User:Ldm1954/Sandbox/EC

This is a timeline of crystallography involving electrons.

19th Century

• One or two on electrons as waves?

20th Century

• 1924 - Louis de Broglie in his PhD thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta introduced his theory of electron waves. This was the start of electron and neutron diffraction and crystallography.
• 1927 - Two groups demonstrated electron diffraction, the first the Davisson–Germer experiment,, the other by George Paget Thomson and Alexander Reid. Alexander Reid, who was Thomson's graduate student, performed the first experiments, but he died soon after in a motorcycle accident.
• 1928 - Hans Bethe published the first non-relativistic explanation of electron diffraction based upon Schrödinger's equation, which remains central to all further analysis.
• 1930 - Gas electron diffraction was developed by Herman Mark and Raymond Wierl,
• 1932 - Vadim E. Lashkaryov and Ilya D. Usyskin determined of the positions of hydrogen atoms in NH₄Cl crystals using electron diffraction,
• 1936 - Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases."
• 1936 - Hans Boersch showed that electron microscope could be used as micro-diffraction cameras with an aperture—the birth of selected area electron diffraction.
• 1937 - Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in physics "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."
• 1939 - Walther Kossel and Gottfried Möllenstedt published the first work on convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), It was extended by Peter Goodman and Gunter Lehmpfuhl, then mainly by the groups of John Steeds and Michiyoshi Tanaka who showed how to use CBED patterns to determine point groups and space groups.
• 1956 - James Menter published the first electron microscope images showing the lattice structure of a material.
• 1960 - Lester Germer and his coworkers at Bell Labs using a flat phosphor screen for the first modern low-energy electron diffraction camera combined with ultra-high vacuum, the start of quantitative surface crystallography.
• 1968 - Aaron Klug and David DeRosier used electron microscopy to visualise the structure of the tail of bacteriophage T4, a common virus, thus signalling a breakthrough in macromolecular structure determination.
• 1970 -Albert Crewe demonstrated imaging of single atoms in a scanning transmission electron microscopy.
• 1972 - The first quantitative matching of atomic scale images and dynamical simulations was published by J. G. Allpress, E. A. Hewat, A. F. Moodie and J. V. Sanders.
• 1982 - Aaron Klug won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.”
• 1983 - Effectively simultaneously Ian Robinson used surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) to solve the structure of the gold 2x1 (110) surface, Laurence D. Marks used electron microscopy and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer used scanning tunneling microscope.
• 1984 - A team led by Dan Shechtman also involving Ilan Blech, Denis Gratias, and John W. Cahn discovered quasicrystals in a metallic alloy. These structures have no unit cell and no periodic translational order but have long-range bond orientational order, which generates a defined diffraction pattern.
• 1985 - Kunio Takanayagi led a team which solved the structure of the 7x7 reconstruction of the silicon (111) surface using Patterson function methods with ultra-high vacuum electron diffraction. This surface structure had defeated many prior attempts.
• 1986 - Ernst Ruska shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope".
• 1987 - John M. Cowley and Alexander F. Moodie shared the first IUCr Ewald Prize "for their outstanding achievements in electron diffraction and microscopy. They carried out pioneering work on the dynamical scattering of electrons and the direct imaging of crystal structures and structure defects by high-resolution electron microscopy. The physical optics approach used by Cowley and Moodie takes into account many hundreds of scattered beams, and represents a far-reaching extension of the dynamical theory for X-rays, first developed by P.P. Ewald".
• 1991 - Sumio Iijima used electron diffraction to determine the structure of carbon nanotubes.
• 1992 - The International Union of Crystallography changed the IUCr’s definition of a crystal to “any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction pattern” thus formally recognizing quasicrystals.
• 1994 - Roger Vincent and Paul Midgley invented the precession electron diffraction method for electron crystallography in a transmission electron microscope.
• 1995 - Douglas L. Dorset published Structural Electron Crystallography, a major text on electron crystallography.
• 1998 - The structure of tubulin and the location of the taxol-binding site is first determined by Eva Nogales and her team using electron crystallography.
• 1998 - A group led by Jon Gjønnes combined three-dimensional electron diffraction with precession electron diffraction and direct methods to solve an intermetallic, combining this with dynamical refinements.

21st Century

• 2007 - Ute Kolb and co-workers developed automated diffraction tomography for electron crystallography by combining diffraction and tomography within a transmission electron microscope.
• 2011 - Gustaaf Van Tendeloo led a team including Sandra Van Aert, Kees Joost Batenburg et. al. determined the 3D atomic positions of a silver nanoparticle using electron tomography.
• 2011 - Dan Shechtman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry "for the discovery of quasicrystals."
• 2012 - Jianwei Miao and his co-workers applied the coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) method in Atomic Electron Tomography (AET).
• 2013 - Tamir Gonen and his co-workers demonstrated microcrystal electron diffraction (microED) for lysozyme microcrystals at the Janelia Farm Research Campus.
• 2017 - Lukas Palatinus and co-workers used dynamical structure refinement to resolve hydrogen atom positions in nanocrystals using electron diffraction.
• 2017 - Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."
• 2020 - Two independent groups led respectively by Holger Stark and Sjors Scheres demonstrated that single-particle cryoelectron microscopy has reached atomic resolution.

Further reading

• Authier, André (2013), Early days of x-ray crystallography, Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 9780198754053
• Burke, John G. (1966), Origins of the science of crystals, University of California Press. LCCN 66--13584
• Ewald, P. P. (ed.) (1962), 50 Years of x-ray diffraction, IUCR, Oosthoek
• Kubbinga, Henk (2012). "Crystallography from Haüy to Laue: Controversies on the molecular and atomistic nature of solids". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 227 (1): 1–26. Bibcode:2012ZK....227....1K. doi:10.1524/zkri.2012.1459.
• Lima-de-Faria, José (ed.) (1990), Historical atlas of crystallography, Springer Netherlands
• Milestones in crystallography, Nature, August 2014
• Whitlock, H. P. (1934). "A century of progress in crystallography" (PDF). The American Mineralogist. 19: 93–100.