Draft:Fifth Force (Indonesia)
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Last edited by Kaliper1 (talk | contribs) 5 days ago. (Update) |
The Fifth Force (Indonesian: Angkatan Kelima) was a military branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia. Conceived by the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), it represented an initiative aimed at mobilizing armed workers and peasants.
| Fifth Force | |
|---|---|
| Angkatan Kelima AK | |
| Founded | 14 January 1965 |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Type | Militia Military reserve force |
| Role |
|
| Size | 15,000,000 (projected) |
| Part of |  Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia |
| Colors | Red |
| Engagements | |
| Commanders | |
| Commander-in-Chief |  President Sukarno |
Background[edit]
The elements of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI, now TNI) officially during Guided Democracy Era consisted of the Army, Navy, and Air Force and the Police Force. At that time, each element was a Ministry responsible to the President/Great Leader of the Revolution; that being president Sukarno. Although there was a Commander of the Armed Forces or Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces who was also the Coordinating Minister for the Ministry of Defense, they only dealt with administration and not command. The existence of the Police Force, which was made an element of the Indonesian Ministry of Defence, continued until 1999, when the Police was finally released and became independent from the element. Similarly, during the independence revolution, the Police Force was under the Department of Home Affairs.
Development[edit]
D.N. Aidit's proposal[edit]
During Guided Democracy, the Indonesian Communist Party, a major Indonesian party after the 1955 elections, was an element in the Nasakom concept (National, Religious and Communist). With the turbulent political situation and the revolutionary call from President Soekarno and the many conflicts such as West Irian (Trikora) and Ganyang Malaysia (Dwikora) that required many volunteers, the PKI then proposed to the government/president to form a fifth force consisting of armed workers and peasants.
On 14 January 1965, the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Indonesian Communist Party, D.N. Aidit, was summoned on Thursday morning by President Sukarno at the Merdeka Palace. In his statement to the American press, Aidit expressed the intention of the PKI to propose to President Sukarno the arming of approximately 15 million peasants and workers.[1][2] Additionally, Aidit further appealed to the Indonesian National Armed Forces (ABRI) for the provision of military training. He explained that once arms were in the hands of peasants and workers, there would be no more "boneka" or puppets in the nation, emphasizing the empowerment of the populace.[3][1] Aidit clarified in response to inquiries from CBS journalists, asserting that this proposition was in response to fortifying the resilience of the ongoing revolution, intended to confront the British preparations for aggression, notably their "bolstering of the defense of their puppet state 'Malaysia'" by consolidating military forces in the east of Jambi region, possibly refering to peninsular Malaya.[3] Moreover, Aidit expressed his intention to request ABRI to conduct military training sessions for peasants and workers, enabling them to swiftly utilize the provided arms. He disclosed that he had already communicated this plan to the British Ambassador Gilchrist during a meeting at the Cambodian Embassy the previous Wednesday night. Responding to inquiries from "Warta Bakhti" journalists regarding whether the PKI's initiative had been discussed with relevant organizations, such as student organizations, farmers, and worker unions, Aidit clarified that such discussions had not yet transpired with the specified organizations, indicating a forthcoming engagement.[3]
Zhou Enlai's support[edit]
This revelation caused consternation among the military leadership, especially the Army. It was feared that this element would be used by the PKI to seize power, emulating the experience of the Russian and Chinese revolutions. Therefore, the Army leadership rejected the proposal. There was quite a heated closed conflict between the Army and the PKI, especially in anticipation of the national leadership after President Sukarno. It was later mentioned by some that in the conflict, especially Dwikora, the Army was considered less serious in conducting military operations than the Navy and Air Force, which provoked the PKI to form this element as volunteer assistance.
The PKI itself trained various elements of its organizations in the form of military exercises, although some say that the exercises that PKI elements participated in were actually official exercises for volunteers from both the Nationalist and Religious communities. However, various testimonies from political prisoners mention that the training was actually more attended by Communist elements such as the People's Youth and Gerwani than other elements. Thus, many testimonies from political prisoners, especially former military officers who became political prisoners, who said that many middle-ranking officers who were later implicated in the 30 September Movement who were accused of training communist elements, said that the training was an official volunteer training for Dwikora.
In the training for volunteers, witnesses, especially from the Air Force, also expressed their amazement that the training resembled the training of the Communist Chinese Red Army, especially when the marching defile was answered as an element of propriety (gallantry) only.
Finally, the case of illegal arms smuggling from the PRC was alleged later on, especially after the failed September 30 Movement, which was alleged to be an attempt by the PKI to form a fifth army with the help of the PRC. However, this case, which was said to be true during the New Order era, became a questionable part or element of Indonesia's dark history after the 1998 reformation.
The end of the Fifth Force[edit]
After the events of the September 30th Movement, which was later broken or failed. The Fifth Force practically disappeared. with the last mention of said angkatan being on August 24 1967, Republic of Indonesia Presidential Decree No. 132 of 1967, concerning changes to the main Organization and Procedures in the Defense Sector, it is stated that ABRI which is an organizational part of the Department of Defense and Security includes: AD, AL, AU, AK, each Force is led by a Force Commander and is responsible for the implementation duties to the Ministry of Defence.[6]
The Army with Supersemar finally disbanded the PKI and its organizations, especially those from the People's Youth, Gerwani, Barisan Tani Indonesia, and SOBSI which were allegedly elements of the Fifth Force and made arrests which in the post-1998 reformation era were said to be "purges". Apart from the PKI, the post-Supersemar government of Major General Suharto also arrested military officers who were said to have been involved in the September 30 Movement and trained the "Fifth Force" which was later attributed to the Air Force, which was considered active in supporting President Sukarno's policies.
Some of the volunteers who had been sent to Kalimantan during the Dwikora conflict were also disarmed. In this case, the term Paraku (North Kalimantan People's Army) emerged, which was said to have been suppressed by the Indonesian military and the Malaysian military for resisting.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b sociopolitica (2009-09-18). "Indonesia: Satu Masa Pada Suatu Wilayah Merah (2)". SOCIO-POLITICA. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ Matanasi, Petrik (2018-01-14). "Angkatan Kelima: Diusulkan PKI, Ditolak Angkatan Darat". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ a b c "PKI usulkan 15 djuta massa tani dan buruh dipersendjatai". Warta Bhakti. Djakarta. 14 January 1965.
- ^ Isnaeni, Hendri F. (2016-05-31). "Terganggu Tugu Tani". Historia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ Syam, Ali Musri (2021-06-23). "Tugu Tani, Tugu Perjuangan Petani Indonesia". Kompasiana (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ "Sejarah Polri - Museum Polri". museumpolri.org. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- ^ Chan, Francis; Wong, Phyllis (2011-09-16). "Saga of communist insurgency in Sarawak". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
See also[edit]
Similar formations: