Cerebral blood volume

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Cerebral blood volume is the blood volume in a given amount of brain tissue.[1]

Pathophysiology[edit]

The typical human adult's skull contains approximately 1500 grams of the brain (including gray matter and white matter), 100-130 milliliters of blood, and 75 milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid. About 15% of the blood volume is present in the arteries, 40% in the veins, and 45% in the nerve tissue and capillaries.[2]

There is a difference between the cerebral blood volume of gray and white matter. The cerebral blood volume value of gray matter is about 3.5 +/- 0.4 ml/100g, and the white matter is about 1.7 +/- 0.4 ml/100g. The gray matter is nearly twice that of white matter.[3] In both white and gray matter, cerebral blood volume decreases by about 0.50% per year with increasing age.[4] Intracranial hematoma and Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) will cause an increase in cerebral blood volume.[5] Ischemic stroke will cause a substantial reduction in cerebral blood volume.[6]

Measurement methods[edit]

Schematic representation of a Magnetic Resonance

Magnetic resonance imaging[edit]

The cerebral blood volume maps can be calculated by dynamic magnetic resonance image set obtained by echo planar imaging after intravenous injection of thiol contrast agent.[7] Planar imaging techniques or single high-speed shots provide the necessary resolution for contrast agents to display rapid brain blood movements.[8] These magnetic resonance cerebral blood volume imaging methods can be applied to academic research of normal human brain activities and clinical studies of patients with brain tumors.[9][10]

Ct scan cone beam

Emission computed tomography[edit]

In vivo studies using emission computed tomography gave coefficients of variation for regional cerebral blood volume and cross-sectional cerebral blood volume over 80 minutes.[11] A clear tomographic depiction of cerebral blood volume distribution in human subjects can achieve by using emission computed tomography, which provides real-time measurements of the cerebral hemodynamic parameters.[12] Carbon monoxide administered by a single inhalation is a reliable and accurate blood tracer for measuring cerebral blood volume with emission computed tomography.[13][14]

Synchrotron radiation computed tomography[edit]

Synchrotron Radiation Computed Tomography uses a monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam to measure the value of cerebral blood volume. It allows the sample to be placed away from the detector, thereby avoiding scattering effects.[15] This technique measures absolute contrast concentration with relatively high precision and spatial resolution. Cerebral blood volume measurements are based on methods used in dynamic computed tomography. After a large dose of iodinated contrast agent was injected into the brain tissue, the temporal change in iodine concentration was compared to changes in cerebral arterial input. It is a new method for studying hemodynamic changes in brain pathophysiology, including clinical studies of cerebrovascular diseases or brain tumors.[16]

CT perfusion[edit]

Cerebral blood volume is one of the parameters that is assessed with CT perfusion, often as part of Ischemic stroke evaluation.[17][18]

Cerebral blood flow[edit]

