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Ṣa (Indic)

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Ṣa
Ṣa
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseṢa
Tibetan
Tamil
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiṢa
DevanagariṢa
Cognates
Hebrewס
GreekΞ
CyrillicѮ
Properties
Phonemic representation/ʂ/
IAST transliterationṣ Ṣ
ISCII code pointD6 (214)

Ṣa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ssa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

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Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ष are:[1]

  • [ʂə] = 80 (८०)
  • षि [ʂɪ] = 8,000 (८ ०००)
  • षु [ʂʊ] = 800,000 (८ ०० ०००)
  • षृ [ʂri] = 80,000,000 (८ ०० ०० ०००)
  • षॢ [ʂlə] = 8×109 (८×१०)
  • षे [ʂe] = 8×1011 (८×१०११)
  • षै [ʂɛː] = 8×1013 (८×१०१३)
  • षो [ʂoː] = 8×1015 (८×१०१५)
  • षौ [ʂɔː] = 8×1017 (८×१०१७)

Historic Ṣa

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There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ssa as found in standard Brahmi, Ssa was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ssa. The Tocharian Ssa Ssa had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Ssa. The third form of ssa, in Kharoshthi (Ssa) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ṣa

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The Brahmi letter Ssa, Ssa, is probably derived from the Aramaic Samekh , and is thus related to the modern Greek Xi.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ssa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ssa historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
No sample

Tocharian Ṣa

[edit]

The Tocharian letter ṣa is derived from the Brahmi ṣa, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form ṣä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of ṣä.

Tocharian ṣa with vowel marks
ṣa ṣā ṣi ṣī ṣu ṣū ṣr̥ ṣr̥̄ ṣe ṣai ṣo ṣau ṣä Fremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Ṣa

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ssa is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Heth , and is thus related to H and Eta.[2]

Devanagari Ṣa

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Ṣa () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘬.

Devanagari-using Languages

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In most modern languages, ष is pronounced as [ʂə] or [ʂ] when appropriate. In ancient and medieval Nepali however, ष was sometimes a homophone of ख, pronounced [], while in modern Nepali, it is [s].[4][5] Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ष with vowel marks
Ṣa Ṣā Ṣi Ṣī Ṣu Ṣū Ṣr̥ Ṣr̥̄ Ṣl̥ Ṣl̥̄ Ṣe Ṣai Ṣo Ṣau
षा षि षी षु षू षृ षॄ षॢ षॣ षे षै षो षौ ष्

Conjuncts with ष

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Half form of Ssa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[6]

Ligature conjuncts of ष

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True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṣḍʱa:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṣna:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṣta:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ठ্ (ṭʰ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṣṭva:

Devanagari Kṣa

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Kṣa half form

One of the most common true ligatures in Devanagari is the conjunct kṣa क्ष. This ligature is a required form for most Devanagari languages, and the conjunct even has its own half form that freely joins other letters in horizontal conjuncts.

  • क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

  • छ্ (cʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰkṣa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱkṣa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍkṣa:

  • द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭkṣa:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰkṣa:

Stacked conjuncts of ष

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Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰṣa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱṣa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍṣa:

  • द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dṣa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋṣa:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṣca:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṣḍa:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṣja:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣjña:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṣla:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṣŋa:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣña:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰṣa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭṣa:

Bengali Ṣa

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The Bengali script ষ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ष. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ষ will sometimes be transliterated as "ṣo" instead of "ṣa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ʂo/. Like all Indic consonants, ষ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ষ with vowel marks
ṣa ṣā ṣi ṣī ṣu ṣū ṣr ṣr̄ ṣe ṣai ṣo ṣau
ষা ষি ষী ষু ষূ ষৃ ষৄ ষে ষৈ ষো ষৌ ষ্

ষ in Bengali-using languages

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ষ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ষ

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Conjuncts in Kssa ক্ষ

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The most important conjunct of ষ is the irregular kṣa ligature ক্ + ষ [ṣ] = ক্ষ. This conjunct not only has a special form in all Bengali alphabets, it even functions as an independent letter in the Assamese orthography. This ক্ষ conjunct forms regular conjuncts with other letters, keeping its distinct form:

  • ক্ষ (kṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:

  • ক্ষ (kṣ) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature kṣmya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ক্ষ (kṣ) + ন (na) gives the ligature kṣna:

  • ক্ষ (kṣ) + ব (va) gives the ligature kṣva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ক্ষ (kṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature kṣya, with the ya phala suffix:

Other conjuncts with ষ

[edit]

Bengali ষ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures being common.[7]

  • র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa, with the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with repha and the ya phala suffix:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ṣka:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature ṣña:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṣpʰa:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ṣva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣya, with the ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Ṣa

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Gujarati Ṣa.

Ṣa () is the thirty-first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṣa Ssa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ssa.

Gujarati-using Languages

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The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ષ is pronounced as [ʂə] or [ʂ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṣa Ṣā Ṣi Ṣī Ṣu Ṣū Ṣr Ṣl Ṣr̄ Ṣl̄ Ṣĕ Ṣe Ṣai Ṣŏ Ṣo Ṣau
Gujarati Ṣa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ષ

[edit]
Half form of Ṣa.

