The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
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The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates is a list of highly endangered primate species selected and published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG), the International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS).[1] The IUCN/SSC PSG worked with Conservation International (CI) to start the list in 2000, but in 2002, during the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society, primatologists reviewed and debated the list, resulting in the 2002–2004 revision and the endorsement of the IPS. The publication was a joint project between the three conservation organizations until the 2012–2014 list when BZS was added as a publisher.[2] The 2018–2020 list was the first time Conservation International was not among the publishers, replaced instead by GWC. The list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS.[1] Starting with the 2004–2006 report, the title changed to "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates".[3] That same year, the list began to provide information about each species, including their conservation status and the threats they face in the wild.[4] The species text is written in collaboration with experts from the field, with 60 people contributing to the 2006–2008 report[5] and 85 people contributing to the 2008–2010 report.[4] The 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports were published in the IUCN/SSC PSG journal Primate Conservation,[3][6], since then they have been published as independent publications.[4][7][2][8][9][1]
The 25 species on the 2018–2020 list are distributed between 32 countries. The country with the most species on the list is Madagascar with five species, Indonesia, Brazil, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire each have three. The list is broken into four distinct regions: the island of Madagascar, the continent of Africa, the continent of Asia including the islands of Indonesia, and the Neotropics (Central and South America).[1]
The purpose of the list, according to Russell Mittermeier, the president of CI, is "to highlight those [primate species] that are most at risk, to attract the attention of the public, to stimulate national governments to do more, and especially to find the resources to implement desperately needed conservation measures."[10] Species are selected for the list based on two primary reasons: extremely small population sizes and very rapid drops in numbers. These reasons are heavily influenced by habitat loss and hunting, the two greatest threats primates face. More specifically, threats listed in the report include deforestation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing for pasture or farmland, charcoal production, firewood production, illegal logging, selective logging, mining, land development, and cash crop production; forest fragmentation; small population sizes; live capture for the exotic pet trade; and hunting for bushmeat and traditional medicine.[4] Twelve species were dropped for the 2018–2020 list, Mittermeier notes this was not because their situation has improved but instead to focus attention on other species that are also have "bleak prospects for their survival.[1]
Key
[edit]Species | Common and scientific name of the species, including a picture if available |
---|---|
Years listed | Years the species has been included in the IUCN's list of the "Top 25 Most Endangered Primates" |
Location(s) | Countries in which it is found |
Estimated population | Latest population estimate from the IUCN |
IUCN status | Conservation status of the species, per the IUCN as of the date of the latest list publication |
Threats | A list of threats facing the species; used by the IUCN in assessing conservation status |
Current list
[edit]Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bemanasy mouse lemur Microcebus manitatra |
2018 | Madagascar | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[11] |
|
Hapalemur alaotrensis |
2000 2014 2016 2018 |
Madagascar | 2,500 (2018 estimate) |
![]() Critically Endangered[12] |
|
James' sportive lemur Lepilemur jamesorum |
2016 2018 |
Madagascar | 1,386 (2010 estimate) |
![]() Critically Endangered[13] |
|
![]() Indri indri |
2012 2018 |
Madagascar | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[14] |
|
![]() Daubentonia madagascariensis |
2016 2018 |
Madagascar | unknown | ![]() Endangered[15] |
|
Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rondo dwarf galago Galagoides rondoensis |
2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Tanzania | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[16] |
|
![]() Cercopithecus roloway |
2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Côte d'Ivoire Ghana |
unknown | ![]() Endangered[17] |
|
Tana River red colobus Procolobus rufomitratus |
