cleaning up and Rectifying Class II Ports" (State Circular [1998] No. 74),[6]: 46 which intended to clean-up and rectify this proliferation of Type II Ports of Entry. The circular suspended the approval of class II ports, and proceeded to review the existing ones for their suitability as Ports of Entry. A total of 177 class II ports were closed, 57 class II ports were upgraded to class I ports, and 97 class II ports were merged with neighboring class I ports.[7] This consolidation process is still ongoing.
Government Bodies
[edit]The basic structure of a Port of Entry includes 1) an integrated management system, 2) a supervision and inspection system, 3) an external transportation and external trade system; and 4) a service system. Generally, the number of units and departments working at a port of entry can reach about 40.[8]: 11
First, because of the different bureaucratic affiliations of the units at the port, it is necessary to have an integrated management organization to coordinate the relationship between the systems, which is usually a "port management committee" (口岸管理委员会或) or a "port office" (口岸办公室) set up by the local government.[3]: 387
Second, the supervision and inspection system entails the management, supervision, and inspection of people, baggage, cargo, and means of transportation entering and leaving the country, and includes three subsystems: inspection (检查), testing (检验), and quarantine (检疫). As of 2024, the relevant agencies include the National Immigration Administration's China Immigration Inspection for migration inspection; the General Administration of Customs is responsible for customs, excise, and duties; for contraband and prohibited goods interdiction; and for health, animal, and plant quarantine.[b] The China Maritime Safety Administration is responsible for ship inspection and ship health certification, China Civil Aviation Authority for airplane inspection, the State Administration for Market Regulation for commodity inspection, quality testing, and food testing; the Ministry of Agriculture for the fishing vessels registry (中华人民共和国渔业船舶检验局),[9] and many other state organizations each with their own remits.[3]: 387
Third, the external transportation system includes the actual transport institutions such as the management companies of the seaports, airports, railway stations, and other terminals and hubs; the shipping companies, airlines, transportation companies, logistics companies, and other enterprises involved in the transport of goods and people.
Finally, the service system includes banking, insurance, shipping agencies, supply, warehousing, seafarers' clubs, etc.[8]: 11 。
The China Association of Ports-of-Entry (中国口岸协会 CAOP)[10] is a national comprehensive association with independent legal personality, approved by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and supervised by the General Administration of Customs (GAC).The leading members of the Association are composed of relevant personnel from the GAC, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Transport, China Railway, Civil Aviation Administration of China, plus other central departments and important local port of entry authorities. It serves as an organization for the exchange of port of entry information, business training, international cooperation, and the provision of consulting services, and also edits the China Port of Entry Yearbook.[11]
History
[edit]The Ming and Qing dynasties, guided by the idea of "naval defense over commerce", had a long history of closed-door policies, closing ports, removing population from coastal areas, and forcing foreign traders into specific, limited ports (the Canton factories). This changed abruptly after the Opium War in 1840, when China was forced to open five ports of entry to foreign commerce: (Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai).[2]: 2 As Western powers forced the opening of China in a succession of wars and unequal treaties, the number of treaty ports opened to the outside world increased to 35 by 1895.[12]: 68 The idea of "commercial war", counterattacking the West commercial dominance, was put forward by thinkers such as Zheng Guanying in the 1870s, and began to be practiced in 1898, with the emergence of "self-opened commercial ports"[13]: 88 The earliest self-opened commercial port in China was the port of Sanduao in Ningde, Fujian, followed by Qinhuangdao and Yuezhou.[14]: 158 By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 36 self-opened merchant ports spread throughout China, increasing to 52 in 1924, a number almost equal to the number of treaty ports:[13]: 88
The vagaries and hardships of the twentieth century meant that the number of open ports in China varied wildly as circumstances and governments changed. By 1978, there were only 51 ports of entry open to the outside world, including 18 water ports (17 on the coast and one on an inland waterway), eight air ports (seven international airports and one special airport), nine railroad ports, and 16 highway ports.[3]: 388 Due to political reasons, most land ports were opened with socialist countries, and foreign trade was mainly in the form of barter and aid.[8]: 12 In 1978, the volume of foreign trade goods entering and leaving the country through the Class I ports was 70.33 million tons, and the total value of import and export trade through the various types of ports was 20.64 billion US dollars, with 5,658,000 passengers entering and exiting the country, and a total of 325,000 ships, planes, trains, and cars).[15]: 12
After the start of the reform and opening, and especially after Deng Xiaoping's southern tour, the Chinese government started opening a new wave of ports; between 1978 and 1993, 150 new national ports were opened, 50 new ports were opened in 1992 and 1993 alone. By 1993, there were 201 Class I ports in China, including 117 water transport ports (65 coastal and 52 inland waterway ports), 46 air transport ports, 12 railroad ports and 35 highway ports, and all the province-level entities in China, except for landlocked Qinghai and Ningxia, had open ports. In 1993, the volume of foreign trade cargo in and out of the Class I ports amounted to 305 million tons, and the total amount of import and export trade through all kinds of ports was 195.72 billion U.S. dollars, 95.68 million passengers entering and leaving the country, and 8.989 million ships, planes, trains, and cars.[15]: 12
In 2006, the State Council approved the opening of Xining Caojiapu Airport in Qinghai province to international flights, which opened a port of entry into the last of the 31 provincial-level entities in China. The whole of China was now for the first time literally open to the world. By 2016, China had a total of 305 national-level ports of entry officially open to the public, including 137 water transport ports (82 coastal and 55 in inland waterways), 73 air transport ports, 20 railroad ports, and 75 highway ports. In 2016,[c] the total value of imported and exported cargo at ports nationwide was US$3,685,557 million.[4]: 770 The Covid-19 pandemic closed or restricted most of those ports, but on 8 January 2023, all mainland China ports that had been closed due to the pandemic were opened again.[16][17][18]
List of National Level Ports of Entry (国家级口岸列表)
[edit]Land Route Ports of Entry (陆路口岸)
[edit]Highway Ports of Entry (HPE) (公路口岸)
[edit]As of 2016, the People's Republic of China had a total of 75 Class I highway PoEs, including 9 international ports of entry open to Hong Kong and Macao, and 64 international or bilateral ports[d] to land-adjacent countries, in addition to 1 temporarily open PoE.
