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Timeline of Kaliningrad

Coordinates: 54°43′00″N 20°31′00″E / 54.716667°N 20.516667°E / 54.716667; 20.516667
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Coat of arms of Kaliningrad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was known as Königsberg (Polish: Królewiec, Lithuanian: Karaliaučius) prior to 1945 and Twangste prior to 1255.

Historical coat of arms of Königsberg

Era of Teutonic Order

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15th century

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  • 1440 – The city becomes a founding member of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.
  • 1454
    • March: Inclusion of the city, in Polish known as Królewiec, within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland following a request of the Prussian Confederation.[5]
    • March: The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish King during the incorporation of the region in Kraków.[6]
    • March: City authorized by the Polish king to mint Polish coins.[7]
    • April: City becomes the capital of the Królewiec Voivodeship within Poland.[8]
  • 1455 – Captured by Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War.
  • 1457 – City becomes capital of the State of the Teutonic Order.[1]
  • 1464 – Georg Steinhaupt becomes mayor.[3]
  • 1465 – Landing force from Polish-allied Elbląg destroyed the shipyard near the Old Town, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the Thirteen Years' War.[9]
  • 1466 – Second Treaty of Thorn: the city becomes a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order.[10]

16th century

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17th century

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  • 1616 – A Catholic church erected by order of King Sigismund III Vasa and the bishop of Warmia
  • 1618 – Duchy of Prussia passes under control of Electors of Brandenburg, August: John Sigismund becomes Duke of Prussia
  • 1619 – December: George William becomes Duke of Prussia
  • 1626 – City walls built.[17]
  • 1629 – City refuses to pay taxes to the duchy.[18]
  • 1632 – King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland supports the city in its dispute with Duke George William.[18]
  • 1635
    • January: Agreement between the King of Poland and the city, granting the city the right to organize its military defense against a possible Swedish attack in exchange for exemption from taxes.[18]
    • July: Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.[19]
    • July: Jerzy Ossoliński appointed the Polish governor of the duchy by King Władysław IV Vasa.[19]
    • Jerzy Ossoliński completes the fortification of the city against a potential Swedish attack.[19]
  • 1636 – Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.[19]
  • 1640 – December: Frederick William becomes Duke of Prussia
  • 1647 – Neurossgarten Church dedicated
  • 1657
  • 1662
    • City sends a letter to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland, opposing the rule of Elector Frederick William.[20]
    • 8 July: Confederation formed in the city to maintain Poland's sovereignty over the city and region.[20]
    • 27 October: The Brandenburg Elector and his army enter the city.[20]
    • 30 October: Hieronymus Roth, leader of the city's anti-Elector opposition, abducted by Brandenburg forces, and then imprisoned.[21]
  • 1663 – City burghers, forced by Frederick William, swear an oath of allegiance to him, however, in the same ceremony they still also pledge allegiance to Poland.[22]
  • 1688 – April: Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.

18th century

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19th century

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View of the city from circa 1810
Königsberg Castle in the 1890s
  • 1890 – Population: 161,666.[1]
  • 1892 – Baltika Stadium opens.
  • 1893 – Hermann Theodor Hoffmann becomes mayor.
  • 1896 – Zoo founded.
  • 1897 – Königsberger Tageblatt (newspaper) in publication.
  • 1898 – Palaestra Albertina established.[35]
  • 1900

20th century

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1900-1945

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Aerial view of the castle and city centre in 1925

