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Huehuetla Tepehua

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Huehuetla Tepehua
Lhiimaqalhqama7
Native toMexico
Regionnortheastern Hidalgo, Mexico
Native speakers
1,500 (2007)[1]
Totonacan
Language codes
ISO 639-3tee
Glottologhueh1236
ELPHuehuetla Tepehua
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Huehuetla Tepehua is a moribund Tepehua language spoken in Huehuetla, northeastern Hidalgo, Mexico. There are fewer than 1,500 speakers left according to Susan Smythe Kung (2007).

Syntax

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Word order tends to be VSO, although it can be SVO at times (Kung 2007).

Phonology

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Consonants

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Huehuelta Tepehua has 26 consonant phonemes.The following table lists these phonemes and uses Kung's practical orthography in angled brackets.[2]

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Velar Uvular Glottal
plain sibilant lateral
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Stop/
Affricate
plain p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ ts ⟨tz⟩ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩ q ⟨q⟩ ʔ ⟨7⟩
ejective ⟨p'⟩ ⟨t'⟩ tsʼ ⟨tz'⟩ tʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩ ⟨k'⟩
voiced (b) (d) (g)
Fricative s ⟨s⟩ ɬ ⟨lh⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ h ⟨j⟩
Approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩
Flap ɾ ⟨r⟩

The voiced stops /b/, /d/, and /g/, as well as the flap /ɾ/ and the trill /r/, appear only in loanwords and ideophones.

In younger speakers, the uvular /q/ has merged with the glottal stop /ʔ/. Based on fieldwork from previous linguists and interviews with modern speakers, Kung theorizes that // merged into /q/ between 1945 and 1984. When Kung began her fieldwork in 1999, /q/ was only consistently found in speakers over 65.[3]

Vowels

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Hueheutla Tepehua has ten phonemic vowels. Earlier stages of the language only had six, with /e, i/, /eː, iː/, /o, u/, and /oː, uː/ in complimentary distribution.[4]

Vowel Phonemes
Front Central Back
High i ⟨i⟩ ⟨ii⟩ u ⟨u⟩ ⟨uu⟩
Mid e ⟨e⟩ ⟨ee⟩ o ⟨o⟩ ⟨oo⟩
Low a ⟨a⟩ ⟨aa⟩

Morphology

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Huehuetla Tepehua has a large variety of affixes.

Valency-changing affixes[5]
  • Reflexive -kan
  • Reciprocal laa-
  • Dative -ni
  • Causative maa-
  • Instrumental puu-
  • Comitative t'aa-
  • Applicative lhii-
Aspectual derivational affixes[6]
  • Inchoative ta-
  • Imminent ti-
  • Roundtrip kii-
  • Ambulative -t'ajun
  • Begin -tzuku
  • Desiderative -putun
  • Repetitive -pala
  • Again -choqo
  • All -qoju
  • Distal -chaa
  • Proximal -chii
Derivative affixes[7]
  • Agent nominalizer –nV7
  • Non-agentive nominalizers –ti and -nti
  • Deverbalizer -n
  • Instrumental paa- and lhaa-
  • Locative puu-
  • Applicative lhii-
  • Comitative t'aa-

Further reading

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  • Zendejas, Esther Herrera (2021). "Mecapalapa Tepehua". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0025100321000098, with supplementary sound recordings.

References

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  1. ^ Kung 2007.
  2. ^ Kung 2007, p. 33.
  3. ^ Kung 2007, pp. 67–77.
  4. ^ Kung 2007, p. 53.
  5. ^ Kung 2007, p. xiii.
  6. ^ Kung 2007, p. xiv.
  7. ^ Kung 2007, p. xv-xvi.

Sources

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