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User:DDG9912/Kazakh grammar

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This article outlines the grammar of Kazakh language, in both Latin and Cyrillic scripts (see Kazakh alphabets).

When there is no separate columns for vocalic variants is presented, the capital letters are used (see also Kazakh language#Vowel harmony).

Nouns

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Kazakh nouns are declined for 7 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative, and instrumental) and numbers (singular and plural), and nouns can also have possessive suffixes. The suffixes have many allomorphs depending on final consonants.[1]

Cases

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Case Last letters
Vowels Nasals Approximants Voiced sibilants Obstruents
a, ä, e, ı, o, ö, ū, ü, y m, n, ñ i, l, r, u, yu j, z b, d, f, g, ğ, h, k, p, q, s, t, v
а, ә, е, і, о, ө, ұ, ү, ы м, н, ң и/й, л, р, у, ю ж, з б, д, ф, г, ғ, һ/х, к, п, қ, с, т, в
Nominative atau septık
атау септік 		—
Accusative tabys septık
табыс септік 		Back -ny
-ны 		-dy
-ды 		-ty
-ты
Front -nı
-ні 		-dı
-ді 		-tı
-ті
Genitive ılık septık
ілік септік 		Back -nyñ
-ның 		-dyñ
-дың 		-tyñ
-тың
Front -nıñ
-нің 		-dıñ
-дің 		-tıñ
-тің
Dative barys septık
барыс септік 		Back -ğa
-ға 		-qa
-қа
Front -ge
-ге 		-ke
-ке
Locative jatys septık
жатыс септік 		Back -da
-да 		-ta
-та
Front -de
-де 		-te
-те
Ablative şyğys septık
шығыс септік 		Back -dan
-дан 		-nan
-нан 		-dan
-дан 		-tan
-тан
Front -den
-ден 		-nen
-нен 		-den
-ден 		-ten
-тен
Instrumental kömektes septık
көмектес септік 		-men
-мен 		-ben
-бен 		-pen
-пен

Plurals are formed under this way:

Variants Last letters
Vowels Approximants Nasals and l Voiced sibilants Obstruents
a, ä, e, ı, o, ö, ū, ü, y i, r, u, yu m, n, ñ, l j, z b, d, f, g, ğ, h, k, p, q, s, t, v
а, ә, е, і, о, ө, ұ, ү, ы и/й, р, у, ю м, н, ң, л ж, з б, д, ф, г, ғ, һ/х, к, п, қ, с, т, в
Back -lar
-лар 		-dar
-дар 		-tar
-тар
Front -ler
-лер 		-der
-дер 		-ter
-тер

Other cases than nominative are formed by suffixing sonorant variants directly to the nominative plural suffix (e.g. accusative -lardy, genitive -lardyñ, dative -larğa, locative -larda, ablative -lardan, and instrumental -larben).

Possessive suffixes

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Person ↓ Final letters
Consonant Vowel Consonant Vowel
Singular possessee Plural possessee
1st Back -ym
-ым 		-m
-м 		-ymyz
-ымыз 		-myz
-мыз
Front -ım
-ім 		-ımız
-іміз 		-mız
-міз
2nd Informal Back -yñ
-ың 		-ñ
-ң 		-yñ
-ың 		-ñ
-ң
Front -ıñ
-ің 		-ıñ
-ің
Formal Back -yñyz
-ыңыз 		-ñyz
-ңыз 		-yñyz
-ыңыз 		-ñyz
-ңыз
Front -ıñız
-іңіз 		-ñız
-ңіз 		-ıñız
-іңіз 		-ñız
-ңіз
3rd Back -y
-ы 		-sy
-сы 		-y
-ы 		-sy
-сы
Front -ı
-і 		-sı
-сі 		-ı
-і 		-sı
-сі

Kazakh possessive suffixes are distinguished for T–V distinction in the second person, but not distinguished in possessee's number in second and third person. These forms are distinguished in possessed object's number by adding consonant variants into the plural suffix (see above, thus, balalar "children"→ balalarym "my children"). These forms are also used after genitive plural pronouns, except in the first person (senderdıñ balalaryñ instead of *senderdıñ balañ, means either "your child" or "your children").[2][3]