In 2016 statistics, the road port with the highest volume of import and export freight was Xinjiang's Khorgos Port of Entry, with an annual cargo volume of 25,575,568 tons, followed by Inner Mongolia's Ganq Mod Port of Entry with a cargo volume of 15,535,196 tons, and Guangdong's Huanggang Port, with a volume of 13,522,881 tons. The port with the largest number of passenger arrivals and departures was Gongbei Port in Guangdong, with 123,576,659 arrivals and departures per year, followed by Luohu Crossing in Guangdong with 81,231,123 arrivals and departures, and Shenzhen Bay Port also in Guangdong with 42,831,754 arrivals and departures; the port with the largest number of departures and arrivals among the ports not connected with Hong Kong and Macao was Ruili Port in Yunnan with 15,756,480 arrivals and departures, which was the fifth largest land port of entry overall in terms of number of arrivals and departures. The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound vehicles was Huanggang Port, with 8,452,162 vehicles, followed by Shenzhen Bay Port with 4,388,461 vehicles and Ruili Port with 3,975,104 vehicles.[4]: 37
Notes: Those PoE marked with "*" are bilateral border crossings, which allow the passage of persons, goods and means of transportation of both neighboring countries only. The rest are international border crossings, which allow the passage of persons, goods and means of transportation of third countries as both neighbors; Italics indicate temporarily open ports, the rest are routinely open ports.
The following countries do not have any ports of entry although they border China:
AFG: Xinjiang's Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County shares a border with Afghanistan, but no HPE has been opened between China and Afghanistan due to the need to build a road through the long and narrow Wakhan Corridor. Plans to open the Wakhjir Pass to traffic did emerge regularly throughout the last decades, but never came to fruition. Currently Karachukar Valley, on the Chinese side of the border, is closed to all outsiders, and only local herders cross the border.
BHU: Although Tibet shares a border with Bhutan, no HPE has been opened between China and Bhutan because the two countries do not have diplomatic relations yet.
IND: Only one limited port of entry is opened, Burang. The political tensions between the two countries keep the access through other alternative routes, (like those through the Shipki La, Mana La, Nathu La, and Se La passes), usually limited to only locals.
Railway Ports of Entry (RPE) (铁路口岸)
[edit]As of 2016, the People's Republic of China had a total of 11 Class I border railway ports, and six Class I inland railway ports. These inland railway ports are mostly direct trains to Hong Kong. In addition there are fifteen inland ports that are temporarily open ports, all for the China Railway Express (aka Trans-Eurasia Logistics) trains. Huang Shengqiang, director of the State Ports Office of the GAC, explained that due to the definition given in the law, a port must have "direct entry and exit", so it is not possible to give inland railway stations full PoE status. Instead, in order to achieve the state policy of opening inland railway ports, they were made "temporary ports" with some restrictions. The next step will be amending and improving the legislation on ports of entry to cover inland areas.[64]
In 2016 statistics, the railway port with the highest import and export freight volume was the Manzhouli Railway Port in Inner Mongolia, with an annual volume of 13,957,721 tons, followed by the Erenhot Railway Port in Inner Mongolia, with 9,703,068 tons, and the Suifenhe Railway Port in Heilongjiang, with 8,875,453 tons. The largest number of passengers entering and leaving the country was at Guangzhou Railway Port in Guangdong, with 3,362,499, followed by 390,043 at Dongguan Railway Port in Guangdong and 184,700 at Suifenhe Railway Port in Heilongjiang. The railway port with the largest number of inbound and outbound trains was Manzhouli Railway Port in Inner Mongolia with 8,869 trains, followed by the Erenhot Railway Port with 8,688 trains, Alashankou Railway Port in Xinjiang with 8,379 trains, and Guangzhou Railway Port with 7,985 trains.[4]: 40
Railway Border Ports of Entry (沿边口岸)
[edit]All international trains passing through these border crossings are subject to border control there.
Inland Railway Ports of Entry (内陆口岸)
[edit]For inland railway ports, the immigration and customs clearance of China Railway Express trains from/to Europe is conducted for the moment at the national border (i.e. the border crossing ports of entry in the previous section). Inland railways stations do not have border inspection agencies yet. The exception is that the immigration and customs clearance of passenger trains to and from Hong Kong is conducted at the inland railway stations of either departure or arrival.
Note: italics mark a temporary port of entry
Water Transport Ports of Entry (水运口岸)
[edit]Seaport Ports of Entry (海港口岸)
[edit]As of 2016, the People's Republic of China had 82 Type I seaports. According to 2016 statistics, the port with the largest import and export cargo volume was Qingdao Water Transport Port in Shandong, with an annual transport volume of 298,370,511 tons, followed by Tangshan Water Transport Port in Hebei with 294,365,760 tons, and Shanghai Water Transport Port with 276,327,246 tons.[l]The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound passengers was the Shanghai Water Transport Port with 4,382,056 passengers, followed by the Guangdong Shekou Water Transport Port with 3,222,543 passengers and the Xiamen Water Transport Port of Entry with 2,251,615 passengers. The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound vessels is Guangdong Shekou Port of Entry with 60,023 vessels, followed by Shanghai Maritime Port with 25,551 vessels and Fujian Xiamen Water Port with 21,677 vessels.[4]: 32
Note: Italics mark temporary ports of entry, a “#” sign marks that the WPE only accepts ships with Chinese flags.
River Ports of Entry (河港口岸)
[edit]As of 2016, the People's Republic of China has a total of 44 Class I river ports and 11 Class I boundary river ports on the Songhua, Heilongjiang, Ussuri, Yangtze, Pearl, and Lancang rivers. Boundary river ports between China and Russia utilize ship transportation during the clear water period, and road transportation during the ice closure period.
