Charles Baker (missionary)

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The Reverend
Charles Baker
Charles Baker
Born(1803-08-05)5 August 1803
Packington, Leicestershire, England
Died6 February 1875(1875-02-06) (aged 71)
Remuera, Auckland, New Zealand
NationalityEnglish
Alma materChurch Missionary Society College, Islington
OccupationMissionary
Spouses
Sophia Riley
​
​
(m. 1823; died 1826)​
Hannah Bailey
​
(m. 1827)​
ReligionChristian (Anglican)
ChurchChurch of England
Ordained1860

Charles Frederick Baker (5 August 1803 – 6 February 1875) was an English member of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) active as a missionary in New Zealand in the 19th century.[1] He supervised the construction of the historic church at Russell and was involved in the Treaty of Waitangi proceedings, a collection consisting of his journals and papers was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World New Zealand register in 2018.

Biography[edit]

Baker was born on 5 August 1803 at Packington. After an education at the CMS College at Islington he left England in June 1827 arriving in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand in June 1828.[2][3]

Christ Church, Russell

Early days at Paihia[edit]

Baker supervised the construction of Christ Church, Russell which, built in 1835 and 1836, is New Zealand's oldest surviving church.[4] Charles Darwin along with Robert FitzRoy (later 2nd Governor of New Zealand) and the officers of HMS Beagle contributed £15 towards the construction.[5] On Christmas day 1835 Darwin and FitzRoy attended a service held in Paihia by Baker, which FitzRoy records as being delivered in both English and Māori. FitzRoy remarked on Baker's seemingly fluent Māori, however, was critical of Baker's mixed delivery given the congregation consisted of predominantly European settlers.[6][7]

Treaty of Waitangi[edit]

In 1840, as a result of the absence of Henry Williams, Baker was responsible for overseeing the CMS Paihia headquarters. He was involved in the preparations for the Treaty of Waitangi and was present at the signing.[3][8]

On 29 January William Hobson arrived in the Bay of Islands aboard HMS Herald, Baker along with British Resident James Busby met Hobson aboard the ship. After having left the Herald, Baker received two letters from Hobson. The first, requested Baker have invitations for a meeting printed and sent expeditiously to the Maori chiefs; it was at this meeting the following week that the Treaty of Waitangi was signed.[9][10] In the second, Hobson requested to use Baker's church at Russell (then called Kororāreka) the following day to read his Proclamations. He also asks Baker to have drafts of the Proclamations printed, and that Baker use his influence to ensure attendance of the reading of the Proclamations.[9] The invitations and the Proclamations would be printed that night in the printing press located in a semi-detached wing in Baker's house by William Colenso.[11][12] The following day, Baker witnessed Hobson's Proclamations at Christ Church, Russell.

On 6 February 1840 Baker was present at the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. According to Colenso's 1890 account, Baker was challenged by the chief Moka regarding land holdings. Moka first addressed William Hobson in Māori, with Henry Williams acting as an interpreter, before addressing Baker directly. Moka's remarks (translated into English) are given by Colenso as follows:

Moka rejoined, " That is good, O Governor! that is straight. But stay, let me see. Yes, yes, indeed! Where is Baker? where is the fellow? Ah, there he is – there, standing! Come, return to me my lands." This he addressed to Mr. Baker, coming forward as near as he could to the place where Mr. Baker was standing on the raised platform, and looking up, waiting for a reply. To which question Mr. Baker quietly replied, " E hoki, koia?" – equivalent in English to, "Will it, indeed, return?" On which Moka continued, " There! Yes, that is as I said. No, no, no; all false, all false alike. The lands will not return to me."[13][nb 1]

Colenso then describes how, prompted by this dialogue, James Busby and Henry Williams successively made statements in English defending their respective land holdings. He claims Tamati Pukututu, chief of the Te Uri-o-te-hawato tribe (a sub-tribe (Hapū) of the Ngāpuhi tribe), also spoke in defence of the missionaries and chastised Moka, and several of his fellow chieftains, for having sold their land in return for foreign goods.[14][13]

While the veracity of Colenso's account of the treaty has been questioned, it remains a seminal account of the treaty proceedings.[15] [16] Colenso's relationship with his fellow CMS missionaries, in particular Baker, had deteriorated in 1852 following the revelation of Colenso's affair with his servant Rīpeka.[16][12]

Tolaga Bay and Rangitukia[edit]

In January 1843 Baker moved to Tolaga Bay to establish a mission station there.[17] While at Tolaga Bay Baker benefited significantly from the support and protection of important chief Te Kani-a-Takirau.[2] In 2007 the remains of buildings that were part of the mission station, and over 40 graves were unearthed.[18] In 1851 Baker left Tolaga Bay to seek treatment for rheumatism at Auckland.

In 1854, sufficiently recovered from his period of ill health, Baker left Auckland to take charge of the Rangitukia mission station. There Baker was responsible for supervising the construction of a sequence of churches, notably St John’s Church at Rangitukia (1854–56). [2] Baker had a significant impact on the 1950s style of church architecture in the East Coast area.[19] The construction of St John's Church was documented by Baker's son Joseph Goadby Baker, who described it as capable of supporting a Māori congregation of around 2000. The opening was attended by the Bishop George Selwyn, who estimated that in excess of 3000 Māori attended the opening.[20] In his journals, Baker recorded the impacts of a measles outbreak at Rangitukia in 1954.[2] His assistant Pita Whakangaua died as a result of the same disease the following year.[21]

Later life and death[edit]

He was appointed as a deacon in 1853, and in 1860 ordained priest.[22] He retired to Auckland in 1865 where, until his health deteriorated, he was active preaching; regularly visiting the stockades and the hospital. Baker died on 6 February 1875 after a period of illness and is buried at St Stephen's Churchyard, Parnell, Auckland.[23]

Marriages and issue[edit]

Baker married firstly Sophia Riley (died 1826) by whom he had one child Dorcas Sophia Baker (1824–1875), who married Native Land Court Judge Thomas Henry Smith.

