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Sangiric languages

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(Redirected from Proto-Sangiric)
Sangiric
Geographic
distribution
northern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologsang1335

The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[1]

Classification

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The following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57).[2]

The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi, as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao. The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the northern tip of Sulawesi. Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.

Reconstruction

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Proto-Sangiric
Reconstruction ofSangiric languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984).[2]

Phonology

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Vowels
Front Central Back
Close *i *u
Mid *e *o
Open *a
Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless *p *t *k
voiced *b *d *g
Fricative *s
Nasal *m *n
Lateral *l
Approximant *w *y *R

The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil [r], Sangir, Ratahan [h], Talaud ~ k:], Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil [r].

Later sound changes

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Many of these sound changes are noticeably similar to those of South Sulawesi languages, spoken on the opposite side of Sulawesi.

  • Diphthongs *ey and *ow are still retained in Bantik and Ratahan, and have been monophthongized to e and o elsewhere.
  • Coda simplification:
    • All final stops *-p, *-t, *-k are still partially retained in Ratahan (but not *-t > ) and Talaud, but have been simplified to simple elsewhere.
    • Final nasals *-m, *-n and *-ŋ are still retained in Ratahan and Talaud, but have been simplified to elsewhere.
    • All other final consonants are subject to paragoge, see below.
  • Paragoge:
    • -əʔ in Sangir and Sangil;
    • -Vʔ in Bantik (V represents echo vowel); and
    • -a in Talaud (often preceded by gemination of consonants except ʔ).
    • *uRasurasəʔ : uhasaʔ : užasa (but geminated in *inuminumma)
  • Reflexes of *R:
    • h in Bantik, Ratahan, and Sangir;
    • r in Sangil; and
    • k when word final or following , and ž elsewhere in Talaud.
  • Reflexes of *l;
    • in Bantik in all positions, and in Sangil and Talaud when not word-final and following back vowels *a, *o, and *u (and before front vowels in Sangil);
    • in Sangil between back vowels and back vowels; and following back vowels but word final (*V¹l#); and
    • l elsewhere.

Vocabulary

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The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1984:61–114) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.

Comparison table
Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn)
Talaud Sangir Sangil Bantik Ratahan PSan PAn Meaning
biβikka biβihəʔ biβirəʔ bíbihiʔ βiβi *bibiR *bibiR 'lip'
tallu təlu taw tulu tulú *təlu *təlu 'three'
anumma ənuŋ nuŋ nuŋ num *ənum *ənəm 'six'
manuʔa manuʔ manuʔ manuʔ manuk *manuk *manuk 'fowl'
duʒi duhi duri duhi rui *duRi *duRi 'bone'
paɭ̆adda paɭ̆edəʔ paɭ̆edəʔ páledeʔ paler *paled *palaj 'palm, sole'
daɭ̆anna daɭ̆eŋ daɭ̆eŋ daleŋ ralen *dalen *zalan 'road'
Sangiric innovations
Talaud Sangir Sangil Bantik Ratahan PSan PAn Meaning
inassa kinaʔ kinaʔ kínasaʔ kinas *kinas (*Sikan) 'fish'
deno denoʔ denoʔ deno reno *deno (*diRus) 'bathe'
ʒodo horo roro hodow ʰorow *Rodaw (*Cazəm) 'sharp'

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
  2. ^ a b Sneddon, James N. (1984). "Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages". Pacific Linguistics. Canberra. doi:10.15144/PL-B91.
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