Unity of religion and rule
The term unity of religion and rule (祭政一致, saisei itchi)[1] refers to the unification of ritual and politics. ritual in ritual-politics means "ritual" and religion. The word "politics" means "ritual" and politics.[2]
Under the ritualistic system, the political leader is also the religious leader. This ideology and political form is common in ancient societies governed by animist religions.[original research?][3][4]、In Japan, the Oracle of miko can be traced back to the ancient theocracy, including the Yamato Kingship, where the Oracle of Wu had political authority, as well as the Ryukyu Kingdom, a system of government that was based on the Ryukyu Kingdom.[5]
Shinto is an animistic religion, and one of its characteristics is the unity of ritual and government.[6] Although not necessarily restricted to Shinto in Japanese, rites and ceremonies are used in English as Saisei itchi as a term for Shinto.[6][7][8][9] Keiichi Yanagawa defined ritual government as different from theocracy, in which a professional clergyman directly governs.[10] Ritual and political unity has been referred to primarily in the context of the ancient emperor system.[11]
Ritual and Political Unity in Japan
[edit]On March 13, 1868, the Meiji Restoration announced the Restoration of the Monarchy and the reestablishment of the Department of Divinities in a "Dajokanbudan".[12][13]
Also used on January 3, 1870, in the "Declaration of the Great Teachings" (Dai-kyo Sengen).[14][15]
Later in the Meiji era, the theory came to be replaced with Secular Shrine Theory,[16] the idea that Shinto Shrines were secular in their nature rather than religious.[17]
See also
[edit]- Department of Divinities
- Theocracy
- Separation of church and state
- State Shinto
- Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine
- Caesaropapism
- Bureau of Shinto Affairs
References
[edit]- ^ "Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms: K". www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
- ^ 『世界大百科事典』に山田武の署名記事があるほか，無記名ではあるが『マイペディア』などの百科事典，『日本国語大辞典』『広辞苑』などの国語辞典，また新聞報道などにも細部の表現は違うが使われている。
- ^ 小学館 2021b, p. 「原始宗教」.
- ^ 小学館 2021c, p. 「原始宗教」.
- ^ 山上 1989, pp. 84–100.
- ^ a b Nigosian, S. A. (January 1, 1994), World Faiths, Bedford/st Martins; 2nd edition, pp. 217–218, ISBN 978-0312084141
- ^ "saisei-itchi | Japanese religion". britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
- ^ Public Shrine Forests? Shinto, Immanence, and Discursive Secularization, Aike P. Rots, Japan Review 30 Special Issue (2017): p.187
- ^ Saisei itchiは"the unity of religion and government"か"the unity of ritual and government"と直訳され神道固有の概念として解説されている
- ^ Between Unity and Separation: Religion and Politics in Japan, 1965-1977 Yanagawa Keiichi and David Reid, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 6/4 December 1979. p.502
- ^ 平凡社 2021d, p. 「祭政一致」.
- ^ 「此度王政復古，神武創業ノ始ニ被為基，諸事御一新，祭政一致之御制度ニ御復被遊候ニ付テハ，先第一神祇官御再興御造立ノ上……（後略）」安丸良夫・宮地正人編『日本近代思想大系5 宗教と国家』425ページ
- ^ 明治元年太政官布告第153 『法令全書. 慶応３年』 p.63、内閣官報局（国立国会図書館）
- ^ 「朕恭惟 天神 天祖，立極垂統；列皇相承，継之述之。祭政一致，億兆同心。治教明于上，風俗美于下。而中世以降，時有汚隆，道有顕晦，治教之不洽也久矣。今也，天運循環，百度維新，宜明治教，以宣揚惟神大道也。因新命宣教使，以布教天下。汝群臣衆庶，其体斯旨。」安丸良夫・宮地正人編『日本近代思想大系5 宗教と国家』431ページ
- ^ 『歴代の詔勅』 p.66 河野省三 内閣印刷局、1940年（国立国会図書館）
- ^ "神社非宗教論とは - Weblio辞書". www.weblio.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ^ 新田 1995, p. 199-220.
Bibliography
[edit]- 世界大百科事典&マイペディア 第2版[CD-ROM]，ISBN 978-4816981838
- 広辞苑 第六版 DVD-ROM版，ISBN 978-4001301618
- 安丸良夫・宮地正人編『日本近代思想大系5 宗教と国家』岩波書店，1988，ISBN 978-4002300054
- 小学館 (2021b). "原始宗教". 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) (in Japanese). 小学館、コトバンク. "日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)". Kotobank (in Japanese).
- 小学館 (2021c). "原始宗教". デジタル大辞泉 (in Japanese). 小学館、コトバンク. "デジタル大辞泉". Kotobank (in Japanese).
- 山上伊豆母 (1989). 古代神道の本質 (in Japanese). 法政大学出版局. pp. 84–100. ISBN 4588306014.
- ブリタニカ・ジャパン (2021f). "祭政一致". ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (in Japanese). ブリタニカ・ジャパン、コトバンク. "ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典". Kotobank (in Japanese).
- 平凡社 (2021c). "祭政一致". 百科事典マイペディア (in Japanese). 平凡社、コトバンク. "百科事典マイペディア". Kotobank (in Japanese).
- 平凡社 (2021d). "祭政一致". 世界大百科事典 第２版 (in Japanese). 平凡社、コトバンク. "世界大百科事典 第２版". Kotobank (in Japanese).