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Economy of Austria

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Economy of Austria
CurrencyEuro (EUR, €)
Calendar year
Trade organisations
EU, WTO, OECD
Country group
Statistics
Population8,901,064 (1 January 2020)[3]
GDP
  • $541 billion (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • $634 billion (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 4.8% (2022)
  • −0.7% (2023)
  • 0.4% (2024)[4]
GDP per capita
  • $59,225 (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • $69,460 (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
  • 7.7% (2023)
  • 3.9% (2024)[4]
Population below poverty line
17.7% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE 2023)[6]
28.1 low (2023)[7]
71 out of 100 points (2023)[9] (20th)
Labour force
  • 4,559,603 (2019)[10]
  • 77.2% employment rate (2023)[11]
Labour force by occupation
Unemployment
  • 5.0% (August 2020)[12]
  • 10.3% youth unemployment (15 to 24 year-olds; July 2020)[13]
Average gross salary
€3,050 monthly (2021)[14]
€2,224 monthly (2021)[14]
Main industries
construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and paper, electronics, tourism
External
Exports$156.7 billion (2017 est.)[5]
Export goods
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, manufactured goods, chemicals, iron and steel, foodstuffs
Main export partners
Imports$158.1 billion (2017 est.)[5]
Import goods
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products, natural gas; foodstuffs
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • $294.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[5]
  • Abroad: $339.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[5]
$7.859 billion (2017 est.)[5]
$630.8 billion (31 December 2017)[5]
Public finances
  • 70.4% of GDP (2019)[15]
  • €280.426 billion (2019)[15]
  • €2.9 billion surplus (2019)[15]
  • +0.7% of GDP (2019)[15]
Revenues49.0% of GDP (2019)[15]
Expenses48.2% of GDP (2019)[15]
Economic aid
  • Scope:[18]
  • AA+
  • Outlook: Stable
$21.57 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[5]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Austria is a highly developed social market economy, with the country being one of the fourteen richest in the world in terms of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita.[19] Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised. In recent years, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Among OECD nations, Austria has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 29.4% of GDP.[20][21][22]

Labor movements are particularly strong in Austria, and they have a large influence on labor politics. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the national economy. The economy of Austria's average GDP is 13th growth in OECD countries, from 1992 to 2017. In Austria, 1.37% over average population growth is the strong factor.

Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making the Austrian economy vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy.[23] However, since Austria became a member state of the European Union, it has gained closer ties to other European Union economies. This development reduced its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, Austria's membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors.

They were attracted by Austria's access to the European Single Market and the country's proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP has accelerated in recent years, and reached 3.3% in 2006.[24]

In 2024 Austria has a very high, $59,225 nominal GDP per capita ranked 13th.[4]

Vienna was ranked the fifth richest NUTS-2 region within Europe (see Economy of the European Union), with its GDP reaching €38,632 per capita. It was trailing behind Inner London, Luxembourg, the Brussels-Capital Region and Hamburg.[25]

Growth had been steady between 2002 and 2006, varying between 1 and 3.3%.[26] After hitting 0% in 2013, growth had picked up a little. As of 2016, growth was set at 1.5%.[27]

History

[edit]

Foundation and Interbellum

[edit]

First Austrian Republic, founded as a result of the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, inherited an economy battered by the ravages of the First World War, namely:

  • The abolition of the gold standard in 1914.[28]
  • Provision by the central bank of credit to the state, increasing the money supply.[28]
  • The balance-of-payments deficit caused by the Austrian need to import food and fuel, devaluing the krone (the Austrian currency at the time).[29]
  • The use of deficit spending to finance food subsidies,[29] leading to a 12-fold increase of banknotes in circulation.[28]

A number of international relief schemes failed to garner enough support[30] while a report by Sir William Goode argued that the Austrian economy would collapse without swift foreign intervention.[29] As such, the Austrian economic crisis stretched into its second year, with inflation running at 99%.[28]

League of Nations Bailout

[edit]

Source:[30]

With annual inflation running at 2,877%,[28] the League of Nations was officially appointed to organise an Austrian reconstruction plan in August 1922. The League scheme was based on the view that Austrian troubles as a result of an inability to pay for necessities and obtain credit, and therefore, an Austrian financial revival was critical to Austrian survival. To this end, the plan was focused solely on financial reconstruction. Austria would receive loans raised from international money markets and the Austrian public, which would be secured on customs and tobacco taxes. In exchange, Austria would in effect lose sovereignty over its economy, agreeing to:

  • Relinquish control over the mints to an independent bank, with the aim of returning to the gold standard.
  • Terminate the printing of money by the central bank.
  • Eliminate the budget deficit (requiring the implementation of austerity measures and monetary control).

