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Qilu culture

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Qilu culture, also known as Haidai culture, is a regional culture formed and developed centered in Shandong Province, China. The Qilu Cultural District is centered on the Taiyi Mountains, and its scope roughly includes the area east of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in today's Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, and the Liaodong Peninsula. It is consistent with the Jiaoliao Mandarin District and the Hebei and Lu Mandarin Districts in Shandong Province. To the west, it is bounded by the Grand Canal and the Central Plains Culture, and to the south, it is adjacent to the Jianghuai Culture in the Jianghuai Mandarin District. Qilu culture can be subdivided into "Western Lu culture" and "Jiaodong culture".[1]

Feature

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Qilu culture has an inseparable relationship with Guan Zhong and Confucius. The origin of Qilu culture was influenced by them, which laid the foundation for the subsequent vigorous development of Qilu culture.

Qi culture

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Guan Zhong was a statesman and philosopher of the Qi State and a representative figure of Legalism in the Spring and Autumn period. His main thoughts were recorded in the book "Guanzi" by later generations.[2]

Lu culture

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Confucius was an educator and philosopher from the State of Lu, and the founder of Yi Xu[3] e and Confucianism. His thoughts of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trust had a profound influence.

Scope

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The Qilu Cultural District is centered on the Taiyi Mountains,[4] and its scope roughly includes the area east of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in today's Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, and the Liaodong Peninsula. It is consistent with the Jiaoliao Mandarin District and the Hebei and Hebei and Shandong Mandarin Districts in Shandong Province. To the west it is bounded by the Grand Canal and the Central Plains Culture, to the south it is adjacent to the Jianghuai Culture in the Jianghuai Mandarin District, to the north across the Bohai Strait, and in the Liaodong Peninsula, it is adjacent to the Northeastern Culture in the Northeast Mandarin District.

History

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Bamboo slips of "Sun Tzu's Art of War " unearthed from Yinqueshan Han Tomb

The Shandong culture in the prehistoric period is called Dongyi culture and is one of the oldest civilizations in China.[5] The characters of the Dongyi people may be one of the important sources of oracle bone inscriptions in the Shang dynasty,[6] among which the characters "Dan, Jin, Huang, Feng, Jiu, Pai" and other characters are still used today. According to Chinese classics, the Dongyi people invented the bow and arrow and had high pottery-making technology. They were also the first tribe in China to use copper and iron. Research on Longshan culture shows that Dongyi people are also the inventors of rituals, which indicates the formation of their social class and country. Chinese archaeologist Yu Weichao[7] believes that "if it were not for the great flood more than 4,000 years ago, the Dongyi people might have established China’s earliest dynasty."[8]

From the founding of Qi and Lu in the early Western Zhou dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period, it was the period of formation of Qi culture (Jiaodong culture) and Lu culture (Western Lu culture). Among them, Qi culture is dominated by Dongyi culture and supplemented by Zhou culture, while Lu culture is dominated by Zhou culture and supplemented by Dongyi culture. The culture of Qi was utilitarian or rational, which resulted in the emergence of military strategists (Sun Wu, Sun Bin), astronomers (Gan De, Zou Yan), medical scientists (Bian Que), logicians (Gongsun Long), and Yin-Yang sects (Zou Yan) as well as Taoists, famous scholars, legalists, peasants, politicians, and other pragmatic schools of thought; while Lu culture focused on etiquette and feudalism, and Confucianism advocated the restoration of feudalism and hierarchy. But at the same time, Mohists who opposed Confucianism and advocated logic also emerged. During the Warring States period, Qi culture began to occupy the main body among Qi and Lu cultures, of which Legalism and Mohism accounted for a large part.[9]

Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty recognized the Confucian system during the Han dynasty. After[10] "deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone," it became the cornerstone of the later Chinese social framework and values.[11] At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, two more famous Confucian scholars, He Xiu[12] and Zheng Xuan, appeared in Shandong. During the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties, famous noble families who lived in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the Langya Wang family, Lanling Xiao family,[13] Gaoping Xi family, Langya Yan family, and Taiyang family,[14] all came from the hometown of Qilu. After the Wei and Jin dynasties, Qilu culture gradually lost its independence.[15]

Literature

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In August 2011, Mo Yan's novel "Frog" won the 8th Mao Dun Literature Award. On October 11, 2012, Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his "fusion of folk tales, history and contemporary times with hallucinatory realism",[16] becoming the first writer from the People's Republic of China to win the award.[17][18]

Art

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Representative works of Shandong folk songs include "Liang Fu Yin"[19] from the Han dynasty,[20] Bai Xue Yiyin[21] from the Qing dynasty,[22] and the modern "Yimeng Mountain Minor".[23] Local folk art forms include Shandong Bangzi [zh], Shandong Kuaishu,[24] and Lu opera.

