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Proto-Abkhaz–Abaza language

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Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza
Proto-Abazgi
Reconstruction ofAbazgi languages
Reconstructed
ancestor

Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza (or Proto-Abazgi) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Abkhaz and Abaza languages.

Phonology

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Consonants

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The consonant system is reconstructed[citation needed] with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates, and a two-way contrast in fricatives.

Below is the table of Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza Alphabet:

Proto Abkhaz Cyrillic Abaza
Bzyb Abzhui Tapant
*p Ԥ ԥ p
*b b Б б b
*pʼ П п
*f f Ф ф f
*w w У у w
*m m М м m
*t t Ҭ ҭ t
*d d Д д d
*tʼ Т т
*r r Р р r
*l l Л л l
*n n Н н n
*tʷ Ҭә ҭә tʃʷ
*dʷ Дә дә dʒʷ
*ts tsʰ Ц ц ts
*dz dz Ӡ ӡ dz
*tsʼ tsʼ Ҵ ҵ tsʼ
*s s С с s
*z z З з z
*tś ts(~s) Ц ц ts(~s)
*dź dz(~z) Ӡ ӡ dz(~z)
*tśˀ tśˀ tsˀ Ҵ ҵ tsˀ
ś s С с s
ź z З з z
*tśʰʷ tśs˞ʰ ʈʂʰ tʃʰʷ
*dzʷ dz˞ ɖʐ ʒʷ
*tsʷˀ ts˞ˀ ʈʂˀ tʃʷˀ
*sʷ ʂ ʃʷ
*zʷ ʐ ʒʷ
*tʃ
*dʒ
*tʃˀ tʃˀ tʃˀ
ʃ ʃ
ʒ ʒ
*tɕ
*dʑ
*tɕˀ tɕˀ tɕˀ
ɕ ɕ
ʑ ʑ
*j j j
*fʰVtsʰV tsʰ
*dzVvV v dz
*tsˀVfˀV tsˀ
*ʃʷ ʂ ʃʷ
*ʒʷ ʐ ʒʷ
*k k k
ɡ ɡ
*kˀ
χ χ
ʁ ʁ
*kʲ
*ɡʲ ɡʲ ɡʲ
*kʲˀ kʲˀ kʲˀ
*χʲ χʲ χʲ
*ʁʲ ʁʲ ʁʲ
*kʷ
*ɡʷ ɡʷ ɡʷ
*kʷˀ kʷˀ kʷˀ
*χʷ χʷ χʷ
*ʁʷ ʁʷ ʁʷ
*qʰ χˤ χ
*qˀ
*qʲˀ qʲˀ qʲˀ
*qʷ χˤʷ
*qʷˀ qʷˀ qʷˀ
*qˀ
ħ ħ
ɑɑ ʕ
*ħʷ ħʷ ħʷ
*ʕʷ ɥ ʕʷ
  1. In some Abaza dialects the velar consonants turned to uvular consonants.

The most noticeable changes are:

Grammar

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English Proto-Abazgi Abkhaz (Bzyb) Abkhaz Abaza
quail ač́a áč́a ač́a
word azʷa áža áž̌a ažʷa
enemy aɣa a-ʁá aʁa
snake matǝ matǝ á-mat
cheese ašʷǝ áš̌ áš̌ ašʷǝ
English Proto-Abazgi Abkhaz (Bzyb) Abkhaz (Abzhui) Abaza (Tapant)
1 za-kʼə a-kʼə za-kʼə
2 ʕʷ-ba ɥ-ba ʕʷ-ba
3 χ-ba χ-ba χ-ba
4 pɕ-ba pɕ-ba pɕ-ba
5 χʷ-ba xʷ-ba χʷ-ba χʷ-ba
6 f-ba t͡s-ba
7 bəʑ-ba bəʑ-ba bəʑ-ba
8 aʕ-ba aa-ba aʕ-ba
9 *ʑʷ-ba ʑʷ-ba ʒʷ-ba
10 *ʑʷa-ba ʑʷa-ba ʒʷa-ba
11 ʑʷaj-za ʒʷəj-z
12 ʑʷaj-ɥa ʒʷə-ʕʷ
13 ʑʷa-xa ʒʷa-χ
14 ʑʷaj-pɕ ʒʷəj-pɕ
15 ʑʷa-xʷ ʒʷə-χʷ
16 ʑʷa-f ʒʷaj-t͡s
17 *ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ ʒʷaj-bəʑ̩
18 *ʑʷ-ʕ ʑʷ-aa ʒʷa-ʕ
19 *ʒʷaj-ʑʷ ʒʷaj-ʑʷ ʒʷaj-ʒʷ
20 *ʕʷa-ʑʷa ɥa-ʑʷa ʕʷa-ʒʷa
100 ɕʷ-kʼə ʃʷ-kʼə
1000 z-kʲə z-kʲə z-kʲə

See also

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References

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  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
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