There are voicing of final consonants -k-, -p-, -q- to -g-, -b-, -ğ- before possessive forms (but not when preceding plural suffixes), as in köbelek, sg.3p köbelegı, but pl.3p köbelekterı "butterfly". However, some nouns elide last vowels instead of voicing final consonants (körık, körkı "beauty").[4]

Stem and ending differences
Person ↓ jol "road" bala "child" köbelek "butterfly" körık "beauty"
Singular possessee Plural possessee Singular possessee Plural possessee Singular possessee Plural possessee Singular possessee Plural possessee
1st jolym
жолым 		jolymyz
жолымыз 		balam
балам 		balamyz
баламыз 		köbelegım
көбелегім 		köbelegımız
көбелегіміз 		körkım
көркім 		körkımız
көркіміз
2nd Informal jolyñ
жолың 		balañ
балаң 		köbelegıñ
көбелегің 		körkıñ
көркің
Formal jolyñyz
жолыңыз 		balañyz
балаңіз 		köbelegıñız
көбелегіңіз 		körkıñız
көркіңіз
3rd joly
жолы 		balasy
баласы 		köbelegı
көбелегі 		körkı
көркі

Note that there are some irregularities in the case declensions of possessive forms: dative suffix changes to -e/-е after first and second person suffixes and -ne/-не after the third person suffix, nasal variants of genitive, ablative, and instrumental suffixes are always used after third person, and accusative and locative suffixes has unique forms after third person -n/-н and -nde/-нде, respectively.

Examples of bala/бала "child" (singular forms only)
Case Singular Plural Both
First Second Third
Informal Formal
Nominative balam
балам 		balamyz
баламыз 		balañ
балаң 		balañyz
балаңыз 		balasy
баласы
Accusative balamdy balamyzdy balañdy balañyzdy balasyn
Genitive balamnyñ balamyzdyñ balañnyñ balañyzdyñ balasynyñ
Dative balama balamyza balaña balañyza balasyna
Locative balamda balamyzda balañda balañyzda balasynda
Ablative balamnan balamyzdan balañnan balañyzdan balasynan
Instrumental balammen balamyzben balañmen balañyzben balasymen

Examples

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Declension of nouns
Case keme/кеме "ship" aua/ауа "air" şelek/шелек "bucket" säbız/сәбіз "carrot" bas/бас "head" tūz/тұз "salt" qan/қан "blood" kün/күн "day"
Nominative keme
кеме		 aua
ауа		 şelek
шелек		 säbız
сәбіз		 bas
бас		 tūz
тұз		 qan
қан		 kün
күн
Accusative kemenı
кемені		 auany
ауаны		 şelektı
шелекті		 säbızdı
сабізді		 basty
басты		 tūzdy
тұзды		 qandy
қанды		 kündı
күнді
Genitive kemenıñ
кеменің		 auanyñ
ауаның		 şelektıñ
шелектің		 säbızdıñ
сәбіздің		 bastyñ
бастың		 tūzdyñ
тұздың		 qannyñ
қанның		 künnıñ
күннің
Dative kemege
кемеге		 auağa
ауаға		 şelekke
шелекке		 säbızge
сәбізге		 basqa
басқа		 tūzğa
тұзға		 qanğa
қанға		 künge
күнге
Locative kemede
кемеде		 auada
ауада		 şelekte
шелекте		 säbızde
сәбізде		 basta
баста		 tūzda
тұзда		 qanda
қанда		 künde
күнде
Ablative kemeden
кемеден		 auadan
ауадан		 şelekten
шелектен		 säbızden
сәбізден		 bastan
бастан		 tūzdan
тұздан		 qannan
қаннан		 künnen
күннен
Instrumental kememen
кемемен		 auamen
ауамен		 şelekpen
шелекпен		 säbızben
сәбізбен		 baspen
баспен		 tūzben
тұзбен		 qanmen
қанмен		 künmen
күнмен