Baker married secondly Hannah Maria Bailey, daughter of William Bailey and Hannah Goadby, on 11 June 1827 by whom he had 13 children including:

  • William Bailey Baker (1828–1865), resident Magistrate for Waiapū and civil servant. He served as Chief Translator to H.M. forces at Tauranga during the New Zealand Wars, and as resident magistrate there also . He produced a range of ethological works on Māori language and culture, and is also remembered for his first-hand account of the Treaty of Waitangi.[24] [20]
  • Charles Pratt Baker (1829–1862), appointed Resident Magistrate for Tolaga Bay (Uawa) but died in the sinking of the Pole Star before taking up the post. [25]
  • Ebenezer Baker (1830–1905), resident Magistrate for Wairoa. [26]
  • Hannah Maria Baker (1831–1868)
  • Charlotte Baker (1833–1838)
  • Anne Gunn (1835–1918)
  • Samuel Marsden Baker (1837–1915), civil servant and first interpreter to the New Zealand Legislative Council.[27]
  • Rev. Frederick Thomas Baker (1839–1896), married Emily Elizabeth Larkins daughter of the Rev. Frederick Larkins.[28][29] Attended St John's College, Auckland 1871 – 1873, and was ordained priest in 1875.
  • Joseph Goadby Baker (1840–1924)
  • Mary Eliza King (1841–1860)
  • Henry Williams Baker (1843–1927)
  • Charlotte Elizabeth Baker (1844–1866)[20]

Legacy[edit]

In 2018 Baker's journals and papers were added to the UNESCO Memory of the World New Zealand register which recognises heritage items of national significance.[30] [31] The collection is currently held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum.[3]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Schofield, G. H. (1940). A dictionary of New Zealand biography (PDF). Department Internal Affairs. p. 30.
  2. ^ a b c d Mackay, Joseph Angus (1849), Historic Poverty Bay and the East Coast, N.I., N.Z., Gisborne: Joseph Angus Mackay, retrieved 21 December 2022
  3. ^ a b c "Collections record Charles Baker – Journals and papers, 1827 – 1869". www.aucklandmuseum.com. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  4. ^ "Search the List | Christ Church (Anglican) | Heritage New Zealand". www.heritage.org.nz. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Russell Church". New Zealand Herald. 28 March 1936.
  6. ^ FitzRoy, Robert (1839), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Proceedings of the second expedition, 1831–36, under the command of Captain Robert Fitz-Roy, R.N., vol. II, London: Henry Colburn, retrieved 22 December 2022
  7. ^ Darwin, Charles (1839), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836., vol. III, London: Henry Colburn, retrieved 27 January 2009
  8. ^ "Pranks With An Anniversary". New Zealand Herald. 28 January 1939.
  9. ^ a b "Decisive Days of Negotiation and Signature". New Zealand Herald. 2 January 1940.
  10. ^ a b Buick, T. Lindsay (2011). The Treaty of Waitangi or how New Zealand became a British Colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^ Colenso, William (1888). Fifty Years Ago in New Zealand. Napier: R.C. Harding. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  12. ^ a b Colenso, William (2019). Ian St George (ed.). As near conversation as possible the collected letters of William Colenso Volume 1 (PDF). Wellington: Colenso Society. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  13. ^ a b Colenso, William (1890). The Authentic and Genuine History of the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: By Authority of George Didsbury, Government Printer. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  14. ^ "Tāmati Pukututu | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  15. ^ Ward, Judith (2011). Fact or fiction? : William Colenso's authentic & genuine history of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (MA). Massey University. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  16. ^ a b Mackay, David (30 October 2012). "Colenso, William". Dictionary of New Zealand biography. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  17. ^ Williams, William (1974). The Turanga journals, 1840–1850. F. Porter (Ed). p. 586.
  18. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Tolaga Bay grave". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  19. ^ Ellis, Ngarino (2016). A Whakapapa of Tradition: One Hundred Years of Ngati Porou Carving, 1830–1930. Auckland University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9781775587422.
  20. ^ a b c Baker, Mary (1986). Never the Faint Hearted: Charles Baker, Pioneer Missionary, 1803–1875 : a Biography Written from His Journals and Letters. Heritage Press.
  21. ^ Baker, Charles (1 November 1855). "Memoir of Pita Whakangaua". Maori Messenger. p. 2. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  22. ^ "Blain Biographical Directory of Anglican clergy in the South Pacific" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  23. ^ "Obituary". New Zealand Herald. 8 February 1875.
  24. ^ Baker, William Bailey (1861). "On Maori Popular Poetry". Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London. 1: 44–59. doi:10.2307/3014181. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  25. ^ "Shipping Record. Port of Napier". Hawke's Bay Herald. 24 June 1862.
  26. ^ "Wellington". Wanganui Chronicle. 31 July 1879.
  27. ^ "The Late Mr. S.M. Baker. An Interesting Career". Te Puke Times. 8 June 1915.
  28. ^ "Marriage". Auckland Star. 21 November 1879.
  29. ^ "Personal". Manawatu Standard. 23 April 1910.
  30. ^ "New inscriptions added to Memory of the World NZ heritage register". Stuff. 26 November 2018.
  31. ^ "Journals and Papers of Reverend Charles Baker". UNESCO Memory Of The World. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Lindsay Buick translates Baker's reply as "We shall see whether they will return."[10]
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