In 2016 statistics, the river port with the largest volume of import and export freight was Zhangjiagang Water Transport Port in Jiangsu, with an annual volume of 76,256,569 tons, followed by Taicang Waterway Port in Jiangsu with 62,180,070 tons and Nantong Waterway Port with 51,403,683 tons, also in Jiangsu. The river port with the largest number of people entering and leaving the country was Guangdong's Zhongshan Water Transportation Port with 1,339,634 person-times, followed by Heilongjiang's Heihe WPE with 718,521 person-times and Guangdong's Shunde WPE with 632,295 person-times. The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound vehicles was Zhongshan Port with 20,071 trips, followed by Shunde with 10,819 trips, and Heihe with 8,523 trips, in addition to having 31,959 vehicles entering and exiting the country during the ice closure period.[4]: 36
Note: Italics mark a temporary port, "#" marks a restricted port that only allows Chinese-flagged vessels.
Border River Water Transport Ports (界河水运口岸)
[edit]Air Transport Ports of Entry (空运口岸)
[edit]Air Transportation Ports of Entry (APE ), also known as Aviation Ports of Entry, are categorized into two types: Class I aviation ports, open to all airlines, and Restricted (限制类) Class I aviation ports, open only to aircraft flying the Chinese flag. According to the "Regulations of the State Council on the Opening of Ports of Entry", issued on 18 September 1985, the opening of an Air Transport Port of Entry must always be subject to State Council approval.[181]
According to the requirements of the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), to officially become an "international airport", the airport must meet the requirements of a port of entry, meet the requirements to allow the flight of foreign airplanes, and the acceptance of the joint inspection facilities by the State Port Administration Office.[182] As of January 12, 2024, the People's Republic of China has a total of 83 Class I APE (adding up to 86 actual airports),[183] including 60 official international airports, 16 international airports that have not yet been named as such, 4 airports with restricted access, and 6 airports that have not yet passed the acceptance for a port of entry. There are also 18 temporarily open aviation ports, and in emergencies, ports may be open exceptionally: Guanghan Airport, which is not a civil transportation airport, was temporarily opened to the public during the Wenchuan earthquake relief efforts.[184]
In 2016 statistics, the port with the largest number of arrivals and departures was the Shanghai Air Transport Port, with an annual volume of 37,927,468 passengers,[l] followed by the Beijing Air Transportation Port with 24,252,289 passengers, and the Guangdong Guangzhou Air Transport Port with 13,219,779 passengers. The port with the largest volume of import and export cargo was the Shanghai APE, with 4,746,330 tons, followed by the Beijing APE with 1,853,736 tons, and the Guangzhou APE in Guangdong Province with 1,631,938 tons. The largest number of inbound/outbound flights was at the Shanghai APE with 234,047, followed by 131,483 at the Beijing APE, and 93,616 at the Guangzhou APE in Guangdong Province.[4]: 29
Note: italics mark a temporary port.
Images
[edit]Images of various ports of entry of China
-
Dandong PoE, the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge towards North Korea
-
Sino-Vietnamese border, Pingxiang, Friendship Pass
-
Wanding PoE, Mangman Crossing
-
Kashgar, Khunjerab Pass 's boundary marker
See also
[edit]- Port of Entry
- Borders of China
- China–North Korea border
- China–Russia border
- China–Mongolia border
- China–Kazakhstan border
- China–Kyrgyzstan border
- China–Tajikistan border
- China–Afghanistan border
- China–Pakistan border
- China–India border
- China–Nepal border
- China–Bhutan border
- China–Myanmar border
- China–Laos border
- China–Vietnam border
Notes
[edit]- ^ The Chinese word "口岸" (pinyin: kǒu'àn) is often translated simply as "Port", but this may cause confusion as it covers all legally established and government-monitored entry points to the country through any medium, not just water ports. The word "Port of Entry", "Checkpoint", "Crossing", or "Gateway" are sometimes used when confusion is an issue.
- ^ during the Covid 19 pandemic, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention took over organizing the stringent border controls and 21-days quarantines once the full-country lock-down was eased down.
- ^ These statistics refer to the officially opened ports of entry, and excludes the cargo and passengers that entered to temporarily opened ports
- ^ Bilateral ports mean those ports of entry that are limited exclusively to the citizens of the two bordering countries, and cannot process third-country nationals
- ^ a b c d e The State Council has approved the port, but it has yet to start functioning.
- ^ Class II port
- ^ Zhangmu was hit hard by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, and the crossing was temporarily closed. The Zhangmu crossing resumed trial operation in May 2019, and resumed passenger functions on September 1, 2023
- ^ Burang Port is an officially open bilateral port with Nepal, and an official port for Indian pilgrims going to Kailash, plus a trade route open exclusively to local people.
- ^ Due to the unilateral closure of the crossing by Mongolia, the Mazongshan crossing has been out of service since 1993.
- ^ a b c d Hung Hom station closed for cross-border passengers permanently. Cargo only
- ^ the control point is based in Hong Kong, but it operates under PRC law and it is managed by the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government.
- ^ a b As these statistics are port of entry measurements, they count only passengers and cargo entering or leaving the country in international flights or ships. Total throughput numbers for ports such as Shanghai and Beijing are much larger when including domestic cargo and passengers.
- ^ Including Dongzao Port Operations Area
- ^ Including Niutouwan Port Area
- ^ Includes the Xiamen International Cruise Center and the Wutong Passenger Wharf
- ^ Including Daewoo Shipbuilding Wharf
- ^ On December 28, 2016, the State Council approved merging Shishu Port and Lanshan Port into Rizhao Port.
- ^ The Xiadong port area is not included in the "Shenzhen Port Master Plan" and has been merged into the Longgang port area.
- ^ The State Council has approved this port, but so far construction has not been initiated and it has not been put into operation.
- ^ The port area has been suspended since 1985, but not revoked.
- ^ The port has been suspended for several years, but not revoked.
- ^ Port of Shunde's original name was Port of Rongqi
- ^ Xinhui port area is categorized as a coastal port area in the "Jiangmen Port Master Plan", but it is classified as a river port in the "China Port Yearbook".
- ^ Suspended since 2007 to the present.
- ^ Due to delays of construction on the Russian side, the port remains unopened.
- ^ Temporary crossings has been completed, but due to construction delays on the Russian side, the port has not yet been officially opened for use.