Verbs

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In Kazakh, verbs are inflected for 11 tenses and moods (present, aorist, past, future, future intentional, obvious pluperfect, non-obvious pluperfect, transient past, conditional, optative, and imperative), with one of them (present tense) formed periphrastically. Inflection of Kazakh verbs also influenced by T–V distinction, with the second person forms being distinguished in numbers (singular and plural) and formality.[5]

Personal markers

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Class 1[6]
Number →
Person ↓ 		Last letters
Vowels and sonorants Voiced sibilants Obstruents Vowels and sonorants Voiced sibilants Obstruents
Singular Plural
1st Back -myn
-мын 		-byn
-бын 		-pyn
-пын 		-myz
-мыз 		-byz
-быз 		-pyz
-пыз
Front -mın
-мін 		-bın
-бін 		-pın
-пін 		-mız
-міз 		-bız
-біз 		-pız
-піз
2nd informal Back -syñ
-сың 		-syñdar
-сыңдар
Front -sıñ
-сің 		-sıñder
-сіңдер
2nd formal Back -syz
-сыз 		-syzdar
-сыздар
Front -sız
-сіз 		-sızder
-сіздер
3rd -∅
-∅
Class 2[6]
Number →
Person ↓ 		Singular Plural
1st Back -m
-м 		-q
-қ
Front -k
-к
2nd informal Back -ñ
-ң 		-ñdar
-ңдар
Front -ñder
-ңдер
2nd formal Back -ñyz
-ңыз 		-ñyzdar
-ңыздар
Front -ñız
-ңіз 		-ñızder
-ңіздер
3rd -∅
-∅
Imperative[7]
Number →
Person ↓ 		Last letter Last letter
Consonant Vowel Consonant Vowel
Singular Plural
1st Back -aiyn
-айын 		-iyn
-йын 		-aiyq
-айық 		-iyq
-йық
Front -eiın
-ейін 		-iın
-йін 		-eiık
-ейік 		-iık
-йік
2nd informal Back -∅
-∅ 		-yñdar
-ыңдар 		-ñdar
-ңдар
Front -ıñder
-іңдер 		-ñder
-ңдер
2nd formal Back -yñyz
-ыңыз 		-ñyz
-ңыз 		-yñyzdar
-ыңыздар 		-ñyzdar
-ңыздар
Front -ıñız
-іңіз 		-ñız
-ңіз 		-ıñızder
-іңіздер 		-ñızder
-ңіздер
3rd Back -syn
-сын
Front -sın
-сін

Aorist and non-obvious pluperfect personal markers are similar to general ones, except the 3rd person endings replaced by -dy/-dı (-ды/-ді) or -ty/-tı (-ты/-ті) after unvoiced consonants, instead of a null suffix. Desiderative mood personal markers, however, used possessive suffixes.

Finite tenses

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Before consonant-starting endings, verb stems ending in voiced consonants b, d, g, and ğ (б, д, г, and ғ) are unvoiced to p, t, k, and q (п, т, к, and қ), respectively (tabu "to find" → past tapty but aorist tabady).

Class 1 personal markers

[edit]
Tense Kazakh name Endings
Positive Negative
Present naq osy şaq
нақ осы шақ[8]
Converb
Final letters
Consonant Vowel
Back -yp
-ып 		-p
-п
Front -ıp
-іп
+ Auxiliary verbs
Standing tūr-
тұр-
In motion jür-
жүр-
Sitting otyr-
отыр-
Lying down jatyr-
жатыр-
Converb
Final letters
Consonant Vowel
Back -yp
-ып 		-p
-п
Front -ıp
-іп
+ Auxiliary verbs
Standing tūrğan
тұрған
In motion jürgen
жүрген
Sitting otyrğan
отырған
Lying down jatqan
жатқан
+ joq- (жоқ-)
Final -b changes to -u before the converb suffix (tabu "to find" → tauyp), while final -l can be deleted alternatively (kelu "to come" → kelıp, kep).
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -mai
-май 		-bai
-бай 		-pai
-пай
Front -mei
-мей 		-bei
-бей 		-pei
-пей
+ Auxiliary verbs
Standing tūr-
тұр-
In motion jür-
жүр-
Sitting otyr-
отыр-
Lying down jatyr-
жатыр-
Aorist auyspaly keler şaq
ауыспалы келер шақ[9]
Final letters
Consonant Vowel
Back -a-
-а- 		-i-
-й-
Front -e-
-е-

