Jump to content

Persecution of Amhara people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Amhara genocide)

Persecution of Amhara people
Funeral services for the victims of mass murders in the city of Maikadra[1]
Native name የዐማራውን ዘር የማጥፋት ጭፍጨፋ በኢትዮጵያ
Date1990s–present
TimeOngoing
DurationOver three decades
LocationEthiopia
Type
  • Ethnically targeted massacres
  • Ethnically motivated mass violence
  • Ethnic federalism and restructuring
  • Annexation
  • Self determination
  • Ethnic cleansing
MotiveAnti-Amhara sentiment, anti-Orthodox Tewahedo sentiment, ethnic federalism, ethnic nationalism
Participants
Outcome
  • Series of massacres
  • 2 to 6[note 1] million could not be traced: fatalities and enforced disappearances part of this figure[3][4][2]
  • 11 million+ war attack survivors with critical need, 2 million+ displaced[5][6]
  • Widespread rape, weaponized sexual & gender-based violence, induced infertility
  • Destruction of many villages, towns, cities, harvest, farm animals

Since the 1990s, the Amhara people of Ethiopia have been subject to ethnic violence, including massacres by Tigrayan, Oromo and Gumuz ethnic groups among others, which some have characterized as a genocide.[7][8][9][10] Large-scale killings and grave human rights violations followed the implementation of the ethnic-federalist system in the country.[11][8][12] In most of the cases, the mass murders were silent[13] with perpetrators from various ethno-militant groups—from TPLF/TDF,[14] OLFOLA,[15][16] and Gumuz armed groups.[9]

Ethnically motivated attacks[17] against the Amhara have been reported,[18] with mass graves being discovered in various locations.[19][12] The results of two consecutive National Census Analyses and a report by CSA head Samia Gutu revealed that over 2 million Amhara could not be traced. The figure is generally associated with the decades-long massacres and enforced disappearances of the Amhara people.[19][4] From the ongoing nature of the violence,[8][9] the actual number is expected to be higher.[20][15][16]

The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) among other groups were formed in the 1970s with a manifesto and plan, for Tigray to secede from Ethiopia. Previous resentments between ethnic Tigray and Amhara rulers were seeking recognition as the legitimate defender of Ethiopianism was reported. The Tigray manifesto is criticized for incorporating polarizing contents that symbolize the Amhara people as the responsible ethnic group for socio-economical, and country-level political and historical issues.[21] Violence against ordinary Amhara, its intellectuals, and civic leaders started in the early 1990s, with the armed Liberation Front groups occupying many parts of the country.[10][18]

At the end of the 17-year communist era in 1991, the ethnic-nationalist groups such as the TPLF controlled full power and this regime change triggered a series of attacks against the Amhara.[22][23] The TPLF became the dominant power and ruled the country for twenty-seven years as the EPRDF coalition—a political entity that evolved from the Marxist–Leninist rebels movement.[24] However, the authoritarian regime collapsed in 2018 with several unrests and tensions built during its period.[25][26]

Following the 2018 EPRDF political reform, the Oromo-led Prosperity Party secured the position to rule the country,[27] A power struggle occurred between the former and current ruling parties which led to the Tigray War. Reports show that a pro-TPLF youth group carried out the massacre of Amhara civilians in the town of Mai-Kadra.[13][9][28] Following the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) recapture of most of Tigray which lead to the subsequent withdrawal of government forces, the TDF invaded the Amhara and the Afar regions in July 2021, massacring and causing severe destructions that are reported as serious war crimes against civilians.[16] The Mai Kadra and other massacres in the Amhara region that occurred since the start of the war has expanded the map and volume of the mass killings the already occurring violations in various places: Oromia, Benishangul-Gumuz (Metekel Zone), Tigray, the SNNPR, and the Amhara region.[29]

Background

[edit]

The Amhara and Agew peoples coexisted and shared historical and cultural values for centuries. Similar to other Ethiopian nationals, both groups contributed to building the Nation and they also made contributions to the nation's long historical accounts— they live in most parts of Ethiopia.[30] Since agriculture is the main source of food in the country, Amhara and Agew farmers earn income from producing staples. Due to the frequent drought occurrence, they are, however, stricken by poverty— more than 80 percent of them are traditional farmers.[31][32][33] In some instances, these groups are mis-presented as Orthodox Christians, although, significant proportion of them are Muslims and Jews.[34] Both groups have been exposed to similar existential risks— including the systematic massacres and crimes disclosed in this article. However, claims of genocide against the Agew people requires an independent report.[16]

Perpetrators

[edit]

The controversial section in the 1994 constitution,[35][36] ethnic self-determination to secede from the nation, is described by experts as the root cause of ethnic-based violence in the country. Reports discussed that the perpetrators were generally organized, in some cases they can be identified by the victims, and in others, the attackers were unknown to them. The actors demonstrated mixed motives: ethnic origin (with these common religions in Ethiopia: Christian, Muslim and Jews), religious origin (Orthodox Christians), or both.[25][26] The armed groups mobilize from region to region with alleged collaboration with local government officials, and are from these groups[16][9]

  • Ethnic Oromo militant perpetrators such as the OLA (former military wing of the OLF) also known as Shane or Oneg. The Qeerroo youth groups are also accused of collaborating with these groups[16]
  • The Tigrayan actors such as the TPLF, TDF and pro-TPLF youth groups in the annexed, and various places in Amhara region[13][9][28][15]
  • Gumuz actors in the Metekel Zone which is in the Benishangul-Gumuz region.[35]
  • Other actors in the Southern SNNPR region and other places[37][9]

Timeline

[edit]

The four major Amhara genocidal timelines include:

  1. The rebel movements can be characterized as Manifesto preparation period that influenced the ethnic federalist constitution, with campaigns, reprisal, and guerrilla wars
  2. The launch of massacres across many regions under Tigray Region and the TPLF regime that ruled Ethiopia from 1991 to 2018
  3. The scaled-up simultaneous mass killings in many regions under the Oromo-led Prosperity Party ruling began in 2018, and
  4. Expansion of Amhara mass killings with the Tigray War since November 2020

Pre-1991: The manifesto rhetoric and historical accounts

[edit]

There are over eighty ethnic groups in Ethiopia that have been living together through history. In the 1970s the ethno-nationalist insurgents were created under the TPLF leadership with Marxist–Leninist manifesto seeking Autonomy, Self-Rule, and for some, Hegemony.[38][39][40][41] The groups were the TPLF (Tigrayan People's Liberation Front), OLF (Oromo Liberation Front), EPLF (Eritrean People's Liberation Front), and WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front).[42] The doctrine consists of anti-Amhara rhetoric that portrays the group as the all-time-sole-ruler.[43][44] However, the divisive narratives are disapproved by most and taken as the political mechanism used to introduce ethnic sensitivities.[45] For leadership in the southeastern and southwestern parts of Ethiopia, history reflects that those with Oromo or the assimilated Oromized backgrounds exercised ruling outside of their traditional jurisdictions including in the partial northcentral part of the country where most Amhara and others lived.[46][47][48] Records show that the era of Zemene Mesafint and onwards central governance was diverse.[49] The aggression of the Oromo that followed the Islamic invasions in the 16th century and subsequent Oromo settlements[47] to central Ethiopia brought some changes to parts of the historical jurisdictions occupied by others— renaming of lands and rivalry. The documented Oromo assimilation and expansion mechanisms involve "Mogassa and Gudifecha",[50][51][52] typically described by the member of the group as methods of "adopting" other ethnic groups. The controversial assimilating process involves the unbreakable oath: to hate what the group hate; to like what the group like; to fight what the group fight; to go where the group goes; to chase what the group chases.[47][52]

There are over fifty six ethnic constituents who have been living in the southern regions. The groups practice ancient customs to elect their leaders and generally maintained traditions. Historians recorded exceptional cases in which several tribes were assimilated into the Oromo group.[53][52] In general terms, natural ethnic tensions and ruling rivalries occurred in the country throughout history. However, the complex groups developed traditional approaches to coexisting. Despite ethnic differences, intermarriages and collaborative customs between the various groups have been practiced in most instances. Reports show that these constituents united when external threats were projected against the country.[54][45][55]

1991— 2018: TPLF rule and Article 39

[edit]

In 1991, the TPLF-dominated ruling was established as the EPRDF coalition with a new constitution and subsequent regional demarcations.[56][57] The controversial Article 39, Nations, Nationalist, and People Self-determination is part of the constitution and grants rights for any ethnic group to secede and form a Nation.[58][59] During this period, polarizing contents were thought of in schools and promoted through the system.[60][61][44]

Annexations

[edit]