The measures took effect in 1923. Short-term effects were impressive; during the announcement to undertake Austrian reconstruction in August 1922, public confidence soared. Foreign currency holdings were converted back into krone, stabilising the currency. This allowed the Austrian Foreign Exchange Agency to finally intervene to fix the krone to the dollar, something that the wild gyrations of the past had not permitted. Capital rushed back into Austria, and domestic prices stabilised, pronouncing the end of hyperinflation.[31]

The steam ran out shortly after implementation. Growth averaged 0.35% per annum until 1929,[30] unemployment leapt five-fold,[32] bankruptcies increased 41-fold,[33] and the trade deficit doubled.[34]

Anschluss

[edit]

Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, and consequently lost control of its own economic policy until the formation of the Second Republic in 1945.

Post World War II

[edit]

Ever since the end of the World War II, Austria has achieved sustained economic growth. In the soaring 1950s, the rebuilding efforts for Austria lead to an average annual growth rate of more than 5% in real terms and averaged about four-point five percent through most of the 1960s.[35] Following moderate real GDP growth of 1.7%, 2% and 1.2%, respectively, in 1995, 1996, and 1997, the economy rebounded and with real GDP expansion of 2.9 percent in 1998 and 2.2% in 1999.

Austria became a member of the EU on 1 January 1995.[36] Membership brought economic benefits and challenges and has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market. Austria also has made progress in generally increasing its international competitiveness. As a member of the economic and monetary union of the European Union (EMU), Austria's economy is closely integrated with other EU member countries, especially with Germany. On 1 January 1999, Austria introduced the new Euro currency for accounting purposes. In January 2002, Euro notes and coins were introduced, replacing those of the Austrian schilling.

Currency

[edit]
In 1999, Austria introduced the single European currency, the euro. With 18 other EU member states it forms the Eurozone.

In Austria, Euros appear as 1999, however all Austrian euro coins introduced in 2002 have this year on it; unlike other countries of the Eurozone where mint year is minted in the coin. Eight different designs, one per face value, were selected for the Austrian coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Austria changed the common side of its coins.

Before adopting the Euro in 2002 Austria had maintained use of the Austrian schilling which was first established in December 1924. The Schilling was abolished in the wake of the Anschluss in 1938 and has been reintroduced after the end of the World War II in November 1945.

Austria has one of the richest collection of collectors' coins in the Eurozone, with face value ranging from 10 to 100 euro (although a 100,000 euro coin was exceptionally minted in 2004). These coins are a legacy of an old national practice of minting of silver and gold coins. Unlike normal issues, these coins are not legal tender in all the eurozone. For instance, a €5 Austrian commemorative coin cannot be used in any other country.

Privatisation, state participation and labour movements

[edit]

Many of the country's largest firms were nationalised in the early post-war period to protect them from Soviet takeover as war reparations. For many years, the government and its state-owned industries conglomerate played a very important role in the Austrian economy. However, starting in the early 1990s, the group was broken apart, state-owned firms started to operate largely as private businesses, and a great number of these firms were wholly or partially privatised. The government still operates some firms, state monopolies, utilities, and services. In the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 two banks were nationalised. Since 2019 the Österreichische Industrieholding (ÖBAG) administers the investments of the Republic of Austria in partially or entirely nationalized companies, but came under strong criticism after leaked messages showed how Thomas Schmidt had a say in the appointment of the supervisory board and became sole director. Austria enjoys well-developed industry, banking, transportation, services, and commercial facilities.

Austria has a strong labour movement. The Austrian Trade Union Federation (ÖGB) comprises constituent unions with a total membership of about 1.5 million—more than half the country's wage and salary earners. Since 1945, the ÖGB has pursued a moderate, consensus-oriented wage policy, cooperating with industry, agriculture, and the government on a broad range of social and economic issues in what is known as Austria's "social partnership". The ÖGB has often opposed the Schüssel government's programme for budget consolidation, social reform, and improving the business climate, and indications are rising that Austria's peaceful social climate could become more confrontational.

Agriculture, industry and services

[edit]
Cows near top of mountain Schneeberg

Austrian farms, like those of other west European mountainous countries, are small and fragmented, and production is relatively expensive. Since Austria's becoming a member of the EU in 1995, the Austrian agricultural sector has been undergoing substantial reform under the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Although Austrian farmers provide about 80% of domestic food requirements, the agricultural contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) has declined since 1950 to less than 3%.