2002 2004 2006 2008 2012 |
Kenya | 1,100–1,300 | ![]() Endangered[18] |
|
![]() Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii |
2004 2006 2010 2012 |
Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island) | fewer than 5,000 | ![]() Endangered[19] |
|
![]() Gorilla beringei graueri |
2010 2012 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 5,000 | ![]() Critically Endangered[20] |
|
Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Nycticebus javanicus |
2008 2010 2012 |
Indonesia (Java) | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[21] |
|
Pig-tailed langur Simias concolor |
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Indonesia (Mentawai Islands) | 700–3,347 | ![]() Critically Endangered[22] |
|
![]() Trachypithecus delacouri |
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Vietnam | fewer than 250 | ![]() Critically Endangered[23] |
|
![]() Trachypithecus poliocephalus |
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Vietnam | 60–70 | ![]() Critically Endangered[24] |
|
![]() Semnopithecus vetulus nestor |
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Sri Lanka | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[25] |
|
![]() Pygathrix cinerea |
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Vietnam | 600–700 | ![]() Critically Endangered[26] |
|
![]() Rhinopithecus avunculus |
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Vietnam | 200–250 | ![]() Critically Endangered[27] |
|
Eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus |
2008 2010 2012 |
China Vietnam |
around 110 | ![]() Critically Endangered[28] |
|
Pygmy tarsier Tarsius pumilus |
2012 | Indonesia (Sulawesi) | unknown | ![]() Data deficient[29] |
|
Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Ateles hybridus |
2004[N 1] 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Colombia Venezuela |
unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[30] |
|
Brown-headed spider monkey Ateles fusciceps fusciceps |
2006 2012 |
Ecuador | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[31] |
|
Kaapori capuchin Cebus kaapori |
2012 | Brazil | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[32] |
|
Rio Mayo titi Callicebus oenanthe |
2012 | Peru | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[33] |
|
![]() Alouatta guariba guariba |
2012 | Brazil | fewer than 250 | ![]() Critically Endangered[34] |
|
Former list members
[edit]With each new publication, species are both added and removed from the list. In some cases, removal from the list signifies improvement for the species. With the publication of the 2006–2008 list, four species were removed because of increased conservation efforts: the black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus), golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei), and Perrier's sifaka (Propithecus perrieri).[35] In 2008, the black lion tamarin went from critically endangered to endangered and the golden lion tamarin was similarly promoted in 2003 after three decades of collaborative conservation efforts by zoos and other institutions. Well-protected species such as these still have very small populations, and due to deforestation, new habitat is still needed for their long-term survival.[10] The Hainan black crested gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), which was removed from the 2008–2010 list, still has fewer than 20 individuals left, but significant efforts to protect it are now being made.[4] Mittermeier claimed in 2007 that all 25 species could be elevated off the list within five to ten years if conservation organizations had the necessary resources.[35]
Unlike the changes in the 2006–2008 report, not all species were removed from the 2008–2010 list due to improvement in their situation. Instead, new species were added to bring attention to other closely related species with very small populations that are also at risk of extinction. For example, the highly endangered eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) replaced the Hainan black crested gibbon. The Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) replaced the Horton Plains slender loris (Loris tardigradus nycticeboides) because the former has been hit the hardest of Asian lorises, all of which are declining rapidly due primarily to capture for the exotic pet trade, as well as use in traditional medicines and forest loss. In another case, the brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps) was omitted from the list since no spokesperson could be found for the species.[4] The same approach was taken with the 2012–2014 list.[2]
Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Prolemur simus |
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 |
Madagascar | 500 or fewer | ![]() Critically Endangered[36] |
|
![]() Varecia variegata |
2010 | Madagascar | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[37] |
|
![]() Eulemur cinereiceps |