- ^ The Port of Mohe has been inactive since 2007 due to the unilateral closure of the Dzhalinda Port as a result of Russian adjustments to the port's mode of operation.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d 国务院 (1985-09-18). "国务院关于口岸开放的若干规定(国发〔1985〕113号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ a b 李庚; 连红 (1996). "世界口岸历史演变与当代发展特征". 《北京经济瞭望·北京财贸学院学报》 (4). Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e 郭来喜 (1994). "中国对外开放口岸布局研究". 《地理学报》. 49 (5). doi:10.11821/xb199405001. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en 国家口岸管理办公室; 中国口岸协会 (December 2017). 《中国口岸年鉴2017》. 北京: 中国海关出版社. ISBN 978-7-5175-0240-1.
- ^ 中华人民共和国海关总署. 《国家口岸发展"十三五"规划》. 北京市人民政府口岸办公室. p. 16. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 海关总署办公厅口岸处 (2003). "中国口岸知多少". 《中国海关》 (3). Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ 中华人民共和国海关总署. 《国家口岸发展"十一五"规划》.
- ^ a b c 夏青 (1994). "中国口岸:发展中的对外门户". 《国际经济合作》 (10). Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ "农业部渔业船舶检验局及时传达中央纪委公开曝光八起违反中央八项规定精神典型问题的通知". www.yyj.moa.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-06-23. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ^ "中国口岸协会". www.caop.org.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ "中国口岸协会". 《港口经济》 (4). 2008. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ 林矗 (2017). "通商口岸、新式教育与近代经济发展:一个历史计量学的考察". 《中国经济史研究》 (1). Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b 杨天宏 (2001). "近代中国自开商埠研究述论". 《四川师范大学学报(社会科学版)》. 28 (6). doi:10.13734/j.cnki.1000-5315.2001.06.017 (inactive 2024-06-26). Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (link) - ^ 邓杰 (2003). "口岸开放历史内涵的深入发掘". 《社会科学研究》 (1). Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b 谷萌 (1994). "中国口岸发展报告". 《中国国情国力》 (7). Archived from the original on 2019-05-02.
- ^ "中港通關:1月8日7個口岸恢復,每天兩地各6萬人可過境,高鐵可望月中恢復". BBC. 2023-01-05. Archived from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
- ^ "中国河口口岸今日全面恢复通关". 中国证券网. 2023-01-08. Archived from the original on 2023-01-08. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
- ^ "中蒙、中俄最大陆路口岸恢复旅客通道". 中国新闻网. 2023-01-08. Archived from the original on 2023-01-08. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
- ^ a b 通关业务司 (2007-01-05). "内蒙古一类口岸". www.aqsiq.gov.cn. 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ "黑山头口岸". www.nmgeport.com. 内蒙古电子口岸. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 毕力格图; 李玉琢 (2017-12-26). "阿日哈沙特口岸:草原驿站的美丽蝶变". 《内蒙古日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 毕力格图; 李玉琢 (2017-09-29). "额布都格口岸:哈拉哈河上的友谊之桥". 《内蒙古日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 阿尔山市旅游局 (2017-06-19). "阿尔山口岸简介". www.aes.gov.cn. 阿尔山市人民政府. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 国务院 (2007-09-12). "国务院关于同意内蒙古甘其毛都口岸扩大对外开放的批复(国函〔2007〕85号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 国务院 (2005-06-29). "国务院关于同意内蒙古策克口岸对外开放的批复(国函〔2005〕57 号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 巴依斯古楞 (2017-09-28). "珠恩嘎达布其口岸:迈过"门槛"就是世界". 《内蒙古日报》. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ "满都拉口岸". www.baotou.gov.cn. 包头市人民政府. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ "内蒙古乌力吉公路口岸正式获批对外开放". 中国新闻网. 2016-02-18. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g 通关业务司 (2007-01-05). "吉林省一类口岸". www.aqsiq.gov.cn. 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 刘尚静 (2015-08-26). "探访对俄贸易东宁口岸". chinadaily.com.cn. 中国日报网. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ "黑龙江省密山口岸简介". district.ce.cn. 中国黑龙江信息网. 2011-10-17. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 国务院 (2007-06-01). "国务院关于同意广东深圳福田口岸对外开放的批复(国函〔2007〕53号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ "香園圍邊境管制站貨檢設施八月二十六日率先啟用". Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ a b 广东省旅游局 (2018-07-02). "关于政协第十二届广东省委员会第一次会议第20180650号提案答复的函". www.gdta.gov.cn. 广东省文化和旅游厅. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
2017年4月25日,《国务院关于同意广东港珠澳大桥珠海公路口岸对外开放的批复》(国函〔2017〕53号)中明确批复……2017年7月14日,《国务院关于同意广东青茂口岸对外开放的批复》(国函〔2017〕96号)也批复同意……
- ^ 庞革平 (2017-02-22). "广西友谊关公路口岸获批扩大开放". 《人民日报》. Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 火炎 (2018-07-21). "跨国上班族:中越两国边贸的"金拉链"". chinadaily.com.cn. 中国日报中文网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 庞革平; 覃蔚峰 (2016-03-30). "中国广西平孟口岸正式开通". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 周红梅; 陈秀隆 (2015-02-09). "国务院批复同意广西爱店公路口岸对外开放". 《广西日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 向阳 (2017-09-08). "防城港防城区对外开发开放建设翻开新的篇章". 《防城港日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 胡铁军 (2018-06-22). "广西硕龙公路口岸获批对外开放". 《广西日报》. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ 云南省瑞丽市地方志编纂委员会 编 (2012). 瑞丽市志 1978-2005. 昆明: 云南人民出版社. p. 163. ISBN 978-7-222-10316-0.