Although some industries are global competitors, such as several iron and steel works, chemical plants and oil corporations that are large industrial enterprises employing thousands of people, most industrial and commercial enterprises in Austria are relatively small on an international scale.

Kitzbühel, one of Austria's famous winter tourist cities

Most important for Austria is the service sector generating the vast majority of Austria's GDP. Vienna has grown into a finance and consulting metropole and has established itself as the door to the East within the last decades. Viennese law firms and banks are among the leading corporations in business with the new EU member states. Tourism is very important for Austria's economy, accounting for around 10 percent of Austria's GDP.[37] In 2001, Austria was the tenth most visited country in the world with over 18.2 million tourists. Previously, dependency on German guests made this sector of the Austrian economy very dependent on German economy. However recent developments have brought a change, especially since winter ski resorts such as Arlberg or Kitzbühel are now more and more frequented by Eastern Europeans, Russians and Americans.

Austria produced in 2018:

  • 2.3 million tons of sugar beet (the beet is used to manufacture sugar and ethanol);
  • 2.1 million tons of maize;
  • 1.3 million tons of wheat;
  • 697 thousand tons of potato;
  • 695 thousand tons of barley;
  • 387 thousand tons of apple;
  • 367 thousand tons of grape;
  • 278 thousand tons of triticale;
  • 184 thousand tons of soybean;
  • 177 thousand tons of rye (12th largest world producer);
  • 132 thousand tons of onion;
  • 120 thousand tons of rapeseed;
  • 111 thousand tons of pear;

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[38]

Health care services

[edit]
Austrian health care spending for 1970 to 2007 compared with other nations

Austria's health care system was developed alongside other social welfare programmes by the social democrats in Vienna initially.[39]

Trade position

[edit]

Trade with other EU countries accounts for almost 66% of Austrian imports and exports. Expanding trade and investment in the emerging markets of central and eastern Europe is a major element of Austrian economic activity. Trade with these countries accounts for almost 14% of Austrian imports and exports,[40] and Austrian firms have sizable investments in and continue to move labour-intensive, low-tech production to these countries. Although the big investment boom has waned, Austria still has the potential to attract EU firms seeking convenient access to these developing markets.

Mergers and acquisitions

[edit]

The mergers and acquisitions (M&A) landscape in Austria has witnessed significant activity, with companies and investors from the country actively engaging in such transactions. Since 1991, more than 7,183 M&A deals have been announced, amounting to a known total value of 261.6 billion EUR. In 2017 alone, there were over 245 deals with a combined value exceeding 12.9 billion EUR.

Austrian companies have not only been involved in domestic M&A transactions but have also emerged as important investors in cross-border M&A ventures. Among the countries where Austrian companies have been active in M&A, Germany stands out as a particularly crucial partner. To date, Austrian parent companies have acquired 854 German companies in outbound M&A deals, highlighting the strong bilateral ties between the two nations.

When analyzing the industries that have witnessed the most M&A activity in Austria, the financial sector emerges as a prominent player in terms of transaction value. The financial industry has been the focus of significant M&A deals, with companies in this sector exploring opportunities to strengthen their market positions, expand their product portfolios, and enhance their capabilities.

On the other hand, when considering the number of transactions, the Industrials sector takes the lead, representing approximately 19.2% of the total M&A deals in Austria. This sector encompasses a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, engineering, construction, and transportation, among others. The strong presence of M&A activity in the Industrials sector signifies the ongoing interest in consolidating businesses, driving synergies, and fostering growth through strategic partnerships and acquisitions.

The M&A landscape in Austria continues to evolve, influenced by various factors such as market dynamics, economic conditions, and global trends. As companies seek opportunities for expansion, diversification, and innovation, M&A transactions will remain a strategic tool for achieving their business objectives. The financial sector and the Industrials sector are likely to remain at the forefront of M&A activity, demonstrating the vibrancy and potential for further growth in these industries.

