Croconate violet
Croconate violet or 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylene)croconate is a divalent anion with chemical formula C
11N
4O2−
3 or ((N≡C−)2C=)2(C5O3)2−. It is one of the pseudo-oxocarbon anions, as it can be described as a derivative of the croconate oxocarbon anion C
5O2−
5 through the replacement of two oxygen atoms by dicyanomethylene groups =C(−C≡N)2. Its systematic name is 3,5-bis(dicyanomethylene)-1,2,4-trionate. The term croconate violet as a dye name specifically refers to the dipotassium salt K
2C
11N
4O
3.
History and synthesis[edit]
The anion was synthesized and characterized by Alexander Fatiadi in 1978. He obtained the potassium salt by treating dipotassium croconate K
2C
5O
5 with malononitrile in water solution at 80–90 °C.[1] The dipotassium salt crystallizes from water as a dihydrate in deep blue metallic needles. The water solutions have an intense violet color and strongly stain the skin.[1]
Croconic acid violet[edit]
The croconate violet anion is the conjugate base of the acid croconic acid violet C
11H
2N
4O
3, also obtained by Fatiadi in 1978 by treating the potassium salt with hydrochloric acid. It is an orange crystalline solid that melts at 260–270 °C and dissolves in water to give violet skin-staining solutions. It strongly acidic (pKa1 = 0.32 ± 0.02, pKa2 = 1.02 ± 0.02). From this acid other alkali metal salts can be prepared. The acid cannot be prepared directly from croconic acid and malononitrile; croconate blue is obtained instead.[1]
Properties[edit]
Croconate violet salts are dyes with strong absorptions in the UV–visible region. Solutions of the acid or of the dipotassium salt strongly stain the skin.[1] It retains the aromatic character and some other properties of the croconate anion.[2]
Croconate violet salts also have interesting electrochemical, semiconducting and photophysical properties, and have been the subject of research in supramolecular chemistry.[3] The dipotassium salt for example is a semiconductor with electrical conductivity 2 × 10−4 S cm−1.[1]
The lithium salt is very soluble in water.[1] The rubidium salt Rb
2C
11N
4O
3 and the mixed rubidium-potassium salt Rb
1.4K
0.6C
11N
4O
3 crystallize as deep blue dihydrates in the triclinic space group, with the same structure. In these solids the croconate violet anion is almost planar, with the dicyanomethylene groups slightly twisted out of the mean plane. The aromatic character of the croconate core is retained or even enhanced, with strongly delocalized π electrons. The tetra-n-butylammonium salt (N(C
4H
9)4)2C
11N
4O
3 is an anhydrous metallic green solid, stable to 225 °C, that is highly soluble in organic solvents (in contrast to the dipotassium salt).[4]
The mixed salts of potassium and of certain trivalent lanthanides cations (lanthanum, neodymium, gadolinium, and holmium) exhibit some degree of π-stacking interactions; namely, the π electrons of the croconate rings in one layer form weak bonds with those in the adjacent layers.[5] In the anhydrous tetrabutylammonium salt the anions are separated by more than 12 Å and no π-stacking occurs.[4]
See also[edit]
- 2-(Dicyanomethylene)croconate
- Croconate blue, 1,2,3-tris(dicyanomethylene)croconate
- 1,2-bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate
- 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Alexander J. Fatiadi (1978), "Synthesis of 1,3-(dicyanomethylene)croconate salts. New bond-delocalized dianion, "Croconate Violet"". Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 100 issue 8, pages 2586–2587. doi:10.1021/ja00476a073
- ^ Lawrence M. Doane, Alexander J. Fatiadi (2003) "Electrochemical Oxidation of Croconate Salts; Evidence of the Chemical Equivalence of the Carbonyl Oxygen Atom and the Dicyanomethylene Group" doi:10.1002/anie.198206351
- ^ Renata Diniz, Lívian R.V. De Sá, Bernardo L. Rodrigues, Maria I. Yoshida and Luiz Fernando C. de Oliveira (2006), "Crystal structure and vibrational spectra of rubidium salts of bis(dicyanomethylene)croconate (croconate violet)". Inorganica Chimica Acta, Volume 359, Issue 7, Pages 2296–2302. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2006.01.012
- ^ a b Wagner M. Teles, Regis de A. Farani, Daniel S. Maia, Nivaldo L. Speziali, Maria Irene Yoshida, Luiz Fernando C. de Oliveira and Flávia C. Machado (2006), "Crystal structure, thermal analysis and spectroscopic properties of Tetrabutylammonium 3,5-bis(dicyanomethylene)-cyclopentane-1,2,4-trionate: An intriguing pseudo-oxocarbon and its zinc(II) complex". Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 783, Issues 1–3, Pages 52–60 doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.08.020
- ^ Luiz Felipe O. Faria, Antônio L. Soares Jr., Renata Diniz, Maria I. Yoshida, Howell G.M. Edwards and Luiz Fernando C. de Oliveira (2010), "Mixed salts containing croconate violet, lanthanide and potassium ions: Crystal structures and spectroscopic characterization of supramolecular compounds". Inorganica Chimica Acta, Volume 363, Issue 1, Pages 49-56 doi:10.1016/j.ica.2009.09.050