The Greater Tigray autonomy[60][39][57] that was designed by the TPLF involved the annexation of lands from neighboring former provinces of Gonder and Wollo, with a coastal possession strategy from Eritrea.[62][63] Immediately after TPLF secured governmental power in 1991,[64] the Raya-Alamata[65] and Welkait[66][67][68] were annexed into the Tigray region. These lands have been ruled as southern and western parts of Tigray for three decades. Following the outbreak of the Tigray War, Amhara forces occupied these disputed territories – with reported tension in these area. Metekel is also another strategic land from the point of view of accessing the Nile river and annexed to the Benishangul-Gumuz region from the former Gojjam Province.[69][70] Similarly, the Dera and surrounding lands in Shewa, Amhara region are also forcefully administered under the Oromia region following the Oromo-led ruling since 2018.[71][72] These annexations are protested by the Amhara and described as systematic measures taken for accessing various resources in the Amhara region. One instance is the Tana Beles national project which incorporated the Lake Tana, and Beles rivers of the Nile— both in the Amhara region. In addition, the GERD became the largest Nile hydroelectric project with significant geopolitical influence on the Horn of Africa.[73][74] With the ongoing large-scale mass violence against the Amhara and Agew who live in the annexed regions, many expressed grave concerns about the lack of political and economic representations and fear for their security.[75][76][2]

Massacres and crackdowns

[edit]

The 27-year rule of the TPLF regime[60] has been characterized as a repressive system[77] with many forms of massacres, enforced disappearances, and systematic destructive measures taken against the Amhara, and other ethnic groups. Reports showed that mass killings of the Amhara started in the Assosa zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz region in the Metekel zone (which was then part of Gojjam Province) in 1990.[10] After the 1991 power control by the TPLF and insurgents, mass violence and crackdowns on Amhara intellectuals and its public figures launched. A political opponent who was also a medical professor and surgeon, Asrat Woldeyes was imprisoned and abused along with other members of the All Amhara People Organization (AAPO) civic group.[48][78][79] The cause of the elderly doctor Asrat's death is associated with the lack of timely medical treatment following the abuse that he endured during and after his imprisonments.[80][81] TPLF ruled the country for nearly three decades with multiple rigged elections[82][83] that led to mass violence and killings of innocent people in Addis Ababa, abuses, and torture against journalists and public figures in various regions, including in the Amhara region.[84][85] See Massacres by region, for locations of crimes across Ethiopia.

2018— present: Transition to the Oromo-Led Prosperity Party

[edit]

Reports showed that many hoped for peace when the TPLF regime was replaced with a new Prime minister, Abiy Ahmed, who was also the 2019 Nobel Peace prize awardee. He came to power[86] from the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP)— that he has been serving as the chairman. Many of the expressed concerns over his administration[87] include domination of Oromo-based power in his council, ministerial and parliamentary circles, impunity of perpetrators,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94] with concerns over repressive ruling as in the case of the TPLF's authoritarian regime.[95][60] As of July 6, 2022, this period is active with large scale massacres in Wollega, Oromia— see the Amhara massacres in 2022–2023.[96][97][88]

State incitements

[edit]

Oromia reportedly became one of the hostile regions for the Amhara to live in, since the ethno-nationalist insurgents took power in 1991, but more so, since the new Oromo-led regime came to power in 2018. Abiy's governmental decision to bring the exiled and fully armed Oromo rebels back[98][99][100] and controversial diaspora activists was condemned for lack of disarming measures and for subsequent widespread hate speeches against the Amhara.[101][87] This event led to the parallel Amhara mass killings in various locations.[102][103] The OLA, which was formerly the military wing of the OLF – carried out similar massacres in the 1990s.[104] In addition, the polarizing and open remarks made at a large Oromo public gathering by the Oromia President, Mr. Shimelis Abdissa heavily criticized. His speech, "We broke the Neftegna or Amhara" was broadcast on national television.[105][106] Such incitements are believed to be the reasons for the launch of waves of violence against Amhara in many regions, with no obvious punitive measures and the lack of formal acknowledgments from officials.[107][102][103] See The June 14th Parliamentary speeches, for another reported instance of politically charged statement given by Abiy Ahmed Ali.

The Burayu and Shashemene massacres

[edit]

These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders— see Massacres by region for locations of crimes across Ethiopia. The Burayu massacre occurred on the outskirt of Addis Ababa in September 2018. The Oromo Querro youth groups reportedly carried out the mass violence against non-Oromo residents from the Dorzes, Gamos, and other ethnicities including the Amhara. This was one of the first violence that occurred after Abiy took power.[108][94][109][110][111][112] Reports show that the perpetrators demonstrated mixed motives— ethnic origin, religious origin, or both. For the 2019 Shashemene massacre in Oromia, witness statements revealed that the attacking mobs were coordinated. Primarily the Amhara,[113][114] and Orthodox Christians from other ethnic groups— from Guraghe, Wolayita, Tigrayans, Oromo, and others were murdered in this violence.[115][26][116] Due to these mass killings, Christian religious leaders were abused and killed, churches turned to ashes, and treasures and literary works were destroyed.[117] Similar heinous acts were orchestrated in many regions by the various perpetrators. Statements disclosed that the killers demanded conversion to Islam when executing Orthodox Christians from Amhara.[116]

This was followed by mass violence following the assassination of an ethnic Oromo singer, Hachalu Hundessa,[118] in 2020. Although the ethnic origin of the shooter was not disclosed at the time of the attack, Oromo youth mobilized and started to attack Amhara civilians blaming them for the death of the singer - demonstrating pre-meditated and coordinated violences against Amhara and Orthodox groups. As a result of this mass violence, over 200 people were massacred by armed Oromo groups with no clear punitive measures.[119] The government accused OLA rebels for these massacres.[120]

Abductions and massacres

[edit]

Another mass murder occurred in Oromia when a controversial Oromo political elite, Jawar Mohammed, made a social media call to his supporters, complaining government's decision to remove the personal guards assigned to him.[87] Following his call at night, organized Oromo actors came out and reportedly massacred Amhara— at least 86 people were killed.[102][103] In parallel to the mass killings in Oromia,[113][121][119][118][105][122][123] the abduction of 17 University Amhara students in 2019 by the OLA from Dembi Dolo University, and in other places were also reported. The families of these girls communicated that their children never returned.[124] As of May 2022, this case remained open with no obvious action from officials. Other forms of abductions include— Amhara kidnapping in Wollega, Oromia, and other OLA targeted parts of the Amhara region.[125] In addition, a series of mass killings and displacements of Amhara,[126] Agew, and other groups, have been reported in the Benishangul-gumuz & Metekel, and the Southern SNNP regions.[127][128][129][123] These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders in various regions— see Massacres by region for locations of crimes across Ethiopia.

The Ataye massacre

[edit]

Multiple attacks have been launched by the OLA and other Oromo militant groups with aggression into the Amhara Region in North Shewa— in Efrata Ena Gidim, and Kewet districts. The attacks included door-to-door mass executions in Ataye, Shewa Robit, Jewuha, Senbete, Majete, Molale, and the surrounding villages.[130] Ataye was once a vibrant Amhara business and a tourist town before the series of attacks carried out in late 2020. The three consecutive mass violence within a short time reportedly ruined the majority of the city.[131][132][133]

Ataye was in the process of recovery from the Ataye clashes when it faced its the third destruction as a result of the TDF-OLA joint offensive that occurred in November 2021.[134][135] Similarly, Majete and the surrounding towns were reportedly pillaged frequently by the OLA militants. Witness statements revealed that perpetrators were equipped with snipers and artillery when attacking ethnic Amhara civilians.[136][137] Surviving IDPs reported systematic collaborations between the killers and alleged state officials. These frequent attacks in the Northern Shewa are associated with acts of expansion and ethnic cleansing.[138][139]

In April 2021 a series of demonstrations were held in the Amhara region with a lead slogan, Beka or በቃ or NoMore, asking government officials for protective measures— for the waves of Amhara massacres that occurred in many locations. In response to these events, arbitrary detention and abuses were reported.[140][141][142][143] These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders in various regions— see Massacres by region for locations of crimes across Ethiopia.

Annexation, ethnic restructuring and violence in Addis Ababa

[edit]

At the start of the 2018 Prosperity ruling, attacks in and around Addis Ababa, the Capital of Ethiopia, began with the Burayu mass killings of non-Oromo residents, which caused many to flee the area.[112][108][94][109][111][110] Forced removal of the Amhara,[144][145][146] property destructions, mass Oromo transfer from other areas with settlement programs,[147] frequent attacks against residents by the Oromo Querro youth,[145][148][149] police shootings, murders, and abuses of those turnout to public and religious celebrations, with plain Green-Yellow-Red tri-color cloth or items, are some of the reported violence against citizens.[150] Serious concerns have been expressed against the controversial and aggressive annexation mechanisms imposed on the Capital Addis Ababa— to annex it to the Oromia region.[145][147] Analyses indicated that the "special interest" claims[151] of the Oromo regime is tied with terms agreed upon between some ethno-nationalist groups before coming to power. Some of the actions include the enforcement of new policies and systematic administrative changes to Addis Ababa and its surrounding jurisdictions.[105] These measures have faced resistance from residents, and civil voices— the Balderas Party.[152][153] Previously disclosed annexations following the Tigray regional demarcation included forceful integrations of Welkait [66][67][68] and Raya-Alamata[65] to Tigray, the Metekel zone to Benishangul-Gumuz,[69][70] and Dera, to the Oromia region.[71][72] See The June 14th Parliamentary speeches, that is described as politically charged statements given by Abiy Ahmed Ali against Addis Ababa.

