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Side effect

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In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is unintended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.

Occasionally, drugs are prescribed or procedures are performed for their side effects; in that case, said side effect ceases to be a side effect and is now an intended effect.[1] For instance, X-rays were historically (and are currently) used as an imaging technique; the discovery of their oncolytic capability led to their employ in radiotherapy (ablation of malignant tumours).

Frequency of side effects

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The World Health Organization and other health organisations characterise the probability of experiencing side effects as:[2][3]

  • Very common, ≥ 110
  • Common (frequent), 110 to 1100
  • Uncommon (infrequent), 1100 to 11000
  • Rare, 11000 to 110000
  • Very rare, < 110000

The European Commission recommends that the list should contain only effects where "at least a reasonable possibility" exists that it is caused by the drug and the frequency "should represent crude incidence rates (and not differences or relative risks calculated against placebo or other comparator)".[4] That is, the frequency describes how often symptoms appear after taking the drug, not caused by the drug. Both health care providers[5] and lay people[6] misinterpret the frequency of side effects as describing the increase in frequency caused by the drug.

Examples of therapeutic side effects

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Possible side effects of nicotine[7][8]

Examples of adverse effects

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Due A (2023). "What are side effects?". European Journal for Philosophy of Science. 13 (1): 16. doi:10.1007/s13194-023-00519-8. PMC 10006551. PMID 36936702.
  2. ^ "Common and Rare Side Effects for misoprostol oral".
  3. ^ "Definitions" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  4. ^ "A Guideline on Summary of Product Characteristics" (PDF). European commission. 1 September 2009.
  5. ^ Mühlbauer V, Mühlhauser I (November 2015). "Understanding adverse drug reactions in package leaflets - an exploratory survey among health care professionals". BMC Health Services Research. 15 (1): 505. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1160-1. PMC 4641349. PMID 26554666.
  6. ^ Mühlbauer V, Prinz R, Mühlhauser I, Wegwarth O (13 September 2018). "Alternative package leaflets improve people's understanding of drug side effects-A randomized controlled exploratory survey". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0203800. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303800M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203800. PMC 6136776. PMID 30212555.
  7. ^ "Nicotine Side Effects". Drugs.com.
  8. ^ Schraufnagel DE, Blasi F, Drummond MB, Lam DC, Latif E, Rosen MJ, et al. (September 2014). "Electronic cigarettes. A position statement of the forum of international respiratory societies". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 190 (6): 611–8. doi:10.1164/rccm.201407-1198PP. PMID 25006874. S2CID 43763340.
  9. ^ Boseley S (17 June 2006). "Drugs firm blocks cheap blindness cure". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  10. ^ Gracer R (February 2007). "The Buprenorphine Effect on Depression" (PDF). naabt.org. National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  11. ^ Bodkin JA, Zornberg GL, Lukas SE, Cole JO (February 1995). "Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 15 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1097/00004714-199502000-00008. PMID 7714228.
  12. ^ Leehey K (1 August 2003). "Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive)". Leeheymd.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  13. ^ a b Wing DA, Powers B, Hickok D (April 2010). "U.S. Food and Drug Administration drug approval: slow advances in obstetric care in the United States". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 115 (4): 825–833. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d53843. PMID 20308845.
  14. ^ Shen WW, Mahadevan J, Hofstatter L, Sata LS (July 1983). "Doxepin as a potent H2 and H2 antihistamine for epigastric distress". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 140 (7): 957–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.140.7.957. PMID 6859336. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011.
  15. ^ "Off-label Use of Gabapentin" (PDF). Idaho Drug Utilization Review, educational leaflet. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2007.
  16. ^ "Pregnancy". drugs.nmihi.com. (New Medical Information and Health Information). Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
  17. ^ Deem SG. "Premature Ejaculation". Emedicine.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  18. ^ Gelenberg AJ, Freeman MP, Markowitz JC, et al. (2010). "Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder" (PDF). Am J Psychiatry. 167 (Suppl 10): 9–118.
  19. ^ Cheshire WP, Fealey RD (2008). "Drug-induced hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis: incidence, prevention and management". Drug Safety. 31 (2): 109–26. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831020-00002. PMID 18217788. S2CID 23041000.
  20. ^ "Echinacea - side effects". Drugs.com. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  21. ^ Wells RE, Turner DP, Lee M, Bishop L, Strauss L (April 2016). "Managing Migraine During Pregnancy and Lactation". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 16 (4): 40. doi:10.1007/s11910-016-0634-9. PMID 27002079. S2CID 10098257.
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