1978 South West African parliamentary election
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Parliamentary elections were held in South West Africa between 4 and 8 December 1978. These were the first elections conducted under universal adult suffrage, all previous elections had been Whites-only. The 1978 elections were won by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, which claimed 41 of the 50 seats. The elections were conducted without United Nations (UN) supervision, and in defiance of the 1972 United Nations General Assembly's recognition of the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the "sole representative of Namibia's people". The UN henceforth declared the elections null and void. The resulting government, dependent on South African approval for all its legislation, was in power until its dissolution in 1983.
Background
[edit]The elections were a direct outcome of the 1975–1977 Turnhalle Constitutional Conference, a controversial conference in Windhoek that developed a draft constitution for a semi-autonomous South West Africa. Representatives of 11 South West African ethnic groups were invited, selected by the South African government. Existing political parties were not considered.[1]
As a result of the conference, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) was founded, mainly from the attending ethnic groups and smaller, ethnically based parties. This was done to form a counterbalance to SWAPO.[2] The Turnhalle Conference developed a draft constitution called the Turnhalle Plan for the territory. The constitution was approved in a Whites-only referendum in 1977 but never enacted, due to pressure by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).[3] However, the planned elections under general adult suffrage were still held.
Conduct
[edit]The 1978 parliamentary elections were the first multi-racial elections in the territory of South West Africa, all previous elections were only for Whites.[4] Even though the elections excluded the Namibia National Front, SWAPO Democrats and SWAPO,[5] who in turn called for a boycott,[6] voter turnout was surprisingly high at 80%. The presence of South African troops, particularly in the north of Namibia, might have been a reason for both high turnout and the DTA result,[5] and there were several charges of coercion levelled at major South West African employers and the South African security forces.[7]
However, the level of support of SWAPO's political programme and war effort within the general population was unclear,[8] which cast some doubt on the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 1972 decision to accept SWAPO as the "sole representative of Namibia's people".[9] There was a general perception that eligible voters who abstained from participating were SWAPO supporters. Encouraged by a voter turnout that high, the DTA subsequently claimed that it enjoyed a greater degree of popular support than SWAPO.[10]
Results
[edit]The interim government consisted of a National Assembly and a Council of Ministers. The DTA won the elections by a landslide, gaining 41 of the 50 seats in the National Assembly and the chairmanship of the ministerial council, to which Dirk Mudge was appointed. Johannes Skrywer became speaker of the National Assembly. The UNSC declared the election "null and void", and the subsequent interim government illegitimate.[11][12]
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Turnhalle Alliance | 268,130 | 82.18 | 41 | |
| Action Front for the Retention of Turnhalle Principles | 38,716 | 11.87 | 6 | |
| Namibia Christian Democratic Party | 9,073 | 2.78 | 1 | |
| Herstigte Nasionale Party | 5,781 | 1.77 | 1 | |
| Rehoboth Liberation Front | 4,564 | 1.40 | 1 | |
| Total | 326,264 | 100.00 | 50 | |
| Valid votes | 326,264 | 98.55 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 4,791 | 1.45 | ||
| Total votes | 331,055 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 412,635 | 80.23 | ||
| Source: African Elections Database | ||||
Aftermath
[edit]The interim government was dissolved on 18 January 1983 when South Africa again assumed full administrative authority over South West Africa after the Council of Ministers had resigned in the face of South African interference.[13]
The subsequent void was filled by South African administrators. In September 1983 the Multi-Party Conference (MPC) was established. It consisted of 19 "internal" (that is, South West African) parties but again excluded SWAPO.[14] The MPC suggested in its April 1985 Bill of Fundamental Rights and Objectives the establishment of a Transitional Government of National Unity (TNGU). South Africa followed this suggestion three months later. This interim government was again rejected by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 566.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ Napierala, Nils (2010). Namibia zu Zeiten des Kolonialismus und der Mandatsherrschaft [Namibia During the Periods of Colonialism and Foreign Administration] (in German). GRIN. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-640-74284-4.
- ^ Kangueehi, Kuvee (22 October 2004). "DTA 'Down but Not Out'". New Era (via rehobothbasters.com). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ^ "The South Africa Mandate 1915-1989". Vantaa City Museum. Retrieved 14 September 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Mudge, Dirk. The art of compromise: Constitution-making in Namibia (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ^ a b Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1978". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
- ^ Okoth, Assa (2006). A History of Africa: African nationalism and the de-colonisation process [1915-1995]. Vol. 2. East African Publishers. p. 195. ISBN 9966253580.
- ^ Weinberg, Paul (March 1979). "The S.W.A. / Namibia Election" (PDF). Reality. 11 (2). University of KwaZulu-Natal: 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-15.
- ^ Owen, Robert C (Winter 1987–88). "Counterrevolution in Namibia". Airpower Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-12-31. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
- ^ Namibia profile BBC News
- ^ Udogu, E Ike (2011). Liberating Namibia: The Long Diplomatic Struggle Between the United Nations and South Africa. McFarland & Company. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0786488780.
- ^ "Johannes Skrywer gestorben" [Johannes Skrywer died]. Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). 18 September 2014. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014.
- ^ "Democratic Elections in Namibia. An International Experiment in Nation Building" (PDF). National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. June 1989. p. 12.
- ^ Nohlen, Dieter; Krennerich, Michael; Thibaut, Bernhard (1999). Elections in Africa: a data handbook. Oxford University Press. p. 660. ISBN 0-19-829645-2.
- ^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1983". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1985". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