- ^ 刘祥元 (2018-11-28). "改革开放40年 谱写美丽德宏新篇章". 《云南日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 国务院 (2000-04-07). "国务院关于同意云南腾冲猴桥口岸对外开放的批复(国函〔2000〕30号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 商务部驻昆明特派员办事处 (2016-11-04). "云南孟定清水河口岸年出入境60万人次". 中华人民共和国商务部. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ "打洛公路口岸". www.caop.org.cn. 中国口岸协会. 2005-08-30. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ "公告(2007年5号)-孟连县人民政府网站". www.menglian.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
- ^ "云南河口公路口岸对外开放通过国家验收". 云南省商务厅. 2011-11-21. Archived from the original on 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ "河口、金水河口岸复通". 红河党史网. 2017-12-28. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 龙芸偲; 王正委 (2018-03-26). "云南麻栗坡:全力打造沿边开放大通道". 《云南日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 熊强 (2018-03-26). "云南马关都龙口岸今起正式开放". 云南网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 赵汝碧 (2014-10-23). "云南磨憨:从秘境通道到黄金口岸". 《云南日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 马骞; 李宏 (2013-04-10). "中国对老挝的勐康口岸建成 于今年10月正式开放". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ "西藏吉隆口岸:实现连通南亚、跨境合作、联动发展_侨务事务_西藏统一战线". www.xztzb.cn. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ 赵书彬; 肖涛 (2014-04-16). "把吉隆口岸建成对外开放"桥头堡"". 《西藏日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 通关业务司 (2007-01-05). "西藏一类口岸". tgyws.aqsiq.gov.cn. 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 罗杰 (2015-09-29). "甘肃省唯一边境口岸复通再被提起". 澎湃新闻. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ a b c 国务院 (1992-02-25). "国务院关于同意开放新疆老爷庙、乌拉斯台和红山嘴口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕17号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 张磊 (2011-02-23). "新疆将建成从蒙古国输入煤炭重要口岸". 国际煤炭网. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ a b c d e 国务院 (1994-03-14). "国务院关于同意开放新疆巴克图等5个边境口岸的批复(国函〔1994〕20号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ a b 国务院 (1990-06-27). "国务院关于同意开放新疆阿拉山口口岸的批复(国函〔1990〕51号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ "霍尔果斯概况". www.xjhegs.gov.cn. 霍尔果斯市人民政府. 2017-10-28. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 赵悦 (2014-08-19). "走遍新疆·口岸行:吐尔尕特口岸". 亚心网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 国务院 (2007-09-12). "国务院关于同意新疆卡拉苏口岸对外开放的批复(国函〔2007〕83号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
- ^ 孙静波 (2015-03-20). "海关总署:将完善立法扩大内陆地区口岸开放". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
- ^ 国务院 (2007-09-12). "国务院关于同意内蒙古甘其毛都口岸扩大对外开放的批复(国函〔2007〕85号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ "策克港(CNCEK,Ceke)|中国额济纳旗港口|策克港港口代码-亚洲-世界港口-通用运费网". www.ufsoo.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
- ^ "关于珠恩嘎达布其口岸建设与发展". 锡林郭勒盟商务局. Retrieved 2022-08-14.[permanent dead link]
- ^ 邓京荆; 于姝楠 (2011-02-24). "珲春-卡梅绍娃娅国际铁路将于5月恢复正常通车". 新华网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ "磨憨铁路口岸通过国家验收". 新华网. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
- ^ ""百年口岸"霍尔果斯为"一带一路"建设提供运力保障". 中国一带一路网. 2017-06-23. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ "长春兴隆铁路集装箱场站作为临时口岸对外开放". 《长春晚报》. 2016-12-17. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 张帆 (2015-12-29). "义乌铁路西站获批 是浙江唯一铁路临时对外开放口岸". 《浙江日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ "赣州铁路国际集装箱场站作为临时口岸对外开放". 江西省商务公众信息网. 2016-10-18. Archived from the original on 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 王红君 (2015-09-14). "东莞石龙铁路国际物流中心启用". 东莞阳光网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 国家口岸管理办公室; 中国口岸协会 (February 2020). 《中国口岸年鉴2019》. 北京: 中国海关出版社. ISBN 978-7-5175-0384-2.
- ^ 周晓雪 (2018-02-01). "重庆自贸试验区又添一利好 铁路口岸获批汽车平行进口试点". 华龙网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 贾振成 (2014-04-26). "铁路口岸获批 正式对外开放 欧洲肉类有望直运成都". 《人民日报海外版》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 李俊明 (2014-11-04). "西安铁路口岸获批陕西开放型经济发展添新平台". 每经网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 冯志军; 杨艳敏 (2016-12-09). "兰州开通铁路口岸 迎首列中亚国际货运返程班列". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 经济贸易司. "乌鲁木齐市推进现代物流创新发展城市试点阶段性工作总结". 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
- ^ 邓中豪 (2018-01-17). "天津港口岸八大港区将全部对外开放". 新华网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-10-16). "国务院关于同意河北省唐山港口岸对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1992〕156号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ "唐山港口岸曹妃甸港区对外开放获国务院批复". 海关总署. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 张四清 (2016-10-14). "旅顺新港港区规划区域调整工作启动". 央广网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ "大连海关驻旅顺办事处正式成立". 中华人民共和国海关总署. 2012-07-12. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 赵光辉 (2015-08-04). "大连港升级扩容版庄河港区试运行". 大连港新闻中心. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ "国务院同意大连庄河港口岸对外开放". 庄河市发展和改革局. 2007-09-20. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 卜云 (2014-06-09). "大连港长兴岛港区总体规划(修订)通过联审". 今日辽宁. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 闫平 (2011-09-10). "国务院批准大连长兴岛港口岸对外开放". 新华网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 杜宝忠 (2015-07-13). "国务院批复同意盘锦港口岸正式对外开放". 华商晨报. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1985-04-22). "国务院关于开放丹东港问题的批复(国函〔1985〕59号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1989-03-22). "国务院、中央军委关于锦州港对外轮开放的批复(国函〔1989〕18号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 姜同彬 (2010-11-25). "辽宁葫芦岛港对外籍船舶开放". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 李亚坤 (2019-01-17). "连云港加快打造"一带一路"强支点". 扬子晚报. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2019-05-25 – via 中国经济网.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 朱建海 主编; 中国港口协会 主办; 《中国港口年鉴》编辑委员会 编纂 (September 2017). 《中国港口年鉴2017》. 上海: 中国港口杂志社(内部资料).