Gujarati ષ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RṢa:

  • ષ્ (ʂ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṢRa:

  • ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature KṢa:

  • ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa:

  • ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) ર (ra) gives the ligature KṢRa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:

  • ષ્ (ʂ) + ત (ta) gives the ligature ṢTa:

  • ષ્ (ʂ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṢṬha:

Telugu Ṣa

[edit]
Telugu Ṣa
Telugu subjoined Ṣa
Telugu independent and subjoined Ṣa.

Ṣa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṣ. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.

Telugu KṢa
Telugu subjoined KṢa
Telugu independent and subjoined KṢa.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ṣa

[edit]
Malayalam letter Ṣa

Ṣa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṣ, via the Grantha letter Ṣa Ssa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ssa matras: Ssa, Ssā, Ssi, Ssī, Ssu, Ssū, Ssr̥, Ssr̥̄, Ssl̥, Ssl̥̄, Sse, Ssē, Ssai, Sso, Ssō, Ssau, and Ss.

Conjuncts of ഷ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṣṇa:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:

  • ക് (k) + ഷ (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:

  • ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṣṇa:

  • ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:

  • ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ല (la) gives the ligature kṣla:

Odia Ṣa

[edit]
Odia independent letter Ṣa
Odia subjoined letter Ṣa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṣa.

Ṣa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṣ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṣa Ssa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ssa with vowel matras
Ṣa Ṣā Ṣi Ṣī Ṣu Ṣū Ṣr̥ Ṣr̥̄ Ṣl̥ Ṣl̥̄ Ṣe Ṣai Ṣo Ṣau
ଷା ଷି ଷୀ ଷୁ ଷୂ ଷୃ ଷୄ ଷୢ ଷୣ ଷେ ଷୈ ଷୋ ଷୌ ଷ୍

Conjuncts of ଷ

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As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. Except for କ୍ଷ (Kṣa), ଷ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

Odia Kṣa କ୍ଷ

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Odia conjunct KSsa
Odia subjoined KSsa
Odia independent and subjoined KSsa.

Although ostensibly a conjunct of Ka and Ssa, Odia କ୍ଷ (Kṣa) is largely treated as an independent letter pronounced /kʰjɔ/. Unlike other Odia conjuncts, କ୍ଷ can be found as an independent letter subjoined to another letter or conjunct.

  • ତ୍ (t) + କ୍ (k) + ଷ (ṣa) gives the ligature tkṣa:

Kaithi Ṣa

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Ṣa
Kaithi half-form letter Ṣa
Kaithi consonant and half-form Ṣa.

Ṣa (𑂭) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṣ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṣa Ssa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ssa with vowel matras
Ssa Ssā Ssi Ssī Ssu Ssū Sse Ssai Sso Ssau Ss
𑂭 𑂭𑂰 𑂭𑂱 𑂭𑂲 𑂭𑂳 𑂭𑂴 𑂭𑂵 𑂭𑂶 𑂭𑂷 𑂭𑂸 𑂭𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂭

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂭୍ (ṣ) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

Comparison of Ṣa

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṣa, are related as well.

Comparison of Ṣa in different scripts
Aramaic
Ṣa
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨮
Ashoka Brahmi
Ṣa
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Ṣa
Tocharian[b]
Ṣa / Ṣa
Gupta Brahmi
Ṣa
Pallava
Ṣa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰬
Siddhaṃ
Ṣa
Grantha
𑌷
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Newa
𑐲
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
Ṣa
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤫
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑪀
Khmer
Tamil
Chakma
-
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒭
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
Ṣa
'Phags-pa
-
Odia
Sharada
𑆰
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨯
Bengali-Assamese
Ṣa
Takri
-
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠨
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘬
Gujarati
Khojki
-
Khudabadi
-
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Ṣa
Nandinagari
𑧌
Kaithi
Ṣa
Gurmukhi
-
Multani
-
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑪀
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
-
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴪
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ṣa

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṣa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṣa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA BENGALI LETTER SSA TAMIL LETTER SSA TELUGU LETTER SSA ORIYA LETTER SSA KANNADA LETTER SSA MALAYALAM LETTER SSA GUJARATI LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2359 U+0937 2487 U+09B7 2999 U+0BB7 3127 U+0C37 2871 U+0B37 3255 U+0CB7 3383 U+0D37 2743 U+0AB7
UTF-8 224 164 183 E0 A4 B7 224 166 183 E0 A6 B7 224 174 183 E0 AE B7 224 176 183 E0 B0 B7 224 172 183 E0 AC B7 224 178 183 E0 B2 B7 224 180 183 E0 B4 B7 224 170 183 E0 AA B7
Numeric character reference ष ष ষ ষ ஷ ஷ ష ష ଷ ଷ ಷ ಷ ഷ ഷ ષ ષ
ISCII 214 D6 214 D6 214 D6 214 D6 214 D6 214 D6 214 D6 214 D6