2020—present: Tigray War

[edit]

Reports show that the scale of Amhara mass murders in the high-risk Oromia and Benishangul-Gumuz regions intensified with the parallel Tigray War that began in November 2020. At the beginning of the war, the Samri youth group reportedly executed between 600 and 1500 ethnic Amhara civilians in the town of Mai-Kadra.[1] After 9 months of fighting in the Tigray region, the Tigray Defense Forces retook most of Tigray and advanced towards and invaded the neighbouring Amhara and Afar regions in July 2021— massacring civilians in the occupied areas.[154][155] Reports uncover that villages burned down, various forms of sexual violence committed against women and children, livestock killed, institutions and service centers ransacked, and harvests burned down.[121] Over 2 million Amhara IDPs[156][157][158][6][159] fled to the south but case reports showed that those who stayed behind were gang-raped at gunpoint, looted, and abused.[160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173] Witness accounts also exposed that Tigray rebels coerced Amhara children as frontline war shields.[174][175] The government was criticized for underestimating the Tigray forces, and announcing victory while the attacks continued in both Amhara and Afar regions.[176][177]

Strategic retreat directives

[edit]

The Amhara militias such as Fano and other forces who fought against the Tigrayan rebels in the Amhara region stated that they were ambushed with military directives, which led the TDF forces to advance.[178][179] Some of the accusations include Oromo extremists' infiltration into key federal military positions. Questionable commands including for fighters to retreat south, leaving weapons and armored vehicles behind, were heavily criticized.[180] In December 2021, numerous international organizations made calls to their citizens for urgent evacuation from Ethiopia, while the TDF moved towards Addis Ababa.[181] In Wollo, North Shewa, and the Afar region, the TDF and the Oromo Liberation Army carried out joint mass attacks against Afar and Amhara people.[182] With no cost one can put on the lives of many innocent people, recovery from the brutal destructions in both regions is estimated to take years.[183][135]

Afar and the Southern groups

[edit]

In July 2021, the TDF began shelling the Afar region to control the strategic route connecting to the Djiboutian border but faced heavy resistance.[184][185] Repeated attacks were launched against Afar pastoralists, civilians mass murdered, many have been raped, towns and villages looted, institutions ransacked, with cases of weapon-induced body burns of children.[186][187][188] Following the withdrawal of Tigrayan forces, reports covered that the TDF discarded explosives in public areas— resulting in numerous deaths and injuries of children in the Afar Region.[189][190] The war crimes and other grave human rights violations against the Afar people require an independent article or report.

Of the eighty ethnicities in Ethiopia, the Amhara and the Oromo are the most populous groups.[191] However, most southern ethnic groups are relatively small in number, and lack representations in the political space and the military structure. Therefore, they remain at risk of silent atrocities and possible cultural genocide.[192][193][194] The Tigrayan minority, however, dominated government power and ruled the country for twenty-seven years from 1991 to 2018. In addition to the massacres against the Amhara and Afar people, the TPLF regime reportedly committed the Gambela massacre, against the Anuak minority in 2003, and massacres in Ogaden during the insurgency.[195][196] With the new Oromo-led regime from 2018 onwards,[197] serious concerns have been expressed for the Amaro or Korre ethnic groups and other southerners[198][199] with numerous killings against these groups, and the violation of coercing the minorities under the Oromo assimilation mechanisms.[200][201][53][52][51][50][47]

The alleged crimes against the Amhara

[edit]

The three decades-long alleged crimes against the Amhara[64] may fall under the definition of genocide according to the UN Genocide Convention[202] and the ICC Rome Statute articles.[203]

I. Genocidal Acts (Article 6 of the Rome Statute)

[edit]

Across many regions, ethnically motivated,[204][64][18][104][123] targeted, and organized gruesome mass killings have been committed against the Amhara— causing serious bodily[119] and mental harm[205][206] using rape, sexual and gender-based violence, enforced pregnancy, and other forms of attacks.[207] Manner of killings includes dismemberment, immolation, point-blank executions, and enforced miscarriages with lacerations,[22][208][118][209][210][23] and creating deplorable living conditions in the annexed and outside of the Amhara region by preventing them from accessing medical treatments.[211][212][213] Other acts include the enforced removal of Amhara[134][214][2][145] through evictions,[146] burning of their homes and their harvest, and looting of farm animals with the destruction of hospitals, schools, water sources, and other necessities.[115][121][2] Additionally, witnesses reported prohibition from speaking and learning their language in the annexed and other regions.[22][23][123]

II. Crimes Against Humanity (Article 7 of the Rome Statute)

[edit]

In Mai-Kadra, a Tigrayan militia ordered the Amhara to stay in the house before they were mass murdered and looted.[1][215][216][217][218][169] Researchers from Gondar University exhumed bodies in thousands in Welkait where the territory was annexed and under the control of the Tigray Region.[219][220][221][222] Additional mass graves of the Amhara exist in various regions and awaiting exhumation. In many of the places, survivor statements revealed that perpetrators were coordinated, organized and brought name lists when carrying out door-to-door executions.[223][204][224] In most of the violence, ethnic Amhara have been separated from other groups and executed— both Muslims and Christians were murdered and buried together against their religious practices.[130][122][105][114][204] In other cases, the perpetrators targeted Orthodox Christians.[116][225] The Amhara are victims of abduction, enforced removal[6][226][146] and disappearance,[227][127] detention, torture, enslavement, and blockades.[228][2][149][229][113][48][230] Rape, sexual violence, and enforced pregnancy and targeted infertility sterilization cases are also reported.[207][162][210][164][160] Deplorable living conditions were created against the group causing preventable death by exposing them to high-risk infectious environments and denying malaria treatments and other critical medical care.[213][212][231] Other systematic oppressions such as persecution, physical and mental abuses with arbitrary imprisonments are reported.[232][113]

III. War Crimes (Article 8 of the Rome Statute)

[edit]

In addition to the Mai-Kadra massacre, Tigray forces invaded Amhara and executed civilians since June 2021.[170][157][166][161][163][233][162][165][160][172] with cases accompanied by sadistic acts, physical abuse and torture, and verbal abuse or dehumanization including regular use of ethnic slurs and humiliation which inflicted irreparable physical and psychological trauma on survivors. Numerous victims died as a result of this specific violence. In addition, civilian properties were pillaged, and schools and health facilities, villages, towns, cities, farm animals, harvests, and religious institutions were ransacked.[171] Witness accounts also exposed Tigray rebels for coercing Amhara children as frontline war shields.[174][175] The Oromo OLF-OLA armed groups created an alliance with the Tigray TPLF rebels and pillaged many Amhara and Afar towns. In addition to civilians mass murders, the attacks caused the displacement[214][134] of millions of Amhara, Agew, and Afar people with over 11 million Amhara seeking urgent needs.[159][158][173][234][235] Mass graves of the victims were discovered and being exhumed in many shelled towns and villages.[219][220][221][236]

Partial list of massacres by Tigrayan forces

[edit]

The massacres perpetrated by the TPLF are organized by location from North Gondar to North Shewa zones of the Amhara Region

  1. Chenna massacre
  2. Mai Kadra massacre
  3. Kobo massacre
  4. North-Gonder: Aderkay massacre[237][146]
  5. North-Gonder: Debark massacre, Deria Debark massacre[146][238]
  6. South-Gonder: Debretabor massacre[146][239]
  7. South-Gonder: Gayint area massacres(Este massacre, Farta massacre, Guna Begemider/Gassey massacre)[146][239][240]
  8. Wag Hemra massacre (Tsagbji Tsata massacre, Qedamit massacre)[146][241][242]
  9. North-Wollo: Raya Kobo massacre (Kobo town massacre, Gobeye massacre, 027 Keble massacre, Aradum massacre, Nigus Galle massacre, Ayub Village massacre)[146][239][243][244][240]
  10. North-Wollo: Raya Alamata massacre (Waja massacre)[146][245][239][240]
  11. North-Wollo: Woldya massacre (Piassa massacre, Hamusit massacre, Tinfaz massacre)[146][239][246][247][240]
  12. North-Wollo: Wadla Gashena massacre, Delanta Beklo Manekia massacre, Flakit massacre, Meket massacre [146][239][248][249][215][157][240]
  13. North-Wollo: Hara Gubalafto massacre[146][239][250]
  14. North-Wollo: Habru Wurgessa massacre, Libo massacre, Mersa massacre [251][240]
  15. North-Wollo: Wuchale massacre, Haik massacre[252][253][254]
  16. South-Wollo: Dessie Zuria massacre, Jama and Kalla massacre, Kutaber massacre, Legambo massacre, Tenta massacre, Woreillu massacre[146][255][256][257]
  17. South-Wollo: Kombolcha massacre, Kalu massacre, Tehuledere massacre, Worebabo massacre [146][255][256][258]
  18. North-Shewa: Antsokiya Gemza Massacre[146][215][183]
  19. North-Shewa: Debre Sina massacre, Shew Robit massacre [146][259]

A partial list of massacres in the Afar region by Tigray forces

[edit]
  1. Galikoma massacre

Massacres by region

[edit]

The Table covers most locations of the mass violence against the Amhara people in Ethiopia. Due to the scale and the dynamic nature of the massacre, the list requires frequent updating.