Religion

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There are currently five main religions in Shandong Province: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity (Protestant).

Buddhism and Taoism have a history of more than a thousand years in Shandong. Islam mainly developed after the Hui Muslims migrated to Shandong in the 13th century. Catholicism and Christianity spread rapidly mainly after the Opium War.

In 1990, there were 1.2 million religious believers in Shandong Province, 3,040 religious activity sites, and 2,578 religious personnel.[25]

Language

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Qian Zengyi and Li Rong's Shandong dialect division[26]

Eastern District West District
Donglai District Dongwei District Xiqi District Xilu District
Jiaoliao Mandarin Jilu Mandarin Central Plains Mandarin

There are different dialects in Shandong, with differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Scholars such as Qian Zengyi divided the Shandong dialect into two major areas and four sub-districts, while Li Rong divided it into three areas: Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin and Central Plains Mandarin.[27] The Shandong dialect taught by Hou Baolin is Jiao-Liao Mandarin, while the Shandong dialect used by Shandong Kuaishu belongs to Hebei-Shandong Mandarin. The Mandarin dialects of Hebei and Shandong include Liaotai films[28] (e.g. Jinan dialect), Huang Le films[29] (e.g. Wudi dialect ), etc.; the Mandarin dialects of the Central Plains include Jining dialect, Zaozhuang dialect, etc.; the Jiaodong dialect is more complex and is the same as the Dalian Dandong dialect of Liaoning . It belongs to Jiao-Liao Mandarin and is the dialect group that is most different from Mandarin in East China . Jiaoliao Mandarin includes Denglianpian,[30] Qinglaipian,[31] and Yingtongpian, with about 30 million users. Among them, the Qinglai area is divided into four small areas: Qingdao area, Qingqu area, Laichang area, and Juzhao area .

Folk customs

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Shandong folk customs have two different styles, Qi and Shandong. Qi Su inherited the cultural traditions of Dongyi, was less bound by the clan and Zhou rituals, and had the color of a commodity economy. Lu Su tried to replace the original cultural tradition with Zhou Rites, which was more natural and economical.[32] Among them, the Shandong Plain is characterized by farming culture, with Weifang kites and Yangjiabu New Year paintings exuding a rich earthy atmosphere; the fishermen along the Jiaodong coast are rich in customs, rough and unrestrained; and the western Shandong region has deep traditions and is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius.[33]

Diet

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Candied sweet potatoes

Shandong cuisine ranks first among the four major cuisines in China. It has long been famous as early as the Spring and Autumn period. After the Song dynasty, it became the representative of northern cuisine. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Shandong cuisine was the mainstay of the royal cuisine and was very popular in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Northeast China. Greater impact. Shandong cuisine can be divided into Jinan cuisine, Jiaodong cuisine, and Kongfu cuisine.[34] Among them, Jinan cuisine is good at roasting, deep-frying, and stir-frying, and has a heavier taste; Jiaodong cuisine originated from coastal areas such as Fushan, Yantai, and Qingdao, and is good at cooking seafood. The taste is mainly fresh and tender, focusing on light, and paying attention to the original flavor; Kongfu cuisine The dishes are famous all over the world for their exquisite ingredients, fine preparation, unique style, and unique flavor.[35] Shandong's traditional famous dishes include sweet and sour Yellow River carp, roasted sea cucumber with green onion, Mushu meat, grilled abalone in the original shell, nine-turn large intestine, fried lotus, Jinan roast duck, carrot sweet potato, and Sixi meatballs.[36] "Dezhou Braised Chicken Production Technique" and "Longkou Vermicelli Traditional Handmade Production Technique" are also national intangible cultural heritages.[37]