- ^ 王彦 (2017-12-21). "盐城滨海港一类独立开放口岸获国务院批复". 盐阜大众报报业集团全媒体. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 杨亦周 (2017-10-22). "滨海港获批国家一类开放口岸". 中国江苏网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ a b c 韩声江 (2017-06-22). "江苏南通港建"一港八区"错位格局,支持龙头企业上市融资". 澎湃新闻. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ "洋口港启东港获准对外开放 南通一类水运口岸增至4个". 江苏新闻网. 2014-09-01. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1986-04-18). "国务院、中央军委关于舟山港对外开放的批复(国函〔1986〕54号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ a b 胡苏 (2011-09-02). "福州港、宁德港整合为新福州港并组建港口管理局". 新华社. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ "福州港口岸罗源湾港区扩大开放通过省级验收". 福建省商务厅. 2018-03-21. Archived from the original on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ "国务院批复同意平潭港口岸对外开放". 阿思达克财经网. 2014-03-05. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ a b 国务院 (1993-09-23). "国务院关于同意开放福建三都澳城澳港口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕133号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ 叶陈芬 (2016-08-24). "国务院批复同意宁德港口岸扩大开放三沙港区". 宁德网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ a b c 国务院 (1995-12-26). "国务院关于同意福建肖厝港、秀屿港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1995〕133号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ "国务院批复同意福建秀屿港口岸更名莆田港口岸并扩大对外开放". 澎湃新闻. 2017-10-12. Archived from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ "莆田港". www.chinaports.com. 中国港口网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ 项开来 (2013-07-05). "厦门、漳州港口一体化整合完成 厦门港进入新阶段". 新华社. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ 国务院 (1991-12-01). "国务院关于同意福建东山港对外国籍船舶开放的批复". Archived from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ "总站概况". 厦门出入境边防检查总站. 2019-04-01. Archived from the original on 2019-06-07. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
- ^ 薄洁; 林舒洁 (2023-01-11). "高崎边检站同心文化品牌启动建设". 厦门日报. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
- ^ "青岛董家口港口岸对外开放获国务院批复". 青岛政务网. 2018-01-29. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ 国务院 (1988-12-05). "国务院关于开放石岛港的批复(国函〔1988〕141号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ 国务院 (1989-01-26). "国务院关于同意开放岚山港的批复(国函〔1998〕5号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ a b 国务院 (1985-08-27). "国务院关于开放石臼港的批复(国函〔1985〕132号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ 国务院 (1995-12-22). "国务院关于同意山东东营港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1995〕131号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ^ a b c 通关业务司 (2007-01-05). "广州港口岸". www.aqsiq.gov.cn. 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ "《广州港总体规划》简介". 广州港务局. 2010-12-31. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 国务院. "《国务院办公厅政府信息公开目录 一九八五年》" (PDF). 国务院办公厅. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 李赫 (2023-05-04). "成功首航!琶洲港澳客运码头正式投运". 南方日报. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ^ 国务院 (1990-06-11). "国务院关于同意开放深圳盐田码头的批复(国函〔1990〕46号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 李安; 张小洲 (2012-02-17). "深圳大铲湾海关正式开关—— 深圳"东进东出、西进西出"区域通关格局进一步完善". 海关总署网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
- ^ 福永通 (2017-07-15). "深圳机场福永码头通过广东省口岸对外开放验收". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-07-26). "国务院关于同意广东惠州澳头港更名并对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1992〕88号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 东莞市商务局办公室 (2014-10-29). "口岸概述". www.dgboc.gov.cn. 东莞市商务局. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ "汕尾港口岸红海湾港区对外开放通过国家验收". 人民网. 2014-10-20. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ a b c 国务院. "《中华人民共和国国务院公报 1994年 第28号》" (PDF). 国务院办公厅. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 郭军; 刘自学 (2017-02-09). "广东揭阳港神泉港区对外开放通过国家验收". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 黄仁扬; 郑宜春 (2004-12-29). "潮阳港口岸对外开放通过省预验收". 《汕头日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-12-14). "国务院关于同意广东南澳港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1993〕182号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 江门市. "江门市副市长林飞鸣到港澳码头、国际货柜码头有限公司检查工作". Archived from the original on 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
- ^ 国务院 (1985-10-25). "国务院关于广东省广海港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1993〕13号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-02-09). "国务院关于同意广东阳江港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1985〕159号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 国务院 (1985-06-27). "国务院关于对外开放湛江霞海码头和南海西部石油公司专用码头的批复(国函〔1985〕98号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 国务院 (1988-10-28). "国务院关于同意开放茂名市水东港的批复(国函〔1988〕130号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ "国务院批准广西北海港口岸扩大开放". 同花顺综合. 2015-04-08. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ "国务院关于同意开放广西钦州港口岸的批复". www.qzdaj.com.cn. 钦州市档案局网站. 2015-03-25. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 庞革平 (2018-03-26). "广西防城港口岸将扩大开放". 《人民日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ a b c d 通关业务司 (2007-01-05). "海南省一类口岸". www.aqsiq.gov.cn. 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 刘亮 (2022-05-30). "远望号火箭运输船队完成火箭海上运输任务". military.cctv.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1990-05-31). "国务院关于同意开放清澜港的批复(国函〔1990〕38号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 刘莎 (2012-10-11). "海南洋浦神头港区通过国家验收 正式对外开放". 南海网. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 国务院 (1990-12-03). "国务院关于同意开放吉林大安港口岸的批复(国函〔1990〕98号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1994-06-30). "国务院关于同意开放黑龙江桦川港口岸的批复(国函〔1990〕66号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1986-02-14). "国务院、中央军委关于南京港对外国籍船舶开放的有关问题的批复(国函〔1986〕22号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ "洋口港、启东港口岸对外开放获国务院批复". 海事快讯. 2014-08-29. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 江南 (2009-03-18). "江苏如皋港一类口岸正式对外开放". 中国质量新闻网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1986-12-08). "国务院关于镇江港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1986〕181号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-04-25). "国务院关于同意江苏省江阴港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1992〕35号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ a b 国务院 (1992-11-29). "国务院关于同意江苏扬州港、高港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1992〕184号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 荣佳颖 (2012-11-30). "靖江港国家一类开放口岸获批". 《中国水运报》. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (2001-04-25). "国务院关于同意江苏常州港口岸对外开放的批复(国函〔2001〕44号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-01-19). "国务院关于同意开放安徽铜陵港的批复(国函〔1993〕5号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ 国务院 (1990-12-27). "国务院关于同意马鞍山港开辟为一类口岸的批复(国函〔1990〕89号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ "国务院批准同意安徽省池州港口岸对外开放". 商务部. 2005-07-08. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ "九江港口岸扩大开放通过国家验收". 海事快讯. 2014-12-20. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ 国务院 (2016-08-30). "国务院关于湖北武汉港对外国籍船舶开放有关问题的批复". shanghai.gov.cn. 中央政府门户网站. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 吴昊 (2015-04-17). "武汉新港新增5个对外开放港区 湖北口岸增加至9个". 荆楚网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27.