After й (Cyrillic, i in Latin), the sequence -йа- merges to -я-, but it is not done in Latin where it simply remained as -ia-.
Sequences of underlying -ıi-/-ій- and -yi-/-ый- are replaced by -i-/-и- (see § Irregular verbs).

Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -mai-
-май- 		-bai-
-бай- 		-pai-
-пай-
Front -mei-
-мей- 		-bei-
-бей- 		-pei-
-пей-
Future boljaldy keler şaq
болжалды келер шақ[10]
Final letters
Consonant Vowel
Back -ar-
-ар- 		-r-
-р-
Front -er-
-ер-
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -mas-
-мас- 		-bas-
-бас- 		-pas-
-пас-
Front -mes-
-мес- 		-bes-
-бес- 		-pes-
-пес-
Intentional future maqsatty keler şaq
мақсатты келер шақ[11]
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -maq(şy)-
-мақ(шы)- 		-baq(şy)-
-бақ(шы)- 		-paq(şy)-
-пақ(шы)-
Front -mek(şı)-
-мек(ші)- 		-bek(şı)-
-бек(ші)- 		-pek(şı)-
-пек(ші)-
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -maq(şy)
-мақ(шы) 		-baq(şy)
-бақ(шы) 		-paq(şy)
-пақ(шы)
Front -mek(şı)
-мек(ші) 		-bek(şı)
-бек(ші) 		-pek(şı)
-пек(ші)
+ emes- (емес)
Obvious pluperfect būryñğy ötken şaq
бұрынғы өткен шақ[12]
Final letters
Obstruent Others
Back -qan-
-қан- 		-ğan-
-ған-
Front -ken-
-кен- 		-gen-
-ген-
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -mağan
-маған 		-bağan
-баған 		-pağan
-паған
Front -megen
-меген 		-begen
-беген 		-pegen
-пеген
Final letters
Obstruent Others
Back -qan
-қан 		-ğan
-ған
Front -ken
-кен 		-gen
-ген
+ emes- (емес-) or joq- (жоқ)
Non-obvious pluperfect būryñğy ötken şaq
бұрынғы өткен шақ[13]
Final letters
Consonant Vowel
Back -yp-
-ып- 		-p-
-п-
Front -ıp-
-іп-
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -map-
-мап- 		-bap-
-бас- 		-pap-
-пас-
Front -mep-
-меп- 		-bep-
-беп- 		-pep-
-пеп-

Class 2 personal markers

[edit]
Tense Kazakh name Endings
Positive Negative
Past jedel ötken şaq
жедел өткен шақ[14]
Final letters
Obstruent Others
Back -ty-
-ты- 		-dy-
-ды-
Front -tı-
-ті- 		-dı-
-ді-
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -mady-
-мады- 		-bady-
-бады- 		-pady-
-пады-
Front -medı-
-меді- 		-bedı-
-беді- 		-pedı-
-педі-
Conditional şartty rai
шартты рай[15]
Back -sa-
-са-
Front -se-
-се-
Final letters
Vowel and sonorants Voiced sibilants Unvoiced consonants
Back -masa-
-маса- 		-basa-
-баса- 		-pasa-
-паса-
Front -mese-
-месе- 		-bese-
-бесе- 		-pese-
-песе-

Possessive personal markers

[edit]
Tense Kazakh name Endings
Positive Negative
Optative kalau rai
калау рай[16]
Final letters
Obstruent Others
Back -qy-
-қы- 		-ğy-
-ғы-
Front -kı-
-кі- 		-gı-
-гі-
+ Positive forms of kelu (келу) "to come"
Final letters
Obstruent Others
Back -qy-
-қы- 		-ğy-
-ғы-
Front -kı-
-кі- 		-gı-
-гі-
+ Negative forms of kelu (келу) "to come"