Region or Province Zone, District, or County
Oromia, Hararghe and Western Shewa Wollega:[98][123][18][121][119][122] East Wollega,[129] West Wollega,[96][204]Horo Gudru,[260][261][9] Kelem[262][122]

East Hararghe:[123][84][104]Gelemso, Anchar, Daro Lebu, Wefi Dance and others[22] West Hararghe: [22] Gara Muleta, Asebot Monastery, Gelemso, Bedeno, Weter and others[22]

Dire Dawa[263]

Arusi or Arsi:[22][18][104] Shashemene,[105][113][118][115][114][71] Arba Gugu and others[22]

Bale[22]

Jimma[22]

Ambo and its surroundings[22]

Benishangul-Gumuz Assosa

Metekel

Kamashi[22][2][208][264]

Annexed-lands in Tigray Welkait: Mai-Kadra and others[1][206][216][218][169]
Amhara: War-related and other situations North Shewa: Efratana Gidim, Kewet, Antsokiya Gemzu, and others[130][215][138][161]

Gonder: Gonder city, North and South Gonder [162][233][265][266][164]

Gojjam: Bahir Dar city and others[267][266]

Bethe-Amhara Wollo: North and South Wollo[164][268][166][157][172][171] [170][160][158][159][173]

Southern SNNPR Gura Ferda: Bench–Sheko and others[22]
Others Gambela[22]

Somali[22]

National and international reactions

[edit]

Reports of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission are generally taken as credible with some questions of independence.[269][270] On the other hand, the state-owned media are criticized for selectively covering atrocities committed by the opposing Tigray forces while excluding the massacres carried out by the Oromo and Gumuz perpetrators.[71][105][271][272][123][273][274] Other independent voices that expose the mass violence by all perpetrator groups are frequently arrested and persecuted.[228][275]

In previous cases, high-level coverages were given by international groups on OLA (which was then the military wing of the OLF) atrocities it had perpetrated against the Amhara people in Arba Gugu, Bedeno, Harer, and across the Oromia region in the 1990s.[84][18][104] However, the violations since 2018 received generally low coverage and inadequate preventative campaigns with delayed responses for Amhara, Agew, and Afar IDP cases.[214][276] Related to the Tigray War, major international media and rights groups were expelled from the country. Government accusations include disinformation and misleading social media propaganda.[277] In addition, war and other reports of the Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch groups have been criticized for quality and reportedly biased statements released in favor of the Tigray rebels.[278][279] In some cases, international reports with unverified information were released.[273][280]

In another case, social media censorship and account suspensions with organized reporting brought challenges to several activists. However, similar platforms were abused for hate incitements.[281] One of the 2019 mass killings of the Amhara in the Oromia region was triggered after a social media call made by an Oromo activist, Jawar Mohammed. Following his post at night, organized Oromo actors stormed out and reportedly murdered at least 86 people, mostly Amhara.[87][102]

The NoMore campaign

[edit]

In April 2021, the Amhara human rights demonstrations took place in the region using a social movement slogan, Beka or በቃ or NoMore.[141][140][142][143] In late 2021, the same slogan has been used by Pan-African activists to campaign against Western measures on the ruling Prosperity Party— protesting the HR 6600[282] and other United States resolutions and bills.[283][284][176] However, the victim side criticized the movement as a state funded, politically motivated, selective campaign that neglected the mass violence and abuses against the Amhara in the country. This movement reportedly reduced its effort following the release of high-profile TPLF and OLF political prisoners with amnesty in January 2022— with possible peace negotiation between the ruling Prosperity party, TPLF and the OLA.[283][285][286] However, questions have been raised about the nature of the negotiation with the same groups who have already been designated as terrorist groups by the Ethiopian government.[287][136]

Amhara massacres in 2022–2023

[edit]

The June 14th Parliamentary speeches

[edit]

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali addressed the Ethiopian parliament on June 14, 2022, just four days before the waves of the Amhara massacres in various zones and villages in Wollega, the Oromia region.[288][289] Abiy is an Oromo himself and came to power from the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) that he has been serving as the chairman in addition to his primary role as the Prime Minister of the ruling Prosperity Party. The parliament session was broadcast live on television.

Abiy's argument highlighted the default Oromo eligibility and entitlement for a high share in comparison with the other ethnic groups; his speech on these topics lasted from 3:33 to 3:40 hours of the session and were criticized as an inflammatory and politically charged factor that prompted violence— the June to July 2022 Amhara massacres by the OLA, with alleged collaboration with the regional state officials.[290][291]

One of his speeches emphasized that, as one of the majority ethnic groups, the Oromo have not received the large shares they deserved in the political and economic space— in security, leadership, workforce, business, and other sectors, while adding that the Amhara are the group that dominates the majority of positions in these structures. The statement included that the Oromo farmers have not been earning a quarter of what they deserved, commenting that "this is not right." Abiy also presented accusations against residents of Addis Ababa for what he described as deep-rooted hate against the Oromo. He added that the school systems and communities in Addis Ababa have been accommodative of foreign languages such as French, Greek, Italian, German, Turkish, English, and others, while "hating and refusing" the Oromo language in the school and various systems— stressing that those who are hesitant for adopting the Oromo language while practicing alien systems may not be called Ethiopians. These statements of Abiy have been condemned for triggering further ethnic tension that is believed to revive the already fragile ethnic violence and intolerance in the Oromia and other regions where the Amhara are a minority and targeted.[291][289][292][16] See State incitements, for prior reports on inflammatory speeches by others.

The Tole and Gimbi massacres

[edit]

One of the 2022 deadliest massacres of the Amhara occurred on 18 June in the place named Tole and neighboring villages, in Gimbi Wollega of the Oromia region. The government blamed rebels, and witnesses accused the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) as perpetrators but the OLA accused government forces. Witnesses from the area have stated that ethnic Amhara have been selected and "killed like chickens"— they counted over 230 bodies. They feared that the numbers could be higher since many Amhara have been abducted and could not be traced. Residents expressed serious concerns about the continuation of the attack if the Federal army leave the areas. Due to a lack of protection, the Amhara community requested assisted relocation to escape further attacks by the OLA.[96]

Numerous international reports revealed that the scale of the targeted killings is larger in multiple Gimbi villages where the massacres occurred than what initial reports covered on June 18, 2022.[288][88][90][91] More victims were identified, and the number of counted bodies increased with days, from 230 to over 500, possibly higher.[97][293] Informal statements reported over 3000, however, an independent field investigation is needed for a complete list of the victims.

The OLA has been massacring the Amhara since the early 1990s. Due to conflict with the former TPLF regime, the Oromo rebels remained exiled until the Nobel Prize Awardee, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed brought them back from Eritrea when he took power in 2018. These groups returned armed and were also accused of vandalizing over eighteen banks in the Oromia region with no clear punitive measures from the government. Large-scale killings of the Amhara have been carried out by the same group since then.[99][100][294]

Motives of the perpetrators vary from location to location— ethnic origin, religious origin, or both. In the Gimbi massacres, the name list indicated that the majority of the victims were Muslim Amhara. Reports covered that those who hid in the mosque were surrounded and murdered.[293] Most of the ethnic Amhara inhabitants in Gimbi were migrants from the Wollo Province who were resettled by the former communist government, the Derg regime, after drought and famine hit the province.[69] Similarly, the Shashemene massacre in July 2020 demonstrated another religious motive.[26] In this attack, Orthodox Christians predominantly from Amhara and others from different ethnic groups were also targeted. On the other hand, in The Ataye massacre and other locations, both Muslim and Orthodox Amhara were executed and mass-buried together, despite religious differences.

The Kellem massacre

[edit]

On July 4, 2022, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) made calls for an urgent reinforcement of government security forces following the massacres that occurred against the minority Amhara people in Kellem, which is one of the zones in Wollega, Oromia. The specific Amhara villages are also known as Mender 20 and Mender 21 in the Hawa Gelan Woreda. This violence occurred within two weeks from the June 2022 Gimbi massacre that claimed the lives of several hundred innocent Amhara. Both Kellem and Gimbi are close to each other and are around 400 kilometers away from the capital, Addis Ababa. EHRC never disclosed the number of the victims but reported that the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) was the responsible attackers. One of the patterns that witnesses and reports highlighted was that communications are generally down in the areas where killings were carried out, indicating possible coordination rather than a coincidence.[89][295]

Attacks in Efrata ena Gidim (Ataye area)

[edit]

Reports show that since 2018, this became the fourth attack against the Amhara civilians in the Efrata ena Gidim Woreda in the Northern Shewa of the Amhara region that started on 10 July 2022 and continued for several days, in the Arso Amboa (Zembo), and Wayena kebeles near Ataye town.[296][297] The violence claimed at least 17 civilian lives and many injured and hundreds displaced, along with a siege that led to property damages, including the burning of residential homes. Many of the victims were farmers, and witnesses described the return of the violence and initiations of the attacks in the hot spot conflict areas by the OLA, in the borderline between the Oromia Zone where ethnic Oromo live within the Amhara region, and the local Amhara farmers. IDPs and survivors in Debre Berhan, Shewa Robit, Mahale Meda, and other areas expressed fear for their security for returning to their homes. Many of them expressed that they lost their loved ones due to repeated attacks. Records show that there are unresolved frequent territorial and administrative disputes between the Oromia special zone and the Amhara region in which the Oromo exercised autonomy since its creation in 1995 by the former TPLF regime.[58][297]