Data

[edit]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimtates in 2022–2027). Inflation under 5% is in green.[41]

Year GDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth

(real)

Inflation rate

(in %)

Unemployment

(in %)

Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1980 84.7 11,227.0 80.9 10,732.0 Increase2.3% Negative increase6.3% 1.6% n/a
1981 Increase92.6 Increase12,252.3 Decrease70.1 Decrease9,280.7 Decrease-0.1% Negative increase6.8% Negative increase2.2% n/a
1982 Increase100.2 Increase13,241.0 Steady70.1 Decrease9,267.7 Increase1.9% Negative increase5.4% Negative increase3.1% n/a
1983 Increase107.0 Increase14,187.1 Increase71.0 Increase9,417.2 Increase2.8% Increase3.3% Negative increase3.7% n/a
1984 Increase111.2 Increase14,746.3 Decrease67.0 Decrease8,882.6 Increase0.3% Negative increase5.7% Negative increase3.8% n/a
1985 Increase117.3 Increase15,543.4 Increase68.6 Increase9,090.8 Increase2.2% Increase3.2% Positive decrease3.6% n/a
1986 Increase122.5 Increase16,210.5 Increase97.4 Increase12,886.1 Increase2.3% Increase1.7% Positive decrease3.1% n/a
1987 Increase127.6 Increase16,868.1 Increase121.8 Increase16,093.0 Increase1.7% Increase1.4% Negative increase3.8% n/a
1988 Increase133.4 Increase17,608.3 Increase133.6 Increase17,632.8 Increase1.0% Increase1.9% Positive decrease2.7% 57.4%
1989 Increase144.0 Increase18,965.1 Decrease133.3 Decrease17,547.8 Increase3.9% Increase2.2% Positive decrease2.3% Positive decrease56.3%
1990 Increase155.9 Increase20,394.2 Increase166.9 Increase21,827.4 Increase4.3% Increase2.8% Negative increase2.7% Positive decrease55.9%
1991 Increase166.7 Increase21,622.6 Increase174.4 Increase22,621.9 Increase3.4% Increase3.1% Negative increase3.2% Negative increase56.1%
1992 Increase174.1 Increase22,323.6 Increase195.5 Increase25,068.4 Increase2.1% Increase3.4% Negative increase3.3% Positive decrease56.0%
1993 Increase179.2 Increase22,729.4 Decrease190.4 Decrease24,152.7 Increase0.5% Increase3.2% Negative increase4.0% Negative increase60.6%
1994 Increase187.4 Increase23,634.1 Increase204.0 Increase25,725.6 Increase2.4% Increase2.7% Positive decrease3.9% Negative increase63.7%
1995 Increase196.4 Increase24,712.4 Increase241.2 Increase30,350.5 Increase2.7% Increase1.6% Negative increase4.2% Negative increase67.9%
1996 Increase204.8 Increase25,733.6 Decrease237.3 Decrease29,820.6 Increase2.4% Increase1.8% Negative increase4.7% Positive decrease67.8%
1997 Increase212.7 Increase26,695.1 Decrease213.0 Decrease26,737.5 Increase2.1% Increase1.2% Negative increase4.8% Positive decrease63.1%
1998 Increase222.8 Increase27,931.7 Increase218.6 Increase27,399.1 Increase3.6% Increase0.8% Positive decrease4.7% Negative increase68.8%
1999 Increase234.0 Increase29,275.7 Decrease217.5 Decrease27,210.5 Increase3.6% Increase0.5% Positive decrease4.1% Positive decrease61.1%
2000 Increase247.4 Increase30,875.2 Decrease197.4 Decrease24,636.5 Increase3.4% Increase2.0% Positive decrease3.9% Negative increase65.7%
2001 Increase256.1 Increase31,848.8 Increase197.5 Decrease24,558.9 Increase1.3% Increase2.3% Negative increase4.0% Negative increase66.4%
2002 Increase264.4 Increase32,717.3 Increase214.2 Increase26,508.3 Increase1.7% Increase1.7% Negative increase4.4% Negative increase67.0%
2003 Increase272.2 Increase33,527.3 Increase262.2 Increase32,298.6 Increase0.9% Increase1.3% Negative increase4.8% Positive decrease64.9%
2004 Increase287.1 Increase35,147.3 Increase301.3 Increase36,883.9 Increase2.7% Increase2.0% Negative increase5.9% Positive decrease64.8%
2005 Increase302.8 Increase36,811.3 Increase316.3 Increase38,450.6 Increase2.2% Increase2.1% Negative increase6.0% Negative increase68.3%
2006 Increase322.9 Increase39,055.3 Increase336.3 Increase40,674.9 Increase3.5% Increase1.7% Positive decrease5.6% Positive decrease67.0%
2007 Increase344.0 Increase41,469.2 Increase389.2 Increase46,922.6 Increase3.7% Increase2.2% Positive decrease5.2% Positive decrease64.7%
2008 Increase355.7 Increase42,745.9 Increase432.0 Increase51,914.0 Increase1.5% Increase3.2% Positive decrease4.4% Negative increase68.4%
2009 Decrease344.5 Decrease41,301.4 Decrease401.3 Decrease48,111.7 Decrease-3.8% Increase0.4% Negative increase5.7% Negative increase79.6%