Shandong is also very famous for its wine culture[38] and its emphasis on etiquette.[39] The person with the highest position in the guest party is called the "host" and sits directly opposite the door of the room; to the right of the host is the "guest of honor", who is the person with the highest position among the guests; to the left of the host is the "deputy guest of honor"; The "secondary waiter" sits opposite the main waiter, that is, with his back to the door, and is mainly responsible for driving the guests to drink.[40] Serving food, pouring tea, and pouring wine, among others, all start from the position of the guest of honor.[41] Shandong wine culture also has a long history. Yantai Changyu Winemaking Company, founded by Qing dynasty industrialist Zhang Bishi in 1892, is now the largest wine producer in China and even Asia, and the tenth largest wine producer in the world,[42] with four series of wine, brandy, champagne, and health wine. Hundreds of products.[43] Wine estates and wine culture museums have gradually become new destinations for residents’ cultural tourism, leisure, and sightseeing.[44]

Festival

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2011 Qingdao International Beer Festival

Festivals are divided into traditional festivals and emerging festivals. Most of the emerging festivals are national festivals, such as New Year's Day, Women's Day, and Arbor Day. Since the reform and opening up, many new festivals and conferences have been established in various parts of Shandong, collectively referred to as "emerging festivals", to develop local economy and tourism, including the Confucius Cultural Festival, Rongcheng Fishermen's Festival, Qingdao International Beer Festival, and Zibo Ceramics Glaze Art Festival, and various cultural and art festivals.

Education

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Education system: Shandong's education system follows China's national education policy, including nine-year compulsory education,[45] high school education, higher education, and other different levels of education.

Basic education: Shandong province pays attention to basic education, including primary and junior high school education. The school system is extensive, providing students with comprehensive subject education.[46]

Senior high school education: The level of senior high school education in Shandong Province is relatively high, and some famous senior high schools provide high-quality liberal arts and science courses. High school education is a key stage in preparing students for entering universities.

Higher Education: There are many famous universities and higher education institutions in Shandong Province, among which Shandong University, China Ocean University, and Qingdao University are the representatives. These universities enjoy a certain reputation at home and abroad, attracting students from all over the country and internationally.

Scientific research and innovation:[47] Shandong province has also made many achievements in the field of scientific research and innovation, attracting a large number of scientific research talents. Universities and research institutions in the province actively participated in national and local scientific research projects, which promoted scientific and technological innovation and development.

Education reform: Shandong Province is also constantly carrying out education reform to adapt to the changes in social economy and educational needs. This includes efforts to improve the quality of education, promote the application of information technology in education, and strengthen teacher training.[48]

Shandong province has rich resources and a long history in the field of education and is committed to providing high-quality education, which has made positive contributions to the development of students and social progress. The education system in Shandong Province is constantly developing and improving to meet the ever-changing educational needs.

Cultural heritage

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Cultural relics unearthed in Shandong that are prohibited from being exhibited abroad
  • Dawenkou culture painted pottery eight-pointed star pattern bean (typical Dawenkou culture colored pottery）
    Dawenkou culture painted pottery eight-pointed star pattern bean (typical Dawenkou culture colored pottery）
  • Western Zhou dynasty taibaoding (typical representatives of Shang and Zhou bronzes)
    Western Zhou dynasty taibaoding (typical representatives of Shang and Zhou bronzes)
  • Bronze Square Mirror from the Tomb of King Qi (bronze mirror unearthed from the tomb of the princes of the Western Han dynasty)
    Bronze Square Mirror from the Tomb of King Qi (bronze mirror unearthed from the tomb of the princes of the Western Han dynasty)

Travel

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Mount Tai is the first scenic spot in China to be rated as a World Heritage Site .

As of December 2015, Shandong had 446 national-level tourism resources. Among them, there are 10 historical and cultural cities; 196 key cultural relics protection units; 5 national scenic spots; 7 national nature reserves; 42 national forest parks; 13 national geological parks; and 173 national intangible cultural heritage items. There are 783 A-level scenic spots in the province, including 9 5A-level scenic spots.[49] The list is as follows:

Figure

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References

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Quot

  1. ^ "Understanding and thinking about Qilu culture". 对齐鲁文化的认知与思考. 2007-10-26.
  2. ^ Zhou Fei (2011-04-06). "An Interpretation of the Hundred Schools of Thought". Yuanliu Publishing House. p. 16.
  3. ^ Yi Xue is the knowledge about the "Book of Changes" and the changes in things.
  4. ^ Taiyi Mountains, an important mountain range in eastern China. Located in the central part of Shandong Province, it is divided into Taishan Mountains, Yishan Mountains, Mengshan Mountains, and Culai Mountains. The main peak, Yuhuangding, is 1532.7 meters above sea level.
  5. ^ "Tracing the cultural footprints of the Dongyi people". 新华网. 2009-09-24. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  6. ^ 逄振镐, "从图像文字到甲骨文——史前东夷文字史略" Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, 《中原文物》2002年第2期
  7. ^ Yu Weichao (1933–2003), male, was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province. Archaeologist, graduated from the Department of History of Peking University majoring in Archeology, and has served as lecturer, associate professor, and professor in the Department of History and Archeology of Peking University.
  8. ^ Yu Weichao: "The Mystery of the Decay of Longshan Culture and Liangzhu Culture", "Proceedings of the International Academic Symposium to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Excavation of the Chengziya Site", Qilu Publishing House, 1993
  9. ^ 石头 (2010-06-15). "齐鲁文化是征服发展的文化". 华广网. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  10. ^ "Depose a hundred schools of thought, only respect Confucianism". iMedia. 2023-11-05.
  11. ^ "齐鲁文化概述". 中国华文教育网. 2007-07-12. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  12. ^ He Xiu (129–182), courtesy name Shaogong, was born in Renchengfan (near Qufu) in the Eastern Han dynasty.
  13. ^ The Xiao family of Lanling was a gentry family with the surname Xiao in medieval China, with Lanling County as its commandery.
  14. ^ The Taiyang clan, also known as the Taiyang clan, is a noble family with the surname Yang in Taishan County in ancient China. It has been active in the political and military arena from the Eastern Han dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties.
  15. ^ 石头 (2010-06-15). "齐鲁文化是影响深远的文化". 华广网. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  16. ^ 瑞典学院. "莫言到底是不是"魔幻现实主义融合了民间故事、历史与当代社会"". 译言网. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  17. ^ "莫言成为首位获诺贝尔文学奖中国籍作家". 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  18. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 Mo Yan". Nobel Media AB. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
  19. ^ Liang Fu Yin, also known as Liang Fu Yin, is a folk song spread in Liang Fu Mountain, Shandong Province in ancient China.
  20. ^ "小议《梁父吟》与梁父山石刻". 《齐鲁晚报》. 2011-03-24. Archived from the original on 2011-04-02. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
  21. ^ "Baixue Yiyin" is a collection of folk songs from the middle of the Qing dynasty in China. It was compiled and completed in 1804 and published in 1828.
  22. ^ 黄志良，〈白雪遗音研究〉，东吴大学中国文学研究所硕士论文，1992年7月
  23. ^ "Yimeng Mountain Minor". Everyone Piano. 2016-07-31.
  24. ^ "Shandong Kuaishu". 2003-09-24.
  25. ^ "山东宗教概述". 爱问知识的人. 中国·山东. 2016-10-03.
  26. ^ 钱曾怡 (2001). 《山东方言研究》. 齐鲁书社. p. 66.
  27. ^ 马凤如. "山东方言的文化特征及其演变" (PDF). 立命馆大学. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  28. ^ Liaotai Xiaoping (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Shiji Pian, distributed in southwestern Hebei Province and central Shandong Province.
  29. ^ Huangle Xiaopian (according to "Chinese Language Atlas" and "Research on Chinese Mandarin Dialects") is a branch of Hebei-Shandong Mandarin Canghui Pian, distributed in southeastern Hebei Province and northern Shandong Province.