2004 2006 2008 |
Madagascar | 7,265 ± 2,268 | ![]() Endangered[38] |
|
![]() Propithecus tattersalli |
2000 | Madagascar | 6,000–10,000[39] | ![]() Endangered[39] |
|
![]() Hapalemur aureus |
2000 | Madagascar | fewer than 5,916[40] | ![]() Endangered[40] |
|
![]() Lepilemur sahamalazensis |
2006 | Madagascar | unknown | ![]() Data deficient[41] |
|
![]() Propithecus perrieri |
2000 2002 2004 2014 2016 |
Madagascar | around 915[42] | ![]() Critically Endangered[42] |
|
![]() Eulemur flavifrons |
2008 2010 2012 |
Madagascar | 450–2,300 | ![]() Critically Endangered[43] |
|
Northern sportive lemur Lepilemur septentrionalis |
2008 2010 2012 |
Madagascar | around 19 | ![]() Critically Endangered[44] |
|
![]() Propithecus candidus |
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 |
Madagascar | fewer than 250 | ![]() Critically Endangered[45] |
|
![]() Microcebus berthae |
2012 | Madagascar | fewer than 8,000 | ![]() Critically Endangered[46] |
|
![]() Varecia rubra |
2012 | Madagascar | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[47] |
|
Lavasoa Mountains dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus lavasoensis |
2014 | Madagascar | ?[48] | ![]() Endangered[48] |
|
Gerp's mouse lemur Microcebus gerpi |
2016 | Madagascar | ?[49] | ![]() Critically Endangered[49] |
|
Ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta |
2016 | Madagascar | ?[50] | ![]() Endangered[50] |
|
Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mount Rungwe galago Galagoides sp. |
2004 | Tanzania | unknown | Not evaluated |
|
Cercopithecus sclateri |
2000 | Nigeria | unknown | ![]() Vulnerable[51] |
|
![]() Mandrillus leucophaeus |
2000 | Cameroon Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Nigeria |
unknown | ![]() Endangered[52] |
|
![]() Cercocebus galeritus galeritus |
2002 | Kenya | 1,000–1,200[53] | ![]() Endangered[53] |
|
![]() Cercocebus sanjei |
2000 2002 2004 |
Tanzania | fewer than 1,300[54] | ![]() Endangered[54] |
|
![]() Cercocebus atys lunulatus |
2000 2002 2004 |
Côte d'Ivoire Ghana |
unknown | ![]() Endangered[55] |
|
Miss Waldron's red colobus Piliocolobus badius waldronae |
2000 2002 2006 |
Côte d'Ivoire Ghana |
unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[56] |
|
![]() Gorilla beringei beringei |
2000 2002 2004 |
Rwanda Uganda |
around 880 | ![]() Critically Endangered[57] |
|
![]() Procolobus epieni |
2008 2010 |
Nigeria | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[58] |
|
![]() Rungwecebus kipunji |
2006 2008 |
Tanzania | around 1,117 | ![]() Critically Endangered[59] |
|
![]() Gorilla gorilla diehli |
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 |
Cameroon Nigeria |
200–300 | ![]() Critically Endangered[60] |
|
Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horton Plains slender loris Loris tardigradus nycticeboides |
2004 2006 |
Sri Lanka | unknown | ![]() Endangered[61] |
|
Natuna Island surili Presbytis natunae |
2002 | Indonesia | fewer than 10,000[62] | ![]() Vulnerable[62] |
|
White-headed langur Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus |
2002 | China, Vietnam | fewer than 250 | ![]() Critically Endangered[63] |
|
![]() Presbytis hosei canicrus |
2004 | Indonesia (Kalimantan) | unknown | ![]() Endangered[64] |
|
![]() Rhinopithecus bieti |
2002 | China | fewer than 2,000[65] | ![]() Endangered[65] |
|
![]() Rhinopithecus brelichi |
2002 | China | around 750[66] | ![]() Endangered[66] |
|
![]() Hylobates moloch |
2000 | Indonesia (Java) | 4,000–4,500[67] | ![]() Endangered[67] |
|
![]() Nomascus hainanus |
2000 2004 2006 |
China (Hainan) | around 20[68] | ![]() Critically Endangered[68] |
|
![]() Tarsius tumpara |
2006 2008 2010 |
Indonesia (Siau Island) | Low thousands at best | Not evaluated |
|
![]() Hoolock hoolock |
2006 2008 |
Bangladesh India Myanmar |
fewer than 5,000 | ![]() Endangered[69] |
|
![]() Pongo abelii |
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 |
Indonesia (Sumatra) | around 6,600 | ![]() Critically Endangered[70] |
|
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus |
2010 | Indonesia (West Kalimantan, Borneo) Malaysia (Sarawak) |
unknown | ![]() Endangered[71] |
|
![]() Macaca silenus |
2010 | India | fewer than 4,000 | ![]() Endangered[72] |
|
Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Leontopithecus rosalia |
2000 | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | 3,200[73] | ![]() Endangered[73] |
|
![]() Leontopithecus chrysopygus |
2000 | Brazil (São Paulo) | around 1,000[74] | ![]() Endangered[74] |
|
![]() Leontopithecus caissara |
2000 2002 2004 |
Brazil (Paraná and São Paulo) | fewer than 400[75] | ![]() Critically Endangered[75] |
|
![]() Cebus xanthosternos |
2000 2002 2004 |
Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais?) | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[76] |
|
![]() Brachyteles hypoxanthus |
2000 2002 2004 |
Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais) | fewer than 1,000[77] | ![]() Critically Endangered[77] |
|
![]() Oreonax flavicauda |
2000 2006 2008 2010 |
Peru | unknown | ![]() Critically Endangered[78] |
|
![]() Saguinus oedipus |
2008 | Colombia | fewer than 6,000 | ![]() Critically Endangered[79] |
|
![]() Cebus flavius |
2010 | Brazil | 180 | ![]() Critically Endangered[80] |
|
List history
[edit]With the exception of the 2000–2002 publication, which was written collaboratively by the IUCN/SSC PSG and CI, the list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS. The 2002–2004 list resulted from the 19th Congress of the IPS in Beijing, China; the 2004–2006 list followed the 20th Congress of the IPS, held in Torino, Italy; the 2006–2008 list after the 21st Congress in Entebbe, Uganda; the 2008–2010 list followed the 22nd Congress held in Edinburgh, UK; the 2010-2012 list followed the 23rd Congress in Kyoto, Japan; the 2012–2014 list after the 24th Congress in Cancún, Mexico; the 2014–2016 list after the 25th Congress in Hanoi, Vietnam; the 2016–2018 list after the 26th Congress in Chicago, US; the 2018–2020 list after the 27th Congress in Nairobi, Kenya; and the 2022–2023 list after the 28th Congress in Quito, Ecuador.[4]
The 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species offered assessments of 634 primate taxa, of which 303 (47.8%) were listed as threatened (vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered). A total of 206 primate species were ranked as either critically endangered or endangered, 54 (26%) of which have been included at least once in The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates since 2000.[4]
Madagascar | Africa | Asia | Neotropics | |
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2000–2002 |
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2002–2004 |
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2004–2006 |
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2006–2008 |
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2008–2010 |
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2010–2012 |
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2012–2014 |
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2014–2016 |
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2016–2018 |
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2018–2020 |
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2022–2023 |
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See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f The subspecies Ateles hybridus brunneus was listed in the 2004–2006 report, but the listing was expanded to cover both subspecies of Ateles hybridus starting with the 2006–2008 report.[4][3][6]
- ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed as Propithecus diadema candidus, but it has since been reclassified as a separate species, Propithecus candidus.[4][81][82]
- ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed as Propithecus diadema perrieri, but it has since been reclassified as a separate species, Propithecus perrieri.[4][81][82]
- ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed as Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis, but it has since been reclassified as a separate species, Hapalemur alaotrensis.[4][81]
- ^ a b In the 2000–2002 and 2004–2006 reports, this gorilla was listed as Gorilla beringei, but other reports instead used Gorilla b. beringei.[4][3][81][82]
- ^ In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, the mangabey was listed as Cercocebus galeritus sanjei, but it has since been classified as a separate species, Cercocebus sanjei.[4]
- ^ a b c In the 2000–2002, 2002–2004, and 2006–2008 reports, this colobus monkey was listed as Procolobus badius waldroni, but the spelling of the name has since been corrected to waldronae.[81][82][83]
- ^ a b In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, this monkey was listed as Trachypithecus poliocephalus, but with other subspecies now recognized by the IUCN, it is now known as Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus.[4][3][81][82]
- ^ a b In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, this douc was listed as Pygathrix nemaeus cinerea, but has since been recognized as a separate species, Pygathrix cinerea.[4][3]
- ^ a b In the 2000–2002 and 2004–2006 reports, this gibbon was listed as Hylobates concolor hainanus, but it has since been recognized as a separate species and placed in the genus Nomascus, so that it is known as Nomascus hainanus.[4][81]
- ^ In the 2000–2002 report, this species was listed as Lagothrix flavicauda, but it has since been renamed to Oreonax flavicauda.[4]
- ^ In the 2002–2004 report, this monkey was listed as Trachypithecus leucocephalus, but it is now considered only a subspecies, Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus.[4][82]