War in Amahara

[edit]

During the War in Amhara that started in 2023, drone strikes in late 2023 mostly killed civilians, according to media reports.[298]

Calls from various voices

[edit]

Preventative measures and early warning efforts are expected to limit further ethnic-based destructions against targeted ethnic groups.[299][300][92] The diasporas and others in the country made calls to the rights, humanitarian, accountability, and other influential groups to take action. Although the Amhara and Agew massacres have been going on for over thirty years, many expressed that the case has not received adequate campaign and media coverage.[301][142][302] However, due to the scale and frequency of the attacks, progress has been observed in the number of reports. Despite political interest or country profile, such "marginalized" human rights cases require timely root cause assessment for the implementation of preventative measures, accountability mechanisms, and providing humanitarian needs.[303][304]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Various means of state organized ethnic cleansing against Amharas, perpetrated by the federal and regional governments, from pre-planned massacres, state planned evictions and induced infertility.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Amhara Genocide in Mai Kadra: A Report on the Deadliest Civilian Massacre Ethiopia" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). November 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Atnafu, Bekalu (2018). "Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia". Peace Research. 50 (1): 83–93. JSTOR 44873804.
  3. ^ Abegaz, Berhanu (March 2015). "Three Million Amara are Missing: An Analysis based on the 1994 and the 2007 Ethiopian Population Censuses". Docplayer. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  4. ^ a b Genocide of Amhara. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  5. ^ "Ethiopia: More Than 11 Million People in Amhara State in Need of Food Assistance, Region Hosting 263,000 IDPs". AllAfrica. 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2022. 11.6 million people in the region alone are in need of food aid.
  6. ^ a b c "Internally Displaced People exceeding to 2 million in Amhara Region". Addis Insight. 12 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  7. ^
  8. ^ a b c "Lemkin Institute Statement on the Ongoing Violence Against the Amhara People". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Ethiopia: In the shadow of the elections, Amharas are massacred in silence". European Times. 21 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  10. ^ a b c "The Hidden Massacre of Amharas & Christians in Arsi". Ethiopian Information Service Network (S.H.I.N.E). 4 December 1991. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  11. ^ "Accountability: Genocide of Amhara in Oromia, Ethiopia". Nile Journal. 16 September 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  12. ^ a b Berhanu 2022.
  13. ^ a b c "A Quest for Identity and Geographic Restoration of Wolkait-Tegede: Forceful Annexation, Violation of Human Rights and Silent Genocide". Amhara Council. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  14. ^ "Study finding detailing mass atrocities TPLF committed on people of Amhara unveiled". Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  15. ^ a b c "Amharas: The occulted ongoing genocide in Ethiopia". European Times. 5 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Review, Eurasia (1 July 2022). "Ethiopia: Mass-Atrocities, Genocide In Oromia Region Against Amhara People – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  17. ^ "RECENT GENOCIDAL VIOLENCE IN OROMIA REGION: A Partial Documentation of Casualties Following Assassination of Oromo Vocalist Hachalu Hundessa" (PDF). The National Movement of Amhara (NaMA). October 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Ethiopia: Information on the treatment of Amharas in Addis Ababa". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 December 1993. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Statement of the Ethiopian Dialogue Forum on the Amhara Genocide". Ethiopian Dialogue Forum. 26 June 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  20. ^ "Genocide Committed Against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically in Benshangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone" (PDF). Moresh Wogene via Genocide Watch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  21. ^ Akalu, Haileeysus. "25 Years of Ethiopians Suffering: The Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocide of The Amara People" (PDF). EthioPatriots. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization 2015.
  23. ^ a b c Yeshaw 2016.
  24. ^ Geremew, Bitew (2023). "The Tragedy of Colonialism in a Non-Colonised Society: Italy's Historical Narratives and the Amhara Genocide in Ethiopia". Journal of Asian and African Studies. doi:10.1177/00219096221147002. S2CID 255728651. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  25. ^ a b Simas, Jacob; Rodas, Ricky (22 July 2022). "As a brutal civil war rages, Ethiopians in Oakland ask why the world isn't tuning in". The Oaklandside. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d Foley, Ryan (20 April 2021). "Protesters urge Biden admin. to take action against Ethiopia for genocide of Amhara, Orthodox Christians". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  27. ^ "Atrocities Committed Against Innocent Civilians in the Arsi and Bale Regions of Ethiopia". EthioPanorama. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  28. ^ a b Bihonegn, Adugna Abebe; Mekonen, Aleminew Abebe (1 November 2022). ""It Only Reopens Old Wounds": Lived Experiences of Amhara Genocide Survivors From the Maikadra Massacre in Ethiopia". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services. 104: 31–46. doi:10.1177/10443894221127067. S2CID 253293924. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  29. ^ Bihonegn, Adugna; Mekonen, Aleminew (2022). ""It Only Reopens Old Wounds": Lived Experiences of Amhara Genocide Survivors From the Miakadra Massacre in Ethiopia". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services. 104: 31–46. doi:10.1177/10443894221127067. S2CID 253293924. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  30. ^ "Welcome to Amhara Region Culture and Tourism Bureau Official Website". Visit Amhara. 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  31. ^ Merid, Anteneh; Bekele, Daniel (12 August 2019). "Determinants of Poverty in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Tenta Woreda (District), Amhara Region". Journal of Sustainable Rural Development. 3 (1–2): 3–14. doi:10.32598/JSRD.02.02.40. S2CID 212833581. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  32. ^ "UNICEF Budget Brief, Amhara Regional State, 2007/08 – 2015/16" (PDF). United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. May 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  33. ^ "Ethiopian farmers struggle to scratch a living in warming highlands". Reuters. 12 April 2019. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  34. ^ "All Ethiopian Jews must be brought home to Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  35. ^ a b Endalew, Getasew; Molla, Adugna; Hussen, Endris; Bayeh, Addisalem (8 December 2022). "Ethnic Politics and Violation of Basic Civil Rights of Amharas in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State of the Post 1991 Ethiopia: Actors, Causes, Consequences, and Challenges". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 1 (aop): 1–26. doi:10.1163/15718115-bja10097. S2CID 255334089. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  36. ^ "Hearing: Democracy Under Threat in Ethiopia". United States House of Representatives. 9 March 2017. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  37. ^ Beyene, Zenebe (21 July 2020). "Ethiopians, Mired In Identity-Based Violence, Should Look At Rwanda's History". Religion Unplugged. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  38. ^ Mead, Walter (16 November 2020). "Tribalism Isn't Going Anywhere". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  39. ^ a b "Ethiopia: the Tigrean Insurgency". Central Intelligence Agency. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  40. ^ "People's Democratic Programme Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Adopted by the Second Organizational Congress of the TPLF May 1983 (earlier version is 1976)" (PDF). MIA: History: Encyclopedia of anti-Revisionism On-Line. May 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2022 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  41. ^ A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975–1991): Revolt, Ideology, and Mobilisation in Ethiopia. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 1 July 2009. S2CID 155714134.
  42. ^ "EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 25 April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  43. ^ Sertse Dengel, Yonas (April 2013). Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present. Seminar paper on Democracy and Governance in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University Department. pp. 1–3. doi:10.13140/2.1.2887.1047.
  44. ^ a b Khan, Rabina (27 January 2018). "Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day". The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  45. ^ a b Hunegnaw, Abinet. "Mistaken Identity of the Amhara People and the Quest for Organized Resistance against TPLF Atrocities" (PDF). ethiopatriots.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  46. ^ Abune, ZenaMarkos (2012). Gedle Abune Zena Markos (in Amharic). Addis Ababa: Birhan Ena Selam Printing Press. pp. 51–60.
  47. ^ a b c d Wemlinger, Cherri (August 2008). "Chapter 3: Identity, Culture, and Religion" (PDF). IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIA: THE OROMO FROM THE 16TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY (MA). Washington State University. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  48. ^ a b c "Ethiopia: Information on the All Amhara People's Organisation (AAPO) including its leaders, name of president since 1985, whether the office in Dire Dawa is open, procedure for membership, whether AAPO issues identity cards and maintains membership lists, address, phone and fax numbers of office in Addis Ababa". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 October 1997. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  49. ^ Tebeje, Alyou (3 September 2020). "Abiy Ahmed: The 7th Oromo Prime Minister of Ethiopia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  50. ^ a b Jalata, Asafa (2 March 2020). "Oromo Peoplehood: Historical and Cultural Overview". Sociology Publications and Other Works. University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  51. ^ a b Hassen, Mohammed (1983). The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500–1850: With special emphasis on the Gibe region (PhD). SOAS University of London. doi:10.25501/SOAS.00029226. S2CID 158159150. uk.bl.ethos.412253.
  52. ^ a b c d Hurst, Black (1996). "Adopting an ambiguous position". Being and Becoming Oromo (PDF) (6th ed.). Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press. pp. 239–249. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  53. ^ a b Hussein; Jeylan (2006). "A Critical Review of the Political and Stereotypical Portrayals of the Oromo in the Ethiopian Historiography". Nordic Journal of African Studies. 15: 256–276. S2CID 53380960.
