User:OAC/To do

Bufo

Toxicity. Some Chinese herbal remedies contain an ingrediant called ch'an su (dried bufosecretion). At least one death has been reported. [1]

Ott: Pharmaka

Anadenanthera

Anadenanthera - Yopo, Cebil, Vilca

(Taino, Cohoba)

Bufotenin is also the primary constituent of Vilca (also known as Cebil) and Yopo (believed by some to be Cohoba) snuffs , made from beans of the Anadenanthera colubrina and Anadenanthera peregrina trees, respectfully. The use of these seeds have been historically linked to shamans in South America.

Cohoba was used by the tribe with whom Christopher Colubmus made first contact, the Taino of Cuba and Hispaniola. The use of Cohoba snuffs has been documented in the archaeological record for thousands of years, and it has the longest recorded continuous use of any psychoactive plant in the world.

Bufotenine

Human effects.

Bufo alvarius

The Bufo alvarius toad, because of its hallucinogenic secretion (which primarily contains serotonin, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, bufotenidine, and dehydrobufotenine), has gained media attention and been used as a source for recreational drug use. Perhaps the most prominent example of recreational Bufo alvarius use is the story of Albert Most, founder of the Church of the Toad of Light, who published a booklet in 1994 explaining how to extract and smoke the secretions, titled Bufo avlarius: The Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert.

Some severe poisonings were recorded after some toad lickers mistakenly used Bufo marinus (Common Cane Toad) and other species for this purpose. The venom of B. marinus contains Bufotenin alongside cardiotoxic steroids, the use of which can lead to heart attacks and death.

References

  1. ^ CID 10257 -- PubChem Compound Summary
  2. ^ Ott, Jonathan. 1996. "Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History." Natural Products Co.
  3. ^ AmphibiaWeb
  4. ^ Kennedy, Alison Bailey. 1982. "Ecce Bufo: The Toad in Nature and in Olmec Iconography." Current Anthropology, 23: 273-290.
  5. ^ Davis, Wade and Andrew Weil. 1992. "Identify of a New World Psychoactive Toad." Ancient Mesoamerica, 3: 51-59.
  6. ^ The History and Psychoactivity of Bufo Toads
  7. ^ NPR: The Dog Who Loved to Suck on Toads
  8. ^ Psychoactive toad: Cultural references
  9. ^ How ‘bout them toad suckers? Ain’t they clods?
 10. ^ Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine
 11. ^ Ott, Jonathan: "Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines." Entheobotanica, 2001.