Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 gun carriage

Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 gun carriage
Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 gun carriage
	An Obusier de 155 C mle 1881 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897.
Type	Railway gun; Siege gun
Place of origin	France
Service history
In service	1897-1919
Used by	France; United States
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designer	Guns: Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange; Carriage: Lieutenant Colonel Christophe Peigné and Gustave Canet
Manufacturer	Guns: Atelier de précision Paris; Carriage: Schneider-Creusot
Produced	1897
No. built	48
Variants	120 mm and 155 mm
Specifications
Mass	?
Barrel length	120 mm: 3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) L/27; 155 mm: 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) L/15.5
Shell	Separate-loading, bagged charges, and projectiles
Shell weight	120 mm: 18–25 kg (40–55 lb); 155 mm: 40–43 kg (88–95 lb)
Caliber	120 mm (4.7 in); 155 mm (6.1 in)
Breech	de Bange
Recoil	Top-carriage recoil
Carriage	Top carriage traverse; 2-axle of 4-axle narrow gauge carriage
Elevation	?
Traverse	360°
Muzzle velocity	120 mm: 525 m/s (1,720 ft/s); 155 mm: 303 m/s (990 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	120 mm: 8–10 km (5–6 mi); 155 mm: 6.8 km (4 mi)

The Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 gun carriage was a railway gun carriage designed and built during the late 1800s. Two types of guns were mounted on these carriages and both the French Army and US Army used them during World War I. They were retired soon after World War I.^[1]

History[edit]

Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery before the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. Since aircraft of the period were not yet capable of carrying large-diameter bombs the burden of delivering heavy firepower fell on the artillery.^[2]

Large-caliber field guns often required extensive site preparation because the guns had to be broken down into multiple loads light enough to be towed by a horse team or the few traction engines of the time and then reassembled before use. Building a new gun could address the problem of disassembling, transporting, and reassembling a large gun, but it didn't necessarily address how to convert existing heavy weapons to make them more mobile. Rail transport proved to be the most practical solution because the problems of heavy weight, lack of mobility, and reduced setup time were addressed.^[2]

Design[edit]

Cannon de 120 mm L mle 1878[edit]

The mle 1878 was a breech-loaded siege gun with a de Bange obturator that used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles. It had a box trail carriage, no gun shield, two wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, unsprung axle, and no recoil mechanism.^[3]

The 120 mm L mle 1878 was classified as a siege et de place (stationary siege gun) in France's Séré de Rivières system of fortifications. In line with this mission, the carriage was tall because it was expected that its barrel would overhang a parapet and provide long-range, low-angle, counter-battery fire against enemy artillery.^[3]

A drawback of the gun was that it required considerable time to prepare a firing platform made of concrete or timbers before use. An external recoil cylinder could then be bolted to the platform and connected to an eyelet on the bottom of the gun carriage. Without it, the gun had no recoil mechanism and when fired the gun rolled back onto a set of ramps behind the wheels and then slid back into position. Since it lacked a recoil mechanism it had to be levered into position and re-aimed after every shot, which was strenuous, time-consuming, and limited its rate of fire.^[4]

For transport, the tail of the carriage was hooked to a limber and caisson for horse towing. It was found it had a tendency to sink in on soft ground and since it wasn't designed to be pulled by motor traction its wooden-spoked, steel-rimmed wheels, and axle were too fragile to be towed at high speed.^[3]

Obusier de 155 C mle 1881[edit]

Unlike the earlier Canon de 120 mm L mle 1878 the mle 1881 was designed to provide short-range, high-angle fire instead of long-range, low-angle fire. This high-angle fire would be used to engage an enemy laying siege to French fortifications by dropping a large caliber shell into their assault trenches. The mle 1881 used a distinctive looking gooseneck shaped box trail carriage and was a breech-loaded howitzer with a steel barrel and a de Bange obturator that used separate loading bagged charges and projectiles. The mle 1881 was originally built without a recoil mechanism and to traverse it needed to be levered into position before each shot limiting the rate of fire. For transport, the mle 1881 could be fitted with a set of removable wooden-spoked, steel-rimmed wheels at the front of the carriage. The tail of the carriage was then hooked to a limber and caisson for horse towing. Site preparation included creating a 5.3 m (17 ft) firing platform made of wooden beams which took 2.5 hours to build.^[5]

Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 gun carriage[edit]

As early as 1888 Lieutenant Colonel Christophe Peigné began working on a proposal to mount artillery on rail carriages for use at the forts of Verdun, Toul, Épinal, and Belfort. By mounting artillery on rail carriages he was attempting to solve several technical problems such as: 1) If the guns of the forts faced the wrong direction an enemy could attack from a direction where defenses were weaker. 2) Since the guns lacked mobility they couldn't be easily redeployed to face an attack from an unexpected direction. 3) Lacking mobility more guns would be needed to defend likely avenues of attack which would be wasteful because some guns would be engaged while others wouldn't. 4) Setup time for the guns needed to be reduced to speed redeployment. 5) If the forts were overrun there wasn't a good way to evacuate the guns and they would be lost to the enemy. 6) Rail transport was the most efficient form of transport available for both the guns and their supplies.^[5]

Peigné was assisted by Gustave Canet an artillery engineer working for the Schneider-Creusot company and the carriages were built in 1897. The Peigné-Canet-Schneider carriages are believed to be the first purpose built railroad guns in Europe and were first exhibited at the Paris exposition in 1900. The line drawing is from their sales brochure printed for the expo. Peigné's original proposal was for variable-gauge rail carriages which could run on standard-gauge or narrow-gauge 60 cm (24 in) rails. However, the rail carriages that were built used narrow-gauge rails instead. The conversion of the mle 1878 and mle 1881 involved mounting the guns on twin or four-axle well-base rail carriages. The carriages and mounts were interchangeable and could be used with either gun. By mating the guns and carriages the majority of drawbacks of the guns were addressed. The guns and carriages were given the designation of Canon de 120 L mle 1878 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 and Obusier de 155 C mle 1881 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897.^[1]