- ^ a b In the 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports, this species was listed as Eulemur albocollaris, but it has since been renamed to Eulemur cinereiceps.[4]
- ^ In the 2006–2008 report, this tarsier was listed as "Tarsius sp.", but it has since been formally named as Tarsius tumpara.[4][6]
- ^ The species Ateles fusciceps was listed in the 2006–2008 report, but the common name and description match the later identified subspecies, Ateles fusciceps fusciceps.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Byler, D.; Wich, S.; Hulme, T.; Johnson, C.; Mynott, H.; McCabe, G., eds. (2019). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2018–2020" (PDF). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Washington, DC: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS): 1–130.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Taylor, L.A.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Wallis, J.; Clarke, F.E., eds. (2014). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014" (PDF). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS): 1–91.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Mittermeier, R.A.; Valladares-Pádua, C.; Rylands, A.B.; Eudey, A.A.; Butynski, T.M.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Kormos, R.; Aguiar, J.M.; Walker, S., eds. (2006). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004–2006". Primate Conservation. 2006 (20). Illustrated by S.D. Nash: 1–28. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.1. hdl:1893/1360. S2CID 198158796.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Long Yongcheng; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 (PDF). Vol. 24. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–92. doi:10.1896/052.024.0101. hdl:1893/1360. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. S2CID 35378121.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^ L., Smith (26 October 2007). "Primates in peril: 25 species facing threat of extinction". The Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d Mittermeier, R.A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Williamson, L.; Oates, J.F.; Mbora, D.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Rodríguez-Luna, E.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Cecília, M.; Kierulff, M.; Yongcheng, L.; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Aguiar, J.M., eds. (2007). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006–2008". Primate Conservation. 22. Illustrated by S.D. Nash: 1–40. doi:10.1896/052.022.0101. hdl:1893/1360. S2CID 198157959.
- ^ a b Mittermeier, R.A.; Schwitzer, C.; Rylands, A.B.; Schwitzer, C.; Taylor, L.A.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A. (2012). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2010–2012" (PDF). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI): 1–40.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Wallis, J.; Cotton, A., eds. (2015). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2014–2016" (PDF). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS): 1–93.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Macfie, E.J.; Wallis, J.; Cotton, A., eds. (2017). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018" (PDF). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS): 1–107.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b "World's most endangered primates revealed". IUCN News. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- ^ Blanco, M.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Greene, L.K.; Le Pors, B.; Lewis, R.; Rafalinirina, H.A.; Raharivololona, B.; Ralison, J.; Randriahaingo, H.N.T.; Rasoloarison, R.M.; Razafindrasolo, M.; Sgarlata, G.M.; Wright, P.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020). "Microcebus manitatra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T163313848A163313878. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V.N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008). "Hapalemur alaotrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Andriamisedra, T.R.; Ranaivoarisoa, F.N.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Louis, E.E. (2020). "Lepilemur jamesorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136491A115583306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136491A115583306.en. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
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- ^ Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Randimbiharinirina, D.R.; Raharivololona, B.; Rakotondrazandry, J.N.; Manjary, D.; Aylward, M.; Ravelomandrato, F. (2020). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6302A115560793. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6302A115560793.en. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
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External links
[edit]- IUCN Primate Specialist Group's Special Reports containing the latest and historic reports.