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Vaccine resistance

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(Redirected from Vaccine escape)

Vaccine resistance is the evolutionary adaptation of pathogens to infect and spread through vaccinated individuals, analogous to antimicrobial resistance. It concerns both human and animal vaccines. Although the emergence of a number of vaccine resistant pathogens has been well documented, this phenomenon is nevertheless much more rare and less of a concern than antimicrobial resistance.

Vaccine resistance may be considered a special case of immune evasion, from the immunity conferred by the vaccine. Since the immunity conferred by a vaccine may be different from that induced by infection by the pathogen, the immune evasion may also be easier (in case of an inefficient vaccine) or more difficult (would be the case of the universal flu vaccine). We speak of vaccine resistance only if the immune evasion is a result of evolutionary adaptation of the pathogen (and not a feature of the pathogen that it had before any evolutionary adaptation to the vaccine) and the adaptation is driven by the selective pressure induced by the vaccine (this would not be the case of an immune evasion that is the result of genetic drift that would be present even without vaccinating the population).[citation needed]

Some of the causes advanced for less frequent emergence of resistance are[1][2] that

  • vaccines are mostly used for prophylaxis, that is before infection occurs, and usually act to suppress the pathogen before the host becomes infectious
  • most vaccines target multiple antigenic sites of the pathogen
  • different hosts may produce different immune responses to the same pathogen

For diseases that confer long lasting immunity after exposure, typically childhood diseases, it was argued that a vaccine may provide the same immune response as natural infection, so it is expected that there should be no vaccine resistance.[3][4]

If vaccine resistance emerges the vaccine may retain some level of protection against serious infection, possibly by modifying the immune response of the host away from immunopathology.[5]

The best known cases of vaccine resistance are for the following diseases

Other less documented cases are for avian influenza,[24] avian reovirus,[25] Corynebacterium diphtheriae,[26] feline calicivirus,[27] H. influenzae,[28] infectious bursal disease virus,[29] Neisseria meningitidis,[30] Newcastle disease virus,[31] and porcine circovirus type 2.[32]

References

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  1. ^ Kennedy, David A.; Read, Andrew F. (2017-03-29). "Why does drug resistance readily evolve but vaccine resistance does not?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1851): 20162562. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2562. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5378080. PMID 28356449.
  2. ^ Kennedy, David A.; Read, Andrew F. (2018-12-18). "Why the evolution of vaccine resistance is less of a concern than the evolution of drug resistance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (51): 12878–12886. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11512878K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1717159115. PMC 6304978. PMID 30559199.
  3. ^ McLean, Angela Ruth (1995-09-22). "Vaccination, evolution and changes in the efficacy of vaccines: a theoretical framework". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 261 (1362): 389–393. Bibcode:1995RSPSB.261..389M. doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0164. PMID 8587880. S2CID 24978821.
  4. ^ Mclean, A. R (1998-01-01). "Vaccines and their impact on the control of disease". British Medical Bulletin. 54 (3): 545–556. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011709. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 10326283.
  5. ^ Graham, Andrea L.; Allen, Judith E.; Read, Andrew F. (2005-11-10). "Evolutionary Causes and Consequences of Immunopathology". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 36 (1): 373–397. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152622. ISSN 1543-592X.
  6. ^ Witter, R. L. (1997). "Increased Virulence of Marek's Disease Virus Field Isolates". Avian Diseases. 41 (1): 149–163. doi:10.2307/1592455. ISSN 0005-2086. JSTOR 1592455. PMID 9087332.
  7. ^ Read, Andrew F.; Baigent, Susan J.; Powers, Claire; Kgosana, Lydia B.; Blackwell, Luke; Smith, Lorraine P.; Kennedy, David A.; Walkden-Brown, Stephen W.; Nair, Venugopal K. (2015-07-27). "Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly Virulent Pathogens". PLOS Biology. 13 (7): e1002198. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002198. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 4516275. PMID 26214839.
  8. ^ Austin, D.A.; Robertson, P.A.W.; Austin, B. (2003-01-01). "Recovery of a New Biogroup of Yersinia ruckeri from Diseased Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum)". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 26 (1): 127–131. doi:10.1078/072320203322337416. ISSN 0723-2020. PMID 12747420.
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  12. ^ Cecchinato, Mattia; Catelli, Elena; Lupini, Caterina; Ricchizzi, Enrico; Clubbe, Jayne; Battilani, Mara; Naylor, Clive J. (2010-11-20). "Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) attachment protein involvement in probable virus evolution concurrent with mass live vaccine introduction". Veterinary Microbiology. 146 (1–2): 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.014. ISSN 0378-1135. PMID 20447777.
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  19. ^ Sheldon, J.; Soriano, V. (2008-02-04). "Hepatitis B virus escape mutants induced by antiviral therapy". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 61 (4): 766–768. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn014. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 18218641.
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  24. ^ Lee, Chang-Won; Senne, Dennis A.; Suarez, David L. (2004). "Effect of Vaccine Use in the Evolution of Mexican Lineage H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus". Journal of Virology. 78 (15): 8372–8381. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.15.8372-8381.2004. PMC 446090. PMID 15254209.
  25. ^ Lu, Huaguang; Tang, Yi; Dunn, Patricia A.; Wallner-Pendleton, Eva A.; Lin, Lin; Knoll, Eric A. (2015-10-15). "Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011–2014". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 14727. Bibcode:2015NatSR...514727L. doi:10.1038/srep14727. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4606735. PMID 26469681.
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