- ^ 梅涛 (2016-12-10). "黄石外贸码头抓紧建设". 《湖北日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-06-15). "国务院关于同意湖北黄石港对外国籍船舶开放的批复(国函〔1993〕88号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 唐亚新 (2018-09-20). "城陵矶口岸正式对外国籍船舶开放". 《湖南日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ 国务院 (1987-10-31). "国务院关于开放斗门港和开辟斗门至香港客运航线的批复(国函〔1987〕173号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
- ^ 国务院 (1986-09-29). "国务院关于开放容奇港和开辟容奇至香港客运航线的批复(国函〔1986〕134号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-12-14). "国务院关于同意开放广东高明港客运口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕197号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 国务院 (1988-04-27). "国务院关于同意鹤山港为客运开放口岸的批复(国函〔1988〕67号)". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-03-12). "国务院关于同意开放广西贵港口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕26号)". Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 国务院 (1988-08-08). "国务院关于同意开放柳州港的批复(国函〔1988〕100号)". Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 王晓翔 (2018-03-30). "四川对外开放新突破!宜宾港获批为国家临时开放口岸". 宜宾发布. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 刘怡 (2018-04-02). "泸州港获批国家临时开放口岸将与国际市场无缝对接". 四川省人民政府办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ a b 国务院 (1993-07-24). "国务院关于同意开放云南思茅港、景洪港口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕110号)". Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ a b "西双版纳海事局关于缅甸撤销澜沧江湄公河对外开放通航港口索累港的通知". xsbnhsj.xsbn.gov.cn. 西双版纳海事局. 2016-03-18. Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-05-21). "国务院关于同意开放黑龙江抚远口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕53号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1986-03-18). "国务院关于开放同江口岸的批复(国函〔1986〕41号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ a b c d 国务院 (1989-04-08). "国务院关于同意开放黑龙江省六个对苏边贸口岸的批复(国函〔1989〕25号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1989-12-17). "国务院关于同意开放东宁、逊克两个对苏口岸的批复(国函〔1989〕81号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ a b 通关业务司. "黑龙江一类口岸". www.aqsiq.gov.cn. 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-06-06). "国务院关于同意开放黑龙江孙吴口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕78号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-05-15). "国务院关于同意开放黑龙江呼玛口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕67号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ 陈猛; 刘大泳 (2014-06-09). "复关重启 为时不远——探访漠河口岸". 《黑龙江日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
- ^ 中国政府网 (1985-09-18). "国务院关于口岸开放的若干规定". Archived from the original on 2023-08-30. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
- ^ 中国民用航空局 (2019-10-21). "交通运输部关于修改《运输机场使用许可规定》的决定". Archived from the original on 2023-08-30. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
- ^ 中华人民共和国海关总署国家口岸管理办公室 (2023-07-13). "全国对外开放口岸一览表".[dead link]
- ^ 民航资源网 (2008-05-27). "广汉机场临时开放 海关员直抵验放救灾物资". Archived from the original on 2023-08-30. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
- ^ 中国民用航空局 (2021-06-24). "1954年12月30日,国务院副总理陈毅出席在北京举行的中苏通航协定签字仪式,开放北京航空口岸". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ a b c d e 海关总署 (2019-10-25). "2019年全国口岸开放情况".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 天津边检 (2022-08-09). "天津边检70年丨第四篇:成长". Archived from the original on 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 中国民航局 (2008-08-01). "石家庄机场新候机楼正式启用". www.caac.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24.
- ^ 中国民航新闻信息网 (2007-07-30). "秦皇岛开通首条国际航线". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (2010-12-17). "国务院关于同意开放太原航空口岸的批复". Archived from the original on 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ a b 海关总署 (2020-03-05). "2020年全国口岸开放情况".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 山西新闻网 (2019-07-10). "我省第4个国际口岸机场亮相 五台山—曼谷包机航线开通". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1991-12-01). "国务院关于同意开放呼和浩特航空口岸的批复". www.chinalawedu.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "鄂尔多斯伊金霍洛机场对外开放获批". 内蒙古商务之窗. 2016-02-23. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ a b 海关总署 (2021-07-26). "2021年全国口岸开放情况".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 民航资源网 (2019-09-10). "乌兰察布机场圆满完成第一架国际包机保障任务". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 冯涛 (2015-03-18). "满洲里机场口岸签证正式启动". 民航资源网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-07-06). "国务院关于同意开放海拉尔航空口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕97号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 蒙古咨询 (2015-08-06). "阿尔山-乌兰巴托国际航线成功首航". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 中华人民共和国条约数据库. "中华人民共和国和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国关于修改两国于一九五九年签订的航空运输协定". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 中国民用航空网 (2013-06-14). "锦州机场开通沈阳—锦州—首尔国际航班". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1985-12-05). "国务院、中央军委关于对外开放大连周水子机场并开辟北京—大连—日本航线的批复(国函〔1985〕172号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 中国民航新闻信息网 (2007-06-11). "丹东结束没有航空口岸的历史". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-04-27). "国务院关于同意开放长春航空口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕39号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "延吉朝阳川国际机场公司". CAAC.com.cn. CAAC民航网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 哈尔滨史志网 (2023-05-05). "哈尔滨之最(三)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-06-04). "国务院关于同意开放齐齐哈尔航空口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕77号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-12-20). "国务院关于同意开放黑龙江省佳木斯航空口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕202号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 中国政府网 (2016-07-28). "国务院、中央军委关于同意开辟黑河、哈尔滨至俄罗斯和哈尔滨至日本". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 民航资源网 (2016-04-12). "抚远机场开通至哈巴罗夫斯克临时国际航线". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 中国口岸协会. "上海航空口岸". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (2010-11-15). "国务院关于同意上海航空口岸浦东国际机场对外开放的批复". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 江苏省情网. "江苏省志·交通志·民航篇 - 附录 - 一、大事年表".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 中国民航局 (2007-07-16). "江苏盐城机场获准对外籍飞机开放". www.caac.