2010 Increase355.1 Increase42,466.0 Decrease392.6 Decrease46,955.2 Increase1.8% Increase1.7% Positive decrease5.2% Negative increase82.4%
2011 Increase373.0 Increase44,469.2 Increase431.6 Increase51,452.3 Increase2.9% Increase3.5% Positive decrease4.9% Positive decrease82.2%
2012 Increase391.6 Increase46,477.7 Decrease409.7 Decrease48,616.9 Increase0.7% Increase2.6% Negative increase5.2% Positive decrease81.7%
2013 Increase406.4 Increase47,936.7 Increase430.2 Increase50,747.4 Increase0.0% Increase2.1% Negative increase5.4% Positive decrease81.0%
2014 Increase417.1 Increase48,813.5 Increase442.7 Increase51,814.4 Increase0.7% Increase1.5% Negative increase6.1% Negative increase83.8%
2015 Increase431.1 Increase49,955.5 Decrease382.0 Decrease44,267.8 Increase1.0% Increase0.8% Negative increase6.2% Negative increase84.4%
2016 Increase460.2 Increase52,659.8 Increase395.7 Increase45,278.8 Increase2.0% Increase1.0% Negative increase6.5% Positive decrease82.5%
2017 Increase479.5 Increase54,393.6 Increase417.1 Increase47,320.5 Increase2.3% Increase2.2% Positive decrease5.9% Positive decrease78.6%
2018 Increase503.2 Increase56,636.7 Increase455.4 Increase51,254.4 Increase2.5% Increase2.1% Positive decrease5.2% Positive decrease74.0%
2019 Increase519.8 Increase58,679.9 Decrease445.1 Decrease50,239.4 Increase1.5% Increase1.5% Positive decrease4.8% Positive decrease70.6%
2020 Decrease490.7 Decrease55,125.0 Decrease432.9 Decrease48,636.3 Decrease-6.7% Increase1.4% Negative increase5.4% Negative increase83.2%
2021 Increase534.0 Increase59,692.1 Increase477.4 Increase53,367.5 Increase4.5% Increase2.8% Negative increase6.2% Positive decrease83.1%
2022 Increase582.1 Increase64,751.1 Increase479.8 Increase53,370.7 Increase2.6% Negative increase5.6% Positive decrease5.2% Positive decrease80.7%
2023 Increase617.6 Increase68,354.0 Increase518.8 Increase57,420.9 Increase3.0% Increase2.2% Positive decrease4.9% Positive decrease76.6%
2024 Increase647.3 Increase71,291.0 Increase550.6 Increase60,630.9 Increase2.3% Increase2.0% Positive decrease4.8% Positive decrease74.6%
2025 Increase673.2 Increase73,765.9 Increase578.1 Increase63,343.8 Increase1.9% Increase2.0% Steady4.8% Positive decrease73.0%
2026 Increase698.8 Increase76,190.1 Increase605.4 Increase66,009.1 Increase1.8% Increase2.0% Steady4.8% Positive decrease72.4%
2027 Increase725.3 Increase78,691.9 Increase630.5 Increase68,407.3 Increase1.8% Increase2.0% Steady4.8% Positive decrease70.4%

Companies

[edit]

In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in Austria is Services with 97,733 companies followed by Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate and Retail Trade with 70,696 and 59,942 companies respectively.[42]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  25. ^ (in English) Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27 Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, provided by Eurostat
  26. ^ (in English) Real GDP Growth3 – Expenditure Side, provided by the Austrian National Bank
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  28. ^ a b c d e Beer, Christian; Gnan, Ernest; Teresa Valderrama, Maria. "A (not so brief) history of inflation in Austria" (PDF).
  29. ^ a b c Cottrell, Philip L. (2013), Ziegler, Dieter; Berghoff, Hartmut; Kocka, Jürgen (eds.), "Austrian Reconstruction, 1920–1921: A Matter for Private Business or the League of Nations?", Business in the Age of Extremes: Essays in Modern German and Austrian Economic History, Publications of the German Historical Institute, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59–75, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139061827.005, ISBN 978-1-107-01695-8, retrieved 23 September 2022
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  34. ^ The Fourteenth Report of the Commissioner-General of the League of Nations for Austria, 15 January – 15 February 1924
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  41. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  42. ^ "Industry Breakdown of Companies in Austria". HitHorizons.
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