Irregular verbs

[edit]

There are numerous verbs that normally contain underlying -ı-/-і- or -y-/-ы- on their root vowel in all verb forms but obscured in the infinitive form (infinitive estu/есту "to hear", imperative estı/есті, present estidı/естиді, but jazu/жазу "to write", jaz/жаз, jazady/жазады). There are about 11 pairs of verbs which differ by irregularity but alse their meanings: irregular pysu "get stronger" (imp. pysy) vs. regular pysu "get scared" (imp. pys).[17]

There are 4 verbs, namely bürku/бүрку "to sprinkle", qorqu/қорқу "to fear", qyrqu/қырқу "to cut", and ırku/ірку "to delay" that have unelided forms before endings starting with consonants and the imperative mood, all of them contain medial consonant clusters: infinitive qorqu/қорқу "to fear", aorist qorqady/қорқады, but imperative qoryq/қорық, past qoryqty/қорықты. The endings used for the previous type of irregular verbs (see above) do not apply here.[18][19]

In the present tense, verbs baru/бару "to go", kelu/келу "to come", aparu/апару "carry away", and äkelu/әкелу "bring" take converbs -a (а) or -e (е) instead of regular -(I)p (-(І)п), but also they always use auxiliary jatyr: bara jatyr/бара жатыр, not *baryp jatyr/барып жатыр. Also, the verbs tūru/тұру "to stand", jüru/жүру "to go", otyru/отыру "to sit", and jatu/жату "to lie down" may use respective auxiliary verbs without converbs: jatyrmyn/жатырмын "I'm lying down" instead of *jatyp jatyrmyn/жатып жатырмын. In colloquial speech however, jatyr is fused into the converb, creating true regular-irregular pairs:[8]

Infinitive jazu ısteu baru kelu
Standard present jazyp jatyr ıstep jatyr bara jatyr kele jatyr
Colloquial present jazybatyr, jazyvatyr ıstebatyr, ıstevatyr baratyr keleatyr, keliatyr

Additionally, there is also defective verb *eu/*еу that only exists in distant past and simple past tenses: eken/екен and edi/еді, respectively. However, their inflections become more irregular by colloquial shortening, leaving regular long and irregular short forms.

Number →
Person ↓ 		eken[20] edi[21]
Long Short Long Short
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st ekenmen ekenmız ekem ekemız edım edık em ek
2nd ekensıñ ekesıñ ekensıñder ekesıñder edıñ edıñız eñ eñız
3rd eken edı ed

Further reading

[edit]
  • Wagner, John Doyle; Dotton, Zura (n.d.). A Grammar of Kazakh (PDF).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Существительные". Казахский язык. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  2. ^ "Притяжательные окончания, 2 лицо". Казахский язык. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Притяжательные окончания, 3 лицо". Казахский язык. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  4. ^ "Беглые гласные". Казахский язык. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Глаголы". Казахский язык. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Личные окончания". Казахский язык. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  7. ^ "Повелительное наклонение глагола". Казахский язык. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Настоящее время глагола". Казахский язык. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  9. ^ "Переходное время глагола". Казахский язык. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Будущее предположительное время глагола". Казахский язык. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  11. ^ "Будущее время намерения". Казахский язык. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Давнопрошедшее время (очевидное)". Казахский язык. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  13. ^ "Давнопрошедшее время (неочевидное)". Казахский язык. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  14. ^ "Прошедшее время глагола". Казахский язык. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  15. ^ "Условное наклонение глагола". Казахский язык. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  16. ^ "Желателное наклонение глагола". Казахский язык. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  17. ^ "Глаголы-исключения". Казахский язык. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  18. ^ "Беглые гласные". Казахский язык. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  19. ^ "Спряжение глаголов 'қорқу' и 'ірку'". Казахский язык. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  20. ^ "Вспомогательный глагол 'екен'". Казахский язык. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  21. ^ "Вспомогательный глагол 'еді'". Казахский язык. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
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