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 尹晖 (2013-08-07). "外籍飞机将进驻无锡 航空口岸对外开放或实现". 无锡日报. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 季明稳; 孙海燕 (2015-01-07). "淮安涟水机场航空口岸对外开放通过国家验收". 人民网 江苏. Archived from the original on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "扬州泰州机场开放一类航空口岸获批". 人民网 江苏. 2015-01-15. Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "南通兴东机场正式更名为南通兴东国际机场". 民航资源网. 2016-07-27. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 国务院. "《国务院关于同意江苏连云港白塔埠机场对外开放的批复(国函〔2015〕144号)》". Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 中国新闻网 (2014-12-22). "浙江杭州航空口岸年出入境客流量首破300万". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 邵晨婵 (2018-05-10). "历年回望|温州对外开放之路是这样走的". zj.zjol.com.cn. 温州网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 何百林 (2014-08-11). "航空口岸正式对外开放 义乌机场步入国际航班时代". 《金华日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 浙江省口岸协会 (2018-11-08). "国家口岸办同意舟山普陀山机场临时对外开放". 中国口岸协会. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-07-06). "国务院关于同意开放宁波航空口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕77号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 国务院 (1990-03-07). "国务院关于同意开放合肥机场的批复(国函〔1990〕21号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-09-04). "国务院关于同意开放黄山航空口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕114号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 福建党史方志网. "福建省民航志". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-09-22). "国务院关于同意开放福建武夷山航空口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕134号)". www.gov.cn. 中国政府网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 中国新闻网 (2023-02-20). "泉州晋江国际机场恢复国际(地区)航班". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1990-03-05). "国务院关于同意开放南昌机场的批复(国函〔1990〕19号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 中国江西网 (2019-12-29). "定了!赣州首条国际航线12月30日开通!". Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ 中国政府网 (2012-12-31). "国务院关于同意济南机场开放的批复". Archived from the original on 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 新华视点 (2015-09-23). "山东潍坊机场首次开通国际航线 进港上座率50%". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 中国政府网 (2012-02-28). "国务院关于同意开放青岛流亭机场的批复". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 《国务院办公厅政府信息公开目录 一九九二年》 (PDF). 国务院办公厅. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 国务院 (1988-12-17). "国务院关于同意开放郑州机场的批复(国函〔1988〕145号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 中国政府网 (2012-03-01). "国务院关于同意武汉南湖机场对至香港包机开放的批复". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 向磊 (2006-12-10). "宜昌三峡机场航空口岸开放顺利通过初检验收". 湖北宜昌三峡机场. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 海关总署 (2023-05-30). "国务院批复湖北恩施许家坪机场对外开放".[dead link]
- ^ 长江日报 (2023-04-01). "正式开通!今起,请叫我鄂州花湖"国际"机场". Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ 新华网 (2019-08-18). "湖北襄阳航空口岸实现临时开放 首次迎来国际航班". Archived from the original on 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1990-03-05). "国务院关于同意开放长沙黄花机场的批复(国函〔1990〕20号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 邓竹君; 张慧 (2017-09-19). "已有17条国际航线 张家界荷花机场跻身国际机场阵营". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ a b 中国政府网. "1956年公报" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ a b 广西壮族自治区人民政府门户网站. "奋斗中的广西".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 国务院 (1992-02-10). "国务院关于同意开放深圳航空口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕9号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 中国政府网 (2012-12-31). "国务院关于汕头机场对外开放问题的批复". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 中国共产党新闻网 (2014-12-27). "揭陽潮汕機場升格為"國際機場"". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 民航资源网 (2009-03-20). "珠海机场首开国际航线 珠海至首尔包机首航". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 桂林生活网 (2019-11-11). "桂林航空口岸综合大楼旧貌换新颜". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-02-09). "国务院关于同意开放广西北海航空口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕11号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 柳州商务 (2018-11-01). "柳州临时航空口岸"柳州—金边"国际航线首飞成功". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 海南史志网. "1983年大事记".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 海南史志网. "口岸志-大事记". Archived from the original on 2018-02-10. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 中国政府网 (2012-03-01). "国务院关于重庆机场对外开放问题的批复". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 海关总署 (2022-07-22). "国务院批复重庆万州机场对外开放".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 四川在线 (2019-02-11). "成都航空口岸半个月5次刷新建站单日验放纪录". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-06-12). "国务院关于同意开放贵阳航空口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕66号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 贵阳网 (2018-08-24). "铜仁机场开通首条国际航线 每周二四六直飞曼谷". Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ 西双版纳州商务局 (2009-03-17). "西双版纳各口岸简介". www.daizuwang.com. 傣族网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 云南省商务厅 (2011-11-23). "丽江机场口岸正式获准对外开放". Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "杨世庄副州长一行赴国家口岸办汇报芒市机场航空口岸开放验收准备工作". www.dh.gov.cn. 德宏州商务局. 2018-06-01. Archived from the original on 2018-08-02. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 云南数字方志馆. "云南省民航志(第二轮)".[permanent dead link]
- ^ 国务院 (1993-06-29). "国务院关于同意开放拉萨航空口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕94号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 西安海关. "本关概况 - 西安海关". Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 华商网 (2018-12-11). "榆林开通国际航线 直飞越南、泰国". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ 国务院 (1992-07-15). "国务院关于同意开放兰州航空口岸的批复(国函〔1992〕83号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 严存义 (2015-03-19). "敦煌机场国际航空口岸获批". www.xinhuanet.com. 中国甘肃网. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 骆晓飞; 胡若愚 (2008-09-29). ""青海号"首航直飞香港 西宁空港口岸正式开放". 新华社. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
- ^ 高菲 (2006-09-01). "宁夏回族自治区航空口岸筹建基本结束". 《宁夏日报》. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 国务院 (1993-04-23). "国务院关于同意开放喀什航空口岸的批复(国函〔1993〕61号)". www.gov.cn. 国务院办公厅. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ 民用航空网 (2017-07-18). "新疆克拉玛依至乌斯卡曼国际航班首次临时通航". Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2023-08-31.