The carriages had folding side panels that created a circular base when unfolded and a combination of jackscrews, outriggers, and rail clamps stabilized the carriage during firing. The gun mount was a type of top-carriage recoil system where the gun sat on a cradle that held the trunnioned barrel on top of an articulated arm. When the gun fired a combination of inclined rails, and hydraulic buffers returned the gun to position. These features allowed 360° of traverse and high angles of elevation for the guns. The new carriages allowed the guns to be quickly re-positioned to different parts of the fort and the rails could also bring up supplies. Each fortress was supposed to have twelve mle 1881 and eight mle 1878 guns but it is believed only 48 of all types were produced because the French Army gave preference to offensive instead of defensive weapons.^[1]

Photo Gallery[edit]

A 155 mm in action near the Vosges mountains.
A 155 mm in a US Army depot near Toul.
A closeup of the breech and mount of a 155 mm gun.
A closeup of a 120 mm gun mount in a US Army depot near Toul.
A 120 mm in action near the Argonne Forest.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c United States. Army. Ordnance Dept; Miller, Harry W. (1921). Railway artillery; a report on the characteristics, scope of utility, etc., of railway artillery, in two vols. . Cornell University Library. Washington : Govt. Print, Off.
^ ^a ^b Hogg, Ian (2004). Allied artillery of World War One. Ramsbury: Crowood. pp. 129–134 & 218. ISBN 1861267126. OCLC 56655115.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Canon de 120L mle 1878 De Bange - WO1Wiki". www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ "Canon de 120 long De Bange modèle 1878 Grande Guerre". www.fortiffsere.fr. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ ^a ^b "L'artillerie est-elle plus forte que la muraille ? (partie 1/3)Fortification et Mémoire". fortificationetmemoire.fr (in French). 20 December 2012. Retrieved 2018-06-29.

[:0-1] United States. Army. Ordnance Dept; Miller, Harry W. (1921). Railway artillery; a report on the characteristics, scope of utility, etc., of railway artillery, in two vols. . Cornell University Library. Washington : Govt. Print, Off.

[:1-2] Hogg, Ian (2004). Allied artillery of World War One. Ramsbury: Crowood. pp. 129–134 & 218. ISBN 1861267126. OCLC 56655115.

[:12-3] "Canon de 120L mle 1878 De Bange - WO1Wiki". www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2021-02-09.

[4] "Canon de 120 long De Bange modèle 1878 Grande Guerre". www.fortiffsere.fr. Retrieved 2021-02-09.

[:2-5] "L'artillerie est-elle plus forte que la muraille ? (partie 1/3)Fortification et Mémoire". fortificationetmemoire.fr (in French). 20 December 2012. Retrieved 2018-06-29.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

v t e French artillery of World War I
Anti-aircraft guns	Canon de 75 antiaérien mle 1913-1917
Coastal artillery	Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891 Canon de 19 C modèle 1870/93 Canon de 19 C modèle 1875 Canon de 24 C modèle 1876 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Field artillery	Canon de 75 modèle 1897 Canon de 75 modèle 1912 Schneider Canon de 75 modèle 1914 Schneider De Bange 90 mm cannon Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 Obusier de 120 mm mle 15TR
Infantry guns	Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP
Medium and heavy artillery	Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider Canon de 155 court modèle 1904 Rimailho Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878 Canon de 145 L modele 1916 Saint-Chamond Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1881 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 C modèle 1915 St. Chamond Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider Canon de 155 mm GPF De Bange 155 mm cannon Canon de 220 L mle 1917 Mortier de 220 modèle 1915/1916 Schneider
Mortars	Cellerier Mortar Mortier de 58 T N°1 Mortier de 58 T N°1 bis Mortier de 58 mm type 2 Mortier de 75 modèle 1915 Schneider Mortier de 150 mm T Mle 1917 Fabry Mortier de 240 mm Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Mountain artillery	Canon de 65 M modele 1906 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 Canon Court de 105 M modele 1909 Schneider
Railway artillery	Canon de 120 L mle 1878 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 Canon de 140 sur affut-truc mle 1884 Obusier de 155 C mle 1881 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 Materiel de 155 sur affut-truc Schneider Canon de 164 modèle 1893/96 TAZ Canon de 19 C modèle 1875 Canon de 19 modèle 1870/93 TAZ Obusier de 200 "Pérou" sur affût-truck TAZ Schneider 24 cm Canon G modèle 1916 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Canon de 240 modèle 93/96 TAZ Canon de 274 modèle 93/96 Berceau Canon de 274 modèle 87/93 Glissement Canon de 305 modèle 93/96 TAZ Canon de 305 modèle 1893/96 à berceau Canon de 305 modèle 1893/96 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/81 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/84 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/93 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1893 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à berceau Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à glissement Obusier de 370 modèle 1915 à berceau Canon de 370 modèle 75/79 Glissement Obusier de 400 Modèle 1915/1916 Obusier de 520 modèle 1916
Siege artillery	Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1881 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 Mortier de 220 mm modèle 1880 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Canon de 240 TR Mle 1903 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889 Mortier de 280 modèle 1914 Schneider Mortier de 293 Danois sur affut-truck modèle 1914 Mortier de 370 modèle 1914 Filloux
Self propelled artillery	Canon de 194 GPF Canon de 220mm L Mle1917 Schneider (FAHM) Mortier 280 mm TR de Schneider sur affût-chenilles St Chamond
Armoured vehicle guns	Puteaux 37 mm SA 18 Canon de 75 modèle 1897