  54. ^ Hoh, Anchi (31 March 2020). "Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia and the Battle of Adwa: A Pictorial History". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  55. ^ Steward, Joseph (2020). The Battle For The Battle of Adwa: Collective Identity and Nation Building (MA). City University of New York, New York. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  56. ^ Krauss, Clifford (28 May 1991). "ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  57. ^ a b "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  58. ^ a b "Ethiopia's Constitution of nineteen ninety-four" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  59. ^ Brown, Ed (29 May 2020). "The United Nations, Self-Determination, State Failure and Secession". E-International Relations. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  60. ^ a b c d "Ethiopia: Situation in Tigray" (PDF). House of Commons. 18 June 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  61. ^ Brietzke, Paul H. (28 July 2009). "Ethiopia's "Leap in the Dark": Federalism and Self-Determination in the New constitution". Journal of African Law. 39. Cambridge University Press: 19–38. doi:10.1017/S0021855300005866. S2CID 145071574. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  62. ^ "The politics of ports in the Horn: War, peace and Red Sea rivalries African Arguments". African Arguments. 18 July 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  63. ^ "Eritrea-Ethiopia: IRIN Focus on Assab- Eritrea". United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  64. ^ a b c "Democracy under threat in Ethiopia hearing First Session, 9 March 2017 Serial No. 115-9". U.S. House of Representatives. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  65. ^ a b "Ethiopia's Tigray conflict revives bitter disputes over land". France 24. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  66. ^ a b "Ethiopia: After a year of protests, time to address grave human rights concerns". Amnesty International. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  67. ^ a b "Dozens killed as police use excessive force against peaceful protesters in Ethiopia". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  68. ^ a b "Ethiopia: protestors in Maikadra, Alamata demand justice". Borkena Ethiopian News. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  69. ^ a b c "Resettlement" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  70. ^ a b Birhanu, Tsegaye (29 December 2020). "The murky politics behind the Metekel massacres". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  71. ^ a b c d "Ethiopia: Understanding Oromia's mayhem after Hachalu's murder". The Africa Report.com. 12 January 2021 [11 January 2021]. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  72. ^ a b "Ethiopia Situation Report" (PDF). The University of Nottingham. August 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  73. ^ "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz". water-technology.net. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  74. ^ "The Second Filling of the GERD Reservoir". Wilson Center. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  75. ^ "Metekel Conflict". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  76. ^
  77. ^
  78. ^ "Asrat Woldeyes". The University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  79. ^ "Asrat Woldeyes (1928–1999)". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  80. ^ "Physician Asrat Woldeyes Dies". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  81. ^ Barder, Brian (25 May 1999). "Asrat Woldeyes". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  82. ^ "Dispatches: Alarm Bells for Ethiopia's 100% Election Victory". Human Rights Watch. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  83. ^ Human Rights Watch 2005.
  84. ^ a b c "Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1992, ETHIOPIA". US Department of State. February 1993. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  85. ^
  86. ^ Gardner, Tom; Rosser, Charlie (25 September 2018). "'Abiy Ahmed is our miracle': Ethiopia's democratic awakening". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  87. ^ a b c d Lashitew 2019.
  88. ^ a b c "Bachelet urges prompt investigation into killings in western Ethiopia". OHCHR. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  89. ^ a b Ethiopian Human Rights Commission 2022.
  90. ^ a b "Civilians Killed in Ethiopia". US Department of State. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  91. ^ a b "'Total bloodbath': Witnesses describe Ethiopia ethnic attack". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  92. ^ a b "Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council on Ethiopia". United Nations. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  93. ^ "Ethiopia: Accountability past and present: Human rights in transition". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 April 1995. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  94. ^ a b c "28 years in power and rights violated with impunity". Amnesty International. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  95. ^
  96. ^ a b c
  97. ^ a b "Ethiopia Wollega massacre: Death count surpasses 1500". Africa News Agency. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  98. ^ a b UK Visas and Immigration 2022.
  99. ^ a b "Exiled rebel leader returns home to Ethiopia to 'play a role in the reconstruction of the country'". The World from PRX. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  100. ^ a b "Exiled leader of Ethiopian rebel group returns home amid reforms". Reuters. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  101. ^ yejawari meḥāmedi āwezagabīwi nigigiri የጃዋር መሐመድ አወዛጋቢው ንግግር [Jawar Mohammed's Controversial speech] (in Amharic). 15 November 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  102. ^ a b c d "Ethiopia: Justice Needed for Deadly October Violence". Human Rights Watch. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  103. ^ a b c "Justice, not repressions, will break Ethiopia's waves of violence". Amnesty International. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  104. ^ a b c d e "Human Rights Developments, ETHIOPIA". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  105. ^ a b c d e f "Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason". Borkena Ethiopian News. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  106. ^ "The Controversy Surrounding Shimelis Abdisa Speech". ezega.com. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  107. ^ Alemayehu, Hewan (13 July 2020). "Despair following violent ethnic based killings in some parts of Oromia, Ethiopia". Addis Zeybe. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  108. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Abiy's First Year as Prime Minister, Review of Freedom of Assembly". Human Rights Watch. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  109. ^ a b "Mob killings split Ethiopians as political fault lines test Abiy's big tent". Ethiopia Insight. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  110. ^ a b Zelalem, Zecharias (26 September 2018). "Mass Arrests of thousands in Addis Ababa slammed by Amnesty International". OPride.com. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  111. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Investigate police conduct after deaths of five people protesting ethnic clashes". Amnesty International. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  112. ^ a b "Toll from Ethiopia bloodshed at least 58: rights group, source". France 24. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  113. ^ a b c d e "Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia". Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  114. ^ a b c "'We have nothing': Ethiopia's ethnic unrest leaves destruction in its wake". France 24. 16 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  115. ^ a b c Fantahun, Arefaynie (6 July 2020). "Ethnically-motivated attacks in Shashemene and elsewhere". Ethiopia Observer. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  116. ^ a b c YeNeftegna lij yeAmhara lij egna meret lay aywoledem belew ye9wer nefsetur balebetun belijochu fit የነፍጠኛ ልጅ የአማራ ልጅ እኛ መሬት ላይ አይወለድም ብለው የ9ወር ነፍሰጡር ባለቤቴን በልጆቸ ፊት [Killers said no Amhara Child will be Born, and cut open and murdered pregnant women] (in Amharic). 6 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  117. ^ Eyalekesku bileminachew bileminachew tuten meret lay...! BeHarer ena beAlemmaya yederese zegnagn gdiya ena katelo! እያለቀስኩ ብለምናቸው ብለምናቸው ጡቴን መሬት ላይ! በሀረር እና በአለማያ የደረሰ ዘግናኝ ግድያ እና ቃጠሎ! [The Heinous massacres in Alem-Maya, Harer] (in Amharic). 11 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  118. ^ a b c d Gardner 2020.
  119. ^ a b c d Collins, Sam (15 July 2020). "Ethnic Attacks in Ethiopia Spark Global Criticism". The Washington Informer. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  120. ^ "Ethiopian Rebel Group Denies Role in Singer's Death". VOA. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  121. ^ a b c d "Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes". Amnesty International. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  122. ^ a b c d "More than 210 killed in violence in western Ethiopia: Commission". Al Jazeera. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  123. ^ a b c d e f g "UNTOLD MASSACRES AGAINST ETHNIC AMHARAS IN ETHIOPIA" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  124. ^ "Ethiopia universities close as whereabouts of 17 Amhara students remain unknown". Amnesty International. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  125. ^ Marks & Dahir 2020.
  126. ^ "In-depth analysis: Displaced by months-long violence, hundreds of Amhara community members from western Oromia seek refuge in Addis Abeba and Arsi zone". Addis Standard. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  127. ^ a b "Bench Sheko Gura Farda massacre:at least 31 innocent civilians killed". Borkena Ethiopian News. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  128. ^ "EPO Weekly: 12–18 February 2022". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  129. ^ a b Amhara Association of America 2021.
  130. ^ a b c "At least 194 Amharas killed, 212 wounded in 'deadliest' OLF attack on North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 8 April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  131. ^ "Amhara Genocide : Ataye hit hard as Oromo radical forces launch attack". Borkena Ethiopian News. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  132. ^ "Death toll from violence in Ethiopia's Amhara 'may be 200'". Al Jazeera. 25 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  133. ^ "EPO Weekly: 16–22 April 2022". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  134. ^ a b c The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian report. Humanitarian Bulletin Ethiopia Issue #6 26 April– 10 May 2021.
  135. ^ a b "Over 1.5 Billion Birr Needed To Rebuild Ataye Town And Environs: Committee". Fana Broadcasting Corporate. 24 May 2021.
  136. ^ a b "OLF-Shene, TPLF Should be Labeled as Terrorists, MPs Ask – Ethiopian Monitor". Ethiopian Monitor. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  137. ^ Woldie, Engidu. "Residents say OLF soldiers kill several in Majete, Ataye and Kemise". ESAT Ethiopian News. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  138. ^ a b "More than 287 ethnic Amharas were brutally massacred in two major Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) terror attacks in the North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 21 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  139. ^ "Recent violence in Ethiopia's Oromia region shows hallmark signs of ethnic cleansing, says MRG". Minority Rights Group. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  140. ^ a b Ethiopia Peace Observatory 2021.
