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Draft:Indigenous communism

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Indigenous Communism

Indigenous communism refers to an economic system characterized by communal ownership and collective decision-making, prevalent in various indigenous cultures globally. This system has historical roots dating back to the Neolithic Revolution approximately 12,000 years ago, as evidenced by archaeological findings that suggest communal resource management was integral to early societal structures. The formal academic recognition and study of indigenous communal systems emerged significantly towards the end of the 20th century, notably marked by Elinor Ostrom's 1990 publication, Governing the Commons.[1] Ostrom's work highlighted the efficiency of communal resource management across various cultural groups, including indigenous communities, challenging conventional economic governance models.[2][3]

After Ostrom's contributions, scholars such as Garrett Hardin, James Acheson, and Mancur Olson expanded on the topic. Hardin's 1968 article, "The Tragedy of the Commons[4]" along with further studies by Acheson and Olson, enriched the literature on communal ownership and collective decision-making.[5] The relevance of indigenous communism gained significant impact in economic literature in the early 21st century, driven by a growing recognition by economists and policymakers of the importance of traditional knowledge systems, particularly in addressing contemporary issues like environmental degradation and social inequality. This period marked a shift in economic studies, emphasizing diverse economic models and the contributions of indigenous practices to sustainable development and resource management.[6][7]

Indigenous Communism versus Capitalism[edit]

Indigenous communism is an economic model that emphasizes communal ownership and collective decision-making, in contrast to classical Capitalism, which focuses on individual property rights and competitive markets. Indigenous communism is founded on the principle that community resources are shared collectively, with decisions made in the interest of the group. This model manages common pool resources (CPRs) such as land, water, and forests to ensure sustainable use and equitable distribution among all members. Indigenous communism prioritizes long-term community well-being over short-term individual gains, contrasting with the capitalist emphasis on individual entrepreneurship and market competition.

Elinor Ostrom’s Research[edit]

Elinor Ostrom, an American political economist, highlighted the principles of indigenous communism within economic scholarship. Her 1990 work, Governing the Commons, challenged the narrative of the "Tragedy of the commons," a theory advanced by Garrett Hardin in 1968, which suggested that individual users acting in self-interest would lead to the overuse and depletion of common resources. Ostrom's empirical research demonstrated that communities could effectively govern shared resources sustainably without stringent top-down regulation or privatization. She identified several critical design principles for the success of communal governance systems, including clearly defined boundaries, alignment of governance rules with local conditions, collective-choice arrangements, effective monitoring, graduated sanctions for rule violators, accessible conflict-resolution mechanisms, and recognition of the community's right to organize. These principles have been applied in various fields such as environmental management, development studies, and public administration.[8]

Illustrative Examples of Indigenous Communal Traditions[edit]

Native American Tribes[edit]

Prior to European colonization, many Native American tribes practiced forms of indigenous communism. The Iroquois Confederacy, composed of nations such as the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, exemplified communal land ownership and decision-making. The Great Law of Peace, which guided the confederacy, emphasized consensus-based governance and collective responsibility. Resources were shared among community members, ensuring the well-being of all.[9][10]

African Communities[edit]

Across the African continent, numerous tribes and communities historically practiced communal living and resource-sharing. For instance, the Igbo people of Nigeria organized themselves into decentralized village communities known as "umunna" where land and resources were held collectively. Decision-making involved councils of elders and lineage heads, focusing on maintaining harmony and solidarity within the community.

Pacific Islander Cultures[edit]

Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands, such as the Māori of New Zealand and the Polynesians tribes, exhibited communal ownership and distribution of resources. Traditional governance structures, like the "Marae" in Māori culture, facilitated collective decision-making and conflict resolution. Practices such as reciprocity, or "Tikanga Māori" underscored the importance of mutual aid and support within the community.[11][12]

Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon[edit]

Tribes inhabiting the Amazon rainforest, including the Yanomami, Asháninka, and Kayapo, have long-standing traditions of communal land management and resource stewardship. These societies operate on principles of kinship and reciprocity, where collective ownership ensures the sustainability of resources and the well-being of future generations. Traditional knowledge systems guide their interactions with the environment, fostering a balanced relationship with nature.[13]

Case Studies of Indigenous Communal Practices[edit]

Hopi Agriculture[edit]

The Hopi people of the American Southwest have practiced sustainable agriculture for centuries. Their farming methods, such as Dryland farming and the use of terraced fields, are adapted to the arid environment. The Hopi practice Communal farming, where fields are not owned by individuals but managed collectively to ensure food security for the entire community. This system also involves the communal storage of harvested crops, which are distributed based on need.[14][15]

Inuit Hunting Practices[edit]

The Inuit of the Arctic regions have a long tradition of communal hunting and resource sharing. Hunting practices are governed by strict social norms and regulations to ensure the sustainable use of wildlife. When a large animal, such as a whale, is caught, the meat is distributed among all members of the community, reinforcing social bonds and ensuring equitable access to resources.[16][17]

Bene Israel in India[edit]

The Bene Israel, a small Jewish community in India, historically practiced a form of communal living that included collective ownership of land and resources. Community decisions were made through councils, and resources were shared among community members. This system allowed the Bene Israel to maintain their cultural identity and ensure mutual support within the community, despite being a minority group in the region.[18]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ostrom, Elinor (1990-11-30). Governing the Commons. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511807763. ISBN 978-0-521-37101-8.
  2. ^ Hole, Frank (1984). "A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution". Paléorient. 10 (2): 49–60. doi:10.3406/paleo.1984.939. ISSN 0153-9345.
  3. ^ Weisdorf, Jacob L. (2005-08-17). "From Foraging To Farming: Explaining The Neolithic Revolution". Journal of Economic Surveys. 19 (4): 561–586. doi:10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00259.x. ISSN 0950-0804.
  4. ^ Hardin, Garrett (1968-12-13). "The Tragedy of the Commons". Science. 162 (3859): 1243