  30. ^ Denglianpian is an area of Jiaoliao Mandarin dialect of Chinese Mandarin, mainly distributed in Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Changshan Islands, Miaodao Islands, and there is also a dialect island in Hulin, Heilongjiang.
  31. ^ Qinglai Pian, formerly known as Qingzhou Pian, is an area of Jiao Liao Mandarin, the Mandarin Chinese dialect, mainly distributed in the Jiao Lai Plain area of Shandong Peninsula and Ganyu County, Jiangsu Province.
  32. ^ 中国民俗知识：山东民俗. 甘肃人民出版社. 2008. p. 17. ISBN 978-7226036310.
  33. ^ "山东省民俗文化". 中国网. 2009-06-10.
  34. ^ "鲁菜：传续久远的饮食文化". 中国华文教育网. 2008-01-19. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  35. ^ 王希君 (2013-11-29). 味道·大连美食. 大连出版社. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  36. ^ "糖醋鲤鱼、四喜丸子、拔丝地瓜，原来它们都是正宗鲁菜？". 凤凰网资讯. 南方都市报. 2014-10-10. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  37. ^ 王琳雁 (2014-07-29). "德州扒鸡击败热干面入选国家级非物质文化遗产名录". 中国网. 德州新闻网. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  38. ^ "山东人的"酒名"与"酒量"". 新华网. 华夏酒报. 2011-04-19. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  39. ^ "山东酒文化大纲: 山东人喝酒为什么要321?". 新华网. 舜网\山东范儿. 2016-09-09. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  40. ^ "酒桌文化:中国酒桌文化之山东（人）酒桌文化". 中国酒志网. 2015-05-20. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  41. ^ "山东喝酒习俗". 山东台办网. 2014-09-18. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  42. ^ "山东葡萄酒文化之旅". 凤凰网. Archived from the original on 2016-05-03. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  43. ^ "国际巨头赴中国淘金 张裕合纵联横". 凤凰网. 2013-05-08. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  44. ^ 易黎 (2016-08-24). "山东葡萄酒这五年". 中国葡萄酒资讯网. 中外葡萄与葡萄酒. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  45. ^ "九年义务教育是哪九年？". 九年义务教育是哪九年？. 2022-03-07.
  46. ^ "What does general education mean?". 全科教育是什么意思. 2020-10-22.
  47. ^ "Shandong: Organize and implement 100 major scientific and technological innovation projects every year". 山东：每年组织实施100项重大科技创新项目. 2021-10-21.
  48. ^ "Shandong leads the country in education reform". 大众日报：山东教育改革全国领先. 2016-09-27.
  49. ^ "文化圣地度假天堂——中国山东欢迎您". 山东旅游政务网. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  50. ^ Mashan National Nature Reserve is located in Jimo District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. It was approved by the State Council as a national nature reserve in 1994 and as a Shandong Provincial Geopark in 2002 by the Shandong Provincial People's Government.
  51. ^ 单非 (2014-11-26). "历史文化名城承载着文化山东的厚度和热度". 中国山东网. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  52. ^ "枣庄市荣列省级历史文化名城". 枣庄市规划局. 2011-11-05. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  53. ^ "国家文物局关于公布第六批中国历史文化名镇（村）的通知". 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 国家文物局. 2014-02-19. Archived from the original on 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  54. ^ 韓非《韓非子·顯學》：世之顯學，儒、墨也。儒之所至，孔丘也。墨之所至，墨翟也。自孔子之死也，有子張之儒，有子思之儒，有顏氏之儒，有孟氏之儒，有漆雕氏之儒，有仲良氏之儒，有孫氏之儒，有樂正氏之儒。自墨子之死也，有相里氏之墨，有相夫氏之墨，有鄧陵氏之墨。故孔、墨之後，儒分為八，墨離為三，取舍相反、不同，而皆自謂真孔、墨，孔、墨不可復生，將誰使定世之學乎？
  55. ^ 西漢·司馬遷《史記·儒林列傳》：自孔子卒後，七十子之徒散游諸侯，大者為師傅卿相，小者友教士大夫，或隱而不見。故子路居衛，子張居陳，澹臺子羽居楚，子夏居西河，子貢終於齊。如田子方、段干木、吳起、禽滑釐之屬，皆受業於子夏之倫，為王者師。是時獨魏文侯好學。后陵遲以至于始皇，天下并爭於戰國，懦術既絀焉，然齊魯之閒，學者獨不廢也。於威、宣之際，孟子、荀卿之列，咸遵夫子之業而潤色之，以學顯於當世。
  56. ^ 東漢·班固《漢書·藝文志》：儒家者流，蓋出於司徒之官，助人君順陰陽明教化者也。游文於六經之中，留意於仁義之際，祖述堯舜，憲章文武，宗師仲尼，以重其言，於道最為高。
  57. ^ "王羲之 – 《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版". www.zgbk.com. Retrieved 2024-03-18. [Wang Xizhi – "Encyclopedia of China" Third Edition Online Version]
  58. ^ "秦琼 – 《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版". www.zgbk.com. Retrieved 2024-03-18. [Qin Qiong – "Encyclopedia of China" Third Edition Online Version]
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