  141. ^ a b "News: Protests happening in multiple cities in Amhara region denouncing reports of targeted attacks against Amhara community". Addis Standard. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  142. ^ a b c "Death toll from clashes between Ethiopian Amhara, Oromo groups rises to 50 -residents". Reuters. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  143. ^ a b "Protest against Amhara genocide in Washington DC". Borkena Ethiopian News. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  144. ^ "Ethnically motivated evictions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: "We are evicted because of our Amhara identity"" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 26 February 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  145. ^ a b c d "Massive informal settlements reported in Addis Ababa, radicalized Oromo youth disrupt meeting in Koye Feche". Borkena Ethiopian News. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  146. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Annual Human Right Report: NEGLECTED MASSACRES AGAINST AMHARAS, May 2022" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  147. ^ a b "Ethiopia COI Compilation" (PDF). Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation. November 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  148. ^ "Violence and looting on the outskirts of Addis Ababa". Ethiopia Observer. 16 September 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  149. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Abiy's First Year as Prime Minister, Review of Accountability and Justice". Human Rights Watch. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  150. ^ "News: Oromia Police shot dead two, injure several others at Timket festival over flag controversy". Addis Standard. 22 January 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  151. ^ "Oromia Special Interest Law: Who owns Addis Ababa?". OPride.com. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  152. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" (PDF). Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. February 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  153. ^ "Ethiopia must account for all people arrested since killing of Hachalu Hundesa". Amnesty International. 18 July 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  154. ^ "10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Ethiopia". ACLED. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  155. ^ "750 civilians killed in Amhara in half of 2021: Rights body". Al Jazeera. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  156. ^ "UNHCR IDP Response Scale Up-Amhara Fact Sheet November 2021". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  157. ^ a b c d "Report on Massacre of Amhara civilians in Gashena town of Amhara Region by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 26 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  158. ^ a b c "Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) War on Amhara People: 24 July 2021" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 23 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  159. ^ a b c "Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: 3 August 2021" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 2 August 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  160. ^ a b c d "Weaponized Rape by Tigrayan paramilitary forces and militias in Ethiopia's Amhara Region" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 16 March 2022.
  161. ^ a b c "TPLF militias kill at least 33 Amhara civilians during occupation of Debre Sina town and Termaber Woreda in North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia between 22 November and 1 December 2021" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 1 February 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  162. ^ a b c d "Ethiopia: Survivors of TPLF attack in Amhara describe gang rape, looting and physical assaults". Amnesty International. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  163. ^ a b Human Rights Watch 2021.
  164. ^ a b c d "Ethiopia: Tigrayan forces murder, rape and pillage in attacks on civilians in Amhara towns". Amnesty International. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  165. ^ a b "Special Report: Sexual and Gender Based Violence in North and South Gonder Zones of Amhara Region by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) militias" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 31 October 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  166. ^ a b c "Update on the massacre of Amharas in Were Babu Woreda, Debub (South) Wollo Zone by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 15 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  167. ^ "Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Unlawful Shelling of Debre Tabor City: 20 August 2021" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 19 August 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  168. ^ Dahir 2021.
  169. ^ a b c "At least 600 killed in Mai Kadra massacre: Ethiopian rights body". Al Jazeera. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  170. ^ a b c "Summary of Atrocities Committed by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Forces Occupying Amhara Region" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 12 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  171. ^ a b c "War crimes of TPLF forces in North Wollo Zone in Ethiopia's Amhara Region" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  172. ^ a b c "Massacre of Amhara civilians in Kobo town and surrounding areas in the North Wollo Zone of Amhara Region by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 26 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  173. ^ a b c "Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: 27 July 2021" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 26 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  174. ^ a b How U.S. Media Whitewashes TPLF Atrocities to Push Regime Change In Ethiopia, w/ Jemal Countess. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  175. ^ a b "Conflict Primary Source Of Ethiopia's IDP Camps In Amhara". Getty Images. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  176. ^ a b Felbab-Brown, Vanda (1 February 2022). "Still far from peace in Ethiopia". Brookings. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  177. ^ Has the Ethiopian govt underestimated the strength of the Tigray People's Liberation Front. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  178. ^ "Ethiopian forces retreat from strategic town: residents". France 24. 30 October 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  179. ^ Mersie, Ayenat; Fick, Maggie (13 July 2021). "Ethiopia: Tigray forces push south as Amhara militias mobilise". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  180. ^ Siltawi mafegfeg woyenis? ስልታዊ ማፈግፈግ ወይንስ? [Was it a strategic retreat?]. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  181. ^
  182. ^ Hamza, Marishet Mohammed (2 September 2021). "TPLF–OLA alliance is a prelude to Tigray's secession". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  183. ^ a b "Ethiopia's Amhara region shattered after weeks of war". Frontline. Deutsche Welle. 18 December 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  184. ^ "'Afar has been raided': Suffering stalks Ethiopia's forgotten front web". France 24. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  185. ^ "Tigray accused of launching an attack into Afar to sever links to Djibouti". Eritrea Hub. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  186. ^ Peace talks in Ethiopia: Tensions remain high in Tigray region. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via YouTube.
  187. ^ "Fighting in Ethiopia's Afar region displaces 300,000, aid blocked to Tigray". Reuters. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  188. ^ "Ethiopia: Afar region the new front in the civil war as Tigray violence subsides". The Africa Report.com. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  189. ^ Paravicini, Giulia (27 April 2022). "Children are being killed and maimed by discarded explosives in Ethiopia". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  190. ^ "Children are being killed and maimed by discarded explosives in Ethiopia". Guardian TV. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  191. ^ "Core document forming the initial part of the reports of States parties: International human rights instruments : Ethiopia". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 8 February 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  192. ^ "Ethiopia: Land, Water Grabs Devastate Communities". Human Rights Watch. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  193. ^ "Ethiopia: No Justice in Somali Region Killings". Human Rights Watch. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  194. ^ "Ethiopia: Army Commits Executions, Torture, and Rape in Ogaden". Human Rights Watch. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  195. ^ "Ethiopia: Crimes Against Humanity in Gambella Region". Human Rights Watch. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  196. ^ "Ethiopia: Targeting the Anuak: The December 2003 Massacre". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  197. ^ "Ethnic violence fuels cycles of displacement in Ethiopia". Doctors Without Borders – USA. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  198. ^ "Analysis: "Hundreds" killed, thousands displaced in recurring armed attacks in Amaro Special Wereda, Southern region; latest attack leaves three dead, four injured". Addis Standard. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  199. ^ Assoma, Awoke (January 1985). THE KORE OF ETHIOPIA: A HISTORICAL SURVEY (BA). Hawassa University. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  200. ^ "West Guji Conflict". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  201. ^ "Oromo gunmen invade more Koore districts in Ethiopia's south". Awasa Guardian. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  202. ^ "CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE" (PDF). United Nations. 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  203. ^ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (PDF). International Criminal Court. 2011. ISBN 978-92-9227-232-6. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  204. ^ a b c d Bemeraab Wollega zone Babo Gambela woreda betefetseme yezer matfat megabit 22 2013 amete meheret በምዕራብ ወለጋ ዞን ባቦ ጋምቤል ወረዳ በተፈፀመ የዘር ማጥፋት መጋቢት 22 2013 አ/ም [Genocide in Western Wollega Zone, Babo Gambela district and other places] (in Amharic). 31 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  205. ^ "Unknown number of Amhara people killed in ethnically motivated attacks in Southern Ethiopia". apanews.net. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  206. ^ a b Amharas in Maikadra traumatized by massacre. 17 July 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  207. ^ a b Amnesty International 2022.
  208. ^ a b "Ethiopia: At least 100 dead surge of violence against ethnic minorities". Amnesty International. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  209. ^
