Cro-Magnon
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The term Cro-Magnon (pronounced /kroʊˈmæɡnən/, French [kʀomaɲɔ̃]) refers to one of the main types of anatomically modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic and is used for fossil specimens dated approximately 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. It is taken from the cave of Crô-Magnon in southwest France, where the first specimen was found.
The term falls outside the usual naming conventions for early humans and is often used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe, while remaining, anthropologically speaking, a specific (but very frequent) subtype among the fossil remains. In recent scientific literature the term "early modern humans" is used instead.
The oldest definitely dated specimen is from 34,000–36,000 years ago[1].
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[edit] Excavations
The geologist Louis Lartet discovered the first five skeletons in March 1868 in the Cro-Magnon rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. The rock shelter contained a large cavity which protected the fossils. The type specimen from this find is Cro-Magnon 1. The skeletons showed the same high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as modern humans. Other specimens have since come to light in other parts of Europe and in the Middle East. From a genetic perspective, the European individuals probably descended from an East African origin via South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa [3] [2] (cromagnoid populations of Mechta El Arbi and Afalou bou Rummel).
The condition and placement of the remains along with pieces of shell and animal tooth in what appears to have been pendants or necklaces raises the question of whether they were buried intentionally. If Cro-Magnons buried their dead intentionally it suggests they had a knowledge of ritual, by burying their dead with necklaces and tools, or an idea of disease and that the bodies needed to be contained.[3]
Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of this period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection, several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks, indicating traumatic injury; the adult female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life threatening even today, this suggests that Cro-Magnons believed in community support and took care of each others' injuries.[3]
[edit] Cro-Magnon life
Cro-Magnon were anatomically modern, only differing from their modern day descendants in Europe by their more robust physiology and slightly larger cranial capacity.[4] Of modern nationalities, Finns are closest to Cro-Magnons in terms of anthropological measurements.[5]
Surviving Cro-Magnon artifacts include huts, cave paintings, carvings and antler-tipped spears. The remains of tools suggest that they knew how to make woven clothing. They had huts, constructed of rocks, clay, bones, branches, and animal hide/fur. These early humans used manganese and iron oxides to paint pictures and may have created the first calendar around 15,000 years ago[6].
The flint tools found in association with the remains at Cro-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the skeletons.
The Cro-Magnons must have come into contact with the Neanderthals, and are often blamed for causing the latter's extinction, although modern humans seem to have coexisted with Neanderthals for up to 60,000 years in the Levant[7] and for more than 15,000 years in France[8].
[edit] Genetics
A 2003 study on Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA, published by an Italo-Spanish research team led by David Caramelli, concluded that Neanderthals were far outside the modern human range, while Cro-Magnons were well in the average of modern Europeans. MtDNA retrieved from two Cro-Magnon specimens was identified as Haplogroup N.[9] Haplogroup N is found among modern populations of the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, and its descendant haplogroups are found among modern Eurasian and Native American populations.[10]
[edit] See also
- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
- List of human evolution fossils
- Neanderthal interaction with Cro-Magnons
- Earth's Children, a series of historical fiction novels written by Jean M. Auel, taking place in ancient Europe
- "The Inheritors", a 1955 novel by William Golding about the extinction of Homo Neanderthalensis through conflict with Cro Magnon civilisation
- The Man from Earth, a 2007 motion picture in which a self-described Cro-Magnon reveals himself to his closest friends
[edit] References
- ^ An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania; E Trinakus &a
- ^ [1]Oppenheimer piece
- ^ a b Museum of Natural History
- ^ "Cro-Magnon". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9027935.
- ^ Niskanen, Markku. The Origin of the Baltic-Finns from the Physical Anthropological Point of View. http://www.mankindquarterly.org/samples/niskanenbalticcorrected.pdf.
- ^ according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich (2000) [2]
- ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef & Bernard Vandermeersch, Scientific American, April 1993, 94-100
- ^ Brad Gravina et al., Nature, 438, 51-56 (2005)
- ^ http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/11/6593
- ^ https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html