1946-1990s

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Castle ruins in the 1960s

21st century

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). "Königsberg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 894–895.
  2. ^ a b c d e David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Königsberg". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
  3. ^ a b Richard Armstedt (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen [History of the Royal Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle.
  4. ^ "Sites and projects". sg39.ru. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  5. ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 54.
  6. ^ Górski, pp. 71–72
  7. ^ Górski, p. 63
  8. ^ a b c d Podbereski 2010, p. 113.
  9. ^ "Kalendarz dat: 1465". Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  10. ^ Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
  11. ^ a b Małłek 1992, p. 248.
  12. ^ Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
  13. ^ a b c d Małłek 1992, p. 249.
  14. ^ a b Podbereski 2010, p. 114.
  15. ^ Feduszka, Jacek (2009). "Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku". Czasy Nowożytne (in Polish). Vol. 22. Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego. p. 52. ISSN 1428-8982.
  16. ^ a b c d Małłek 1992, p. 250.
  17. ^ a b c d e George Henry Townsend (1867), "Königsberg (Prussia)", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
  18. ^ a b c Małłek 1992, p. 252.
  19. ^ a b c d Małłek 1992, p. 253.
  20. ^ a b c Małłek 1992, p. 254.
  21. ^ Małłek 1992, pp. 254–255.
  22. ^ Małłek 1992, p. 255.
  23. ^ a b Julius Petzholdt (1853), Handbuch Deutscher Bibliotheken (in German), Halle: H.W. Schmidt, OCLC 8363581
  24. ^ Ciesielski, Tomasz (2010). "Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej". In Gieszczyński, Witold; Kasparek, Norbert (eds.). Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków (in Polish). Dąbrówno. p. 108. ISBN 978-83-62552-00-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ a b Ciesielski, p. 113
  26. ^ Ciesielski, p. 165
  27. ^ a b Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Konigsberg", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
  28. ^ Podbereski 2010, p. 115.
  29. ^ Richard Armstedt (1895). Heimatkunde von Königsberg (in German). Königsberg: Koch.
  30. ^ Podbereski 2010, p. 116.
  31. ^ J. Niederstetter, ed. (1867). Staats-Almanach für das Königreich Preußen (in German). Berlin: Heymann.
  32. ^ Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Königsberg", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555
  33. ^ a b "Kaliningrad Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  34. ^ Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
  35. ^ "Königsberg", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
  36. ^ Eugene van Cleef (1945). "East Baltic Ports and Boundaries: With Special Reference to Königsberg". Geographical Review. 35 (2): 257–272. doi:10.2307/211478. JSTOR 211478.
  37. ^ United States Hydrographic Office (1917). Baltic Pilot. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  38. ^ "Zeitungsinformationssystem ZEFYS" [Newspaper Information System] (in German). Berlin State Library. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  39. ^ a b c Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 529, OL 5812502M
  40. ^ "Germany: Principal Towns". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via Hathi Trust.
  41. ^ Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. p. 196. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
  42. ^ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 41.
  43. ^ Cygański, p. 42
  44. ^ "Lager für Sinti und Roma Königsberg". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  45. ^ "Memorial Plaque to the Victims of the First Deportation from Königsberg". Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance. Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  46. ^ a b Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)". Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 3: 173. ISSN 0137-5377.
  47. ^ Russell H. Fifield (1948). "International Affairs: The Postwar World Map: New States and Boundary Changes". American Political Science Review. 42 (3): 533–541. doi:10.2307/1949917. JSTOR 1949917. S2CID 147617453.
  48. ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
  49. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  50. ^ "Russianmuseums.info". Russian Cultural Heritage Network. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  51. ^ Europa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1857432533.
  52. ^ История Палаты [History of the Chamber] (in Russian). Калининградская торгово-промышленная палата (Kaliningrad Chamber of Commerce). Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  53. ^ G.J. Ashworth; J.E. Tunbridge (1999). "Old cities, new pasts: Heritage planning in selected cities of Central Europe". GeoJournal. 49 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1023/A:1007010205856. JSTOR 41147404. S2CID 133089435.
  54. ^ Patrick E. Tyler (5 April 2000). "In a Russian Region Apart, Corruption Is King". New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  55. ^ "Kaliningrad marks key anniversary". BBC News. 3 July 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  56. ^ "Mayors in Europe". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  57. ^ "Kaliningrad profile". BBC News. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  58. ^ "Restlessness in Russia's Western Outpost". New York Times. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  59. ^ "Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
  60. ^ "Crack in the EU: Poland and Kaliningrad Open Borders for Locals". Spiegel Online. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Russian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

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in English

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Published in the 18th-19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century
  • Peter Savodnik (2003). "Kaliningrad". Wilson Quarterly. 27 (2): 16–22. JSTOR 40261179.
  • Ann Kennard (2010). "Case Study 1: Kaliningrad". Old Cultures, New Institutions: Around the New Eastern Border of the European Union. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 133–161. ISBN 978-3-643-10751-0.

in other languages

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54°43′00″N 20°31′00″E / 54.716667°N 20.516667°E / 54.716667; 20.516667