  210. ^ a b Amhara Genocide Sterilization Amhara People (in Amharic). 4 September 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  211. ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (13 May 2017). "Candidate to Lead the W.H.O. Accused of Covering Up Epidemics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  212. ^ a b "International Organizations Leadership Recruitment Policies: the Failed Experiment of Dr. Tedros A. Ghebreyesus Candidacy for WHO Director General Position" (PDF). Amba Professional Union (APU). April 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  213. ^ a b Dahir, Abdi Latif (18 May 2017). "The lead candidate for the world's top health job is being accused of covering up deadly epidemics". Quartz. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  214. ^ a b c "Ethiopia: More Than 11 Million People in Amhara State in Need of Food Assistance, Region Hosting 263,000 IDPs". allAfrica.com. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  215. ^ a b c d "Villagers describe 'massacre' in Amhara region". Ethiopia Observer. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  216. ^ a b Questions linger among the corpses of an Ethiopian massacre. 26 November 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  217. ^ Ethiopia: Events of 2020. Human Rights Watch. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  218. ^ a b "ETHIOPIA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  219. ^ a b "Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces". Bloomberg L.P. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  220. ^ a b "Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Mass graves found – Amhara officials". BBC News. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  221. ^ a b "Researchers Discover more Mass Graves of Ethnic Amharas". Walta Information. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  222. ^ Mass Crimes of the TPLF: U of Gondar Researchers Unearth Mass Graves and Underground Prisons. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  223. ^ "Ethiopia,Oromo region: police confirm death toll from attack reached 166". Borkena Ethiopian News. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  224. ^ "207 killed in latest Ethiopia massacre – Ombudsman". apanews.net. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  225. ^ "Archbishop Henok speaks out about massacre of Orthodox Christians". Borkena Ethiopian News. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  226. ^ "Fighting displaces 200,000 in Ethiopia's Amhara region -U.N. aid chief". Reuters. 3 August 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  227. ^
  228. ^ a b "Ethiopia arrests 4,000 in Amhara region crackdown, local state media report". Reuters. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  229. ^
  230. ^ Zelalem 2021.
  231. ^ Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization 2015; Yeshaw 2016
  232. ^
  233. ^ a b "Stench of death: villagers flee site of Ethiopia mass killings". France 24. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  234. ^ "Ethiopia – Northern Ethiopia Humanitarian Update Situation Report, 9 Dec 2021 – Ethiopia". ReliefWeb. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  235. ^ "UN leadership in Ethiopia visits IDPs in Amhara Region". United Nations Sustainable Development Group. Retrieved 23 May 2022.[permanent dead link]
  236. ^ Mass Crimes of the TPLF: U of Gondar Researchers Unearth Mass Graves and Underground Prisons. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022 – via YouTube.
  237. ^ "War Crimes of TPLF in occupied Adarkay Woreda of Amhara Region" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  238. ^ "Tigray forces killed 120 civilians in village in Amhara - Ethiopia officials". Reuters. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  239. ^ a b c d e f g "Tigray rebels killed dozens of civilians: Ethiopia rights body". Aljazeera. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  240. ^ a b c d e f "Ethiopia: TPLF Terrorism Expands, Civilians Massacred – OpEd". Eurasia Review. 18 September 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  241. ^ "Terrorist TPLF Demolished Ziquala's Qedamit Health Center And Schools". Fana Broadcasting Corporation. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  242. ^ "News: Armed forces from Tigray launch attack inside Amhara region; local officials admit the attack, say casualties include civilians". Addis Standard. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  243. ^ "Tigray rebels tortured and killed civilians in renewed fighting, survivors claim". The Guardian. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  244. ^ "Update on atrocities committed against Amhara civilians committed by Tigrayan forces during latest round of invasion of Raya Kobo Woreda and surrounding area" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 24 September 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  245. ^ "EPO WEEKLY: 18-24 JUNE 2022". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  246. ^ "I await divine justice: Rebels bring woes to Ethiopia's Amhara". Aljazeera. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  247. ^ "Can Afcon 2021 help Ethiopia heal the wounds of civil war? Conflict between central government and separatists has devastated towns and villages". The National US. 8 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  248. ^ "They said they want to kill all of us': Tigray rebels accused of abuses". The Times. 12 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  249. ^ "They said they want to kill all of us': Tigray rebels accused of ethnic cleansing". The Reference Paris. 12 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  250. ^ "Shell-shocked survivors describe brutal Tigray rebel advance". France 24. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  251. ^ "Witnesses say 13 civilians burned alive in Wurgessa town by TPLF fighters". Ethiopian Citizen. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  252. ^ "TPLF Opens Fresh Attacks On Civilians: Office". Fana Broadcasting Corporation. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  253. ^ "More than 30 civilians killed during TPLF's indiscriminate heavy shelling of Wuchale and Chifra towns, Ethiopia". Ethiopian Citizen. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  254. ^ "At least 30 civilians killed as TPLF forces took control of Wuchale". Borkena. 17 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  255. ^ a b "Ethiopia gov't accuses Tigray rebels of killing 100 in Kombolcha". Aljazeera. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  256. ^ a b "Tigrayan forces' capture of two towns raises fears for Ethiopian capital". The Guardian. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  257. ^ "While pressure mounts on Ethiopian govt. to declare ceasefire, TPLF continues attacks in north". People Dispatch. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  258. ^ "Worebabo: TPLF terrorists summarily executes civilians, left them for beasts". Borkena. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  259. ^ "Ethiopian army recaptures several towns near capital from Tigrayan rebels". TRT World. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  260. ^ Amhara Association of America 2021; Zelalem 2021
  261. ^ "Ethiopia told to act against ethnic killings". APANEWS. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  262. ^ "West and Kellem Wollega". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  263. ^ "Ethiopia Government: Up to 78 Killed in Ethnically-Motivated Violence". Voice of America. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  264. ^
  265. ^
  266. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Dozens killed after clashes in Bahirdar, in rural Gondar". Horn Affairs. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  267. ^
  268. ^
  269. ^ "Is the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission Independent? – Prime Media". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission – EHRC. 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  270. ^ "Independent watchdog of human rights is emerging in Ethiopia". The Danish Institute for Human Rights. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  271. ^ Tamiru, Getachew (10 September 2020). "How a musician's killing exposed the media in Ethiopia". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  272. ^ "Ethiopia: Eskinder Nega, 5 exiled journalists convicted of terrorism". United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  273. ^ a b Abera, Birhanu (3 November 2021). "Int. Report Reveals as TPLF Executes Mai Kadra Massacre". Walta Information. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  274. ^ "Ethiopia Government Clamps Down on War Coverage". Voice of America. December 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  275. ^ "Journalists, general, militiamen arrested in Ethiopia's Amhara". Reuters. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  276. ^
  277. ^
  278. ^ "News: Amhara State rejects rights groups report detailing crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing in Western Tigray". Addis Standard. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  279. ^ Ndebele, Lenin. "What Ethiopian govt thinks about Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International report". News24. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  280. ^ "Fact Check-Screenshot of alleged tweet from Ethiopia's rebel spokesman is fake". Reuters. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  281. ^ Mackintosh, Eliza (25 October 2021). "Facebook knew it was being used to incite violence in Ethiopia. It did little to stop the spread, documents show". CNN. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  282. ^ Malinowski, Tom (9 February 2022). "Text – H.R.6600 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Ethiopia Stabilization, Peace, and Democracy Act". congress.gov. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  283. ^ a b "#NoMore – Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa". NoMore – Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  284. ^
  285. ^ "Ethiopia announces pardons for high-profile political prisoners". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  286. ^ "Ethiopia releases high profile political prisoners". Deutsche Welle. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  287. ^
  288. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Authorities must investigate massacre of ethnic Amhara in Tole". Amnesty International. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  289. ^ a b Ye Efedry Ye Hizb Tewokayoch Sidistegna Mikir Bet Andegna Ament Ye Sira Zemen Asrasostegna Medebegna Sibseba የኢፌዴሪ ህዝብ ተወካዮች 6ኛ ምክር ቤት 1ኛ ዓመት የስራ ዘመን 13ኛ መደበኛ ስብሰባ [The 14 June 2022 Parliamentary session of the House of Peoples Representatives of FDRE] (in Amharic). 14 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022 – via YouTube.
  290. ^
  291. ^ a b "Genocide & Denial by State Directive: Abiy Ahmed's Hate Speech in Parliament and the Continued Genocide against Amharas Friday, June 24, 2022". Amba Professional Union (APU). 24 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  292. ^
  293. ^ a b "Update on June 18th, 2022 Amhara Massacre in the Tole Kebele, Gimbi Woreda, West Wollega Zone of Ethiopia's Oromia Region by Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) militants" (PDF). Amhara Association of America (AAA). 22 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  294. ^
  295. ^ "Ethiopia, rebel group trade blame over mass killing in west". Reuters. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  296. ^ "Ethiopia: In-Depth Analysis - Recurring Violence in Oromo Special and North Shewa Zones in Amhara Region. Once Again Dozens Dead, Hundreds Displaced". AllAfrica. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  297. ^ a b "Ethiopia Peace Observatory Weekly: 9 - 15 July 2022 [EN/AM]". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  298. ^ Zecharias Zelalem (29 December 2023), 'Collective punishment': Ethiopia drone strikes target civilians in Amhara, Al Jazeera English, Wikidata Q124059950, archived from the original on 31 December 2023
  299. ^ "Risk of Genocide and other Mass Atrocities in Ethiopia". ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  300. ^ "Early Warning Project". earlywarningproject.ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  301. ^ "Calgarians hold rally for Amhara people of Ethiopia – Calgary". Global News. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  302. ^ "Tens of thousands protest in Ethiopia's Amhara State". apanews.net. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  303. ^ "Human Rights Council Hears from 21 Dignitaries as it Continues High-Level Segment, with Speakers Condemning Russia's Military Aggression against Ukraine". OHCHR. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  304. ^ "The top 10 crises the world can't ignore in 2022". International Rescue Committee (IRC). 15 December 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.

Works cited

[edit]