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨮 𑌷
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER SSA KHAROSHTHI LETTER SSA SIDDHAM LETTER SSA GRANTHA LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69681 U+11031 68142 U+10A2E 71084 U+115AC 70455 U+11337
UTF-8 240 145 128 177 F0 91 80 B1 240 144 168 174 F0 90 A8 AE 240 145 150 172 F0 91 96 AC 240 145 140 183 F0 91 8C B7
UTF-16 55300 56369 D804 DC31 55298 56878 D802 DE2E 55301 56748 D805 DDAC 55300 57143 D804 DF37
Numeric character reference 𑀱 𑀱 𐨮 𐨮 𑖬 𑖬 𑌷 𑌷


Character information
Preview 𑨯 𑐲 𑰬 𑆰
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER SSA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER SSA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SSA NEWA LETTER SSA BHAIKSUKI LETTER SSA SHARADA LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3941 U+0F65 4021 U+0FB5 72239 U+11A2F 70706 U+11432 72748 U+11C2C 70064 U+111B0
UTF-8 224 189 165 E0 BD A5 224 190 181 E0 BE B5 240 145 168 175 F0 91 A8 AF 240 145 144 178 F0 91 90 B2 240 145 176 172 F0 91 B0 AC 240 145 134 176 F0 91 86 B0
UTF-16 3941 0F65 4021 0FB5 55302 56879 D806 DE2F 55301 56370 D805 DC32 55303 56364 D807 DC2C 55300 56752 D804 DDB0
Numeric character reference ཥ ཥ ྵ ྵ 𑨯 𑨯 𑐲 𑐲 𑰬 𑰬 𑆰 𑆰


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER SSA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 4177 U+1051 6727 U+1A47
UTF-8 225 129 145 E1 81 91 225 169 135 E1 A9 87
Numeric character reference ၑ ၑ ᩇ ᩇ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER SSO LAO LETTER SANSKRIT SSA THAI CHARACTER SO RUSI
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6046 U+179E 3753 U+0EA9 3625 U+0E29
UTF-8 225 158 158 E1 9E 9E 224 186 169 E0 BA A9 224 184 169 E0 B8 A9
Numeric character reference ឞ ឞ ຩ ຩ ษ ษ


Character information
Preview 𑤫
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER MUURDHAJA SAYANNA DIVES AKURU LETTER SSA SAURASHTRA LETTER SSA CHAM LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3522 U+0DC2 71979 U+1192B 43184 U+A8B0 43558 U+AA26
UTF-8 224 183 130 E0 B7 82 240 145 164 171 F0 91 A4 AB 234 162 176 EA A2 B0 234 168 166 EA A8 A6
UTF-16 3522 0DC2 55302 56619 D806 DD2B 43184 A8B0 43558 AA26
Numeric character reference ෂ ෂ 𑤫 𑤫 ꢰ ꢰ ꨦ ꨦ


Character information
Preview 𑘬 𑧌 𑪀
Unicode name MODI LETTER SSA NANDINAGARI LETTER SSA SOYOMBO LETTER SSA KAITHI LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71212 U+1162C 72140 U+119CC 72320 U+11A80 69805 U+110AD
UTF-8 240 145 152 172 F0 91 98 AC 240 145 167 140 F0 91 A7 8C 240 145 170 128 F0 91 AA 80 240 145 130 173 F0 91 82 AD
UTF-16 55301 56876 D805 DE2C 55302 56780 D806 DDCC 55302 56960 D806 DE80 55300 56493 D804 DCAD
Numeric character reference 𑘬 𑘬 𑧌 𑧌 𑪀 𑪀 𑂭 𑂭


Character information
Preview 𑒭
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER SSA LIMBU LETTER SSA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70829 U+114AD 6426 U+191A 43754 U+AAEA
UTF-8 240 145 146 173 F0 91 92 AD 225 164 154 E1 A4 9A 234 171 170 EA AB AA
UTF-16 55301 56493 D805 DCAD 6426 191A 43754 AAEA
Numeric character reference 𑒭 𑒭 ᤚ ᤚ ꫪ ꫪ


Character information
Preview 𑠨
Unicode name DOGRA LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 71720 U+11828
UTF-8 240 145 160 168 F0 91 A0 A8
UTF-16 55302 56360 D806 DC28
Numeric character reference 𑠨 𑠨


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER SA SAPA JAVANESE LETTER SA MAHAPRANA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6961 U+1B31 43440 U+A9B0
UTF-8 225 172 177 E1 AC B1 234 166 176 EA A6 B0
Numeric character reference ᬱ ᬱ ꦰ ꦰ


Character information
Preview 𑴪
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER SSA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 73002 U+11D2A
UTF-8 240 145 180 170 F0 91 B4 AA
UTF-16 55303 56618 D807 DD2A
Numeric character reference 𑴪 𑴪



References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Aggarwal, Ashwini Kumar (2021-01-15). The Sanskrit Alphabet with Vedic Extensions. Devotees of Sri Sri Ravi Shankar Ashram. ISBN 978-81-950754-9-2.
  5. ^ Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009). "Nepali". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181. ISSN 0025-1003.
  6. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  7. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".