Cerebral blood volume has a close and positive correlation with cerebral blood flow. Both cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow depend on several important parameters, including cerebrovascular resistance, intracranial pressure, and mean arterial pressure.[1] The ratio between cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume can be an accurate predictor of decreased cerebral perfusion pressure, thereby predicting cerebral circulation.[19][20]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Leenders, K. L.; Perani, D.; Lammertsma, A. A.; Heather, J. D.; Buckingham, P.; Jones, T.; Healy, M. J. R.; Gibbs, J. M.; Wise, R. J. S. (1990). "Cerebral Blood Flow, Blood Volume and Oxygen Utilization". Brain. 113 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1093/brain/113.1.27. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 2302536.
  2. ^ Kaisti, Kaike K.; Långsjö, Jaakko W.; Aalto, Sargo; Oikonen, Vesa; Sipilä, Hannu; Teräs, Mika; Hinkka, Susanna; Metsähonkala, Liisa; Scheinin, Harry (September 2003). "Effects of Sevoflurane, Propofol, and Adjunct Nitrous Oxide on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption, and Blood Volume in Humans". Anesthesiology. 99 (3): 603–613. doi:10.1097/00000542-200309000-00015. ISSN 0003-3022. PMID 12960544. S2CID 6091820.
  3. ^ Jin, Tao; Kim, Seong-Gi (October 2008). "Cortical layer-dependent dynamic blood oxygenation, cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume responses during visual stimulation". NeuroImage. 43 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.029. ISSN 1053-8119. PMC 2579763. PMID 18655837.
  4. ^ Swain, R.A; Harris, A.B; Wiener, E.C; Dutka, M.V; Morris, H.D; Theien, B.E; Konda, S; Engberg, K; Lauterbur, P.C (April 2003). "Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat". Neuroscience. 117 (4): 1037–1046. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00664-4. ISSN 0306-4522. PMID 12654355. S2CID 41517027.
  5. ^ Mandeville, Joseph B.; Marota, John J. A.; Kosofsky, Barry E.; Keltner, John R.; Weissleder, Ralph; Rosen, Bruce R.; Weisskoff, Robert M. (April 1998). "Dynamic functional imaging of relative cerebral blood volume during rat forepaw stimulation". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 39 (4): 615–624. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910390415. ISSN 0740-3194. PMID 9543424. S2CID 23060386.
  6. ^ Derdeyn, C. P.; Videen, T. O.; Yundt, K. D.; Fritsch, S. M.; Carpenter, D. A.; Grubb, R. L.; Powers, W. J. (2002-03-01). "Variability of cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction: stages of cerebral haemodynamic impairment revisited". Brain. 125 (3): 595–607. doi:10.1093/brain/awf047. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 11872616.
  7. ^ Blamire, A. M.; Anthony, D. C.; Rajagopalan, B.; Sibson, N. R.; Perry, V. H.; Styles, P. (2000-11-01). "Interleukin-1β-Induced Changes in Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, and Cerebral Blood Volume in the Rat Brain: A Magnetic Resonance Study". Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (21): 8153–8159. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08153.2000. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6772751. PMID 11050138.
  8. ^ Grandin, Cécile B.; Duprez, Thierry P.; Smith, Anne M.; Mataigne, Fréderic; Peeters, André; Oppenheim, Catherine; Cosnard, Guy (May 2001). "Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance–Derived Quantitative Measurements of Cerebral Blood Flow and Volume in Prediction of Infarct Growth in Hyperacute Stroke". Stroke. 32 (5): 1147–1153. doi:10.1161/01.str.32.5.1147. ISSN 0039-2499. PMID 11340224.
  9. ^ Østergaard, Leif; Smith, Donald F.; Vestergaard-Poulsen, Peter; Hansen, SørenB.; Gee, Antony D.; Gjedde, Albert; Gyldensted, Carsten (April 1998). "Absolute Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Volume Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Bolus Tracking: Comparison with Positron Emission Tomography Values". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 18 (4): 425–432. doi:10.1097/00004647-199804000-00011. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 9538908.
  10. ^ Rosen, B. R.; Belliveau, J. W.; Aronen, H. J.; Kennedy, D.; Buchbinder, B. R.; Fischman, A.; Gruber, M.; Glas, J.; Weisskoff, R. M. (December 1991). "Susceptibility contrast imaging of cerebral blood volume: Human experience". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 22 (2): 293–299. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910220227. ISSN 0740-3194. PMID 1812360. S2CID 33265376.
  11. ^ Braun, H.; Ferbert, A.; Stirner, H.; Weiller, C.; Ringelstein, E. B.; Buell, U. (1988). "Combined SPECT Imaging of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (99mTc-HexamethylPropyleneamine Oxime, HMPAO) and Blood Volume (99mTc-RBC) to Assess Regional Cerebral Perfusion Reserve in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease". Nuklearmedizin. 27 (2): 51–56. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1629503. ISSN 0029-5566. PMID 3259313.
  12. ^ Ito, Hiroshi; Kanno, Iwao; Ibaraki, Masanobu; Hatazawa, Jun; Miura, Shuichi (June 2003). "Changes in Human Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Blood Volume during Hypercapnia and Hypocapnia Measured by Positron Emission Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 23 (6): 665–670. doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000067721.64998.f5. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 12796714.
  13. ^ Lassen, N. A. (June 1984). "Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Volume Tomography by SPECT in Cerebrovascular Disease". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 7: S283. doi:10.1097/00002826-198406001-00256. ISSN 0362-5664.
  14. ^ Martin, W. R. Wayne; Powers, William J.; Raichle, Marcus E. (August 1987). "Cerebral Blood Volume Measured with Inhaled C15O and Positron Emission Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 7 (4): 421–426. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1987.85. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 3497162.
  15. ^ Adam, Jean-Fran??ois; Elleaume, H??l??ne; Le Duc, G??raldine; Corde, St??phanie; Charvet, Anne-Marie; Tropr??s, Ir??ne; Le Bas, Jean-Fran??ois; Est??ve, Fran??ois (April 2003). "Absolute Cerebral Blood Volume and Blood Flow Measurements Based on Synchrotron Radiation Quantitative Computed Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 23 (4): 499–512. doi:10.1097/00004647-200304000-00014. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 12679727.
  16. ^ Sakai, Fumihiko; Nakazawa, Keiji; Tazaki, Yoshiaki; Ishii, Katsumi; Hino, Hidetada; Igarashi, Hisaka; Kanda, Tadashi (June 1985). "Regional Cerebral Blood Volume and Hematocrit Measured in Normal Human Volunteers by Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 5 (2): 207–213. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1985.27. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 3921557.
  17. ^ Demeestere, Jelle; Wouters, Anke; Christensen, Soren; Lemmens, Robin; Lansberg, Maarten G. (March 2020). "Review of Perfusion Imaging in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Time to Tissue". Stroke. 51 (3): 1017–1024. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028337. ISSN 1524-4628. PMID 32008460.
  18. ^ Konstas, A. A.; Goldmakher, G. V.; Lee, T.-Y.; Lev, M. H. (April 2009). "Theoretic basis and technical implementations of CT perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, part 1: Theoretic basis". AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 30 (4): 662–668. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1487. ISSN 1936-959X. PMC 7051780. PMID 19270105.
  19. ^ Grubb, Robert L.; Raichle, Marcus E.; Eichling, John O.; Ter-Pogossian, Michel M. (September 1974). "The Effects of Changes in Pa CO 2 Cerebral Blood Volume, Blood Flow, and Vascular Mean Transit Time". Stroke. 5 (5): 630–639. doi:10.1161/01.str.5.5.630. ISSN 0039-2499. PMID 4472361.
  20. ^ Todd, Nicholas V.; Picozzi, Piero; Crockard, H. Alan (June 1986). "Quantitative Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Blood Volume after Cerebral Ischaemia". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 6 (3): 338–341. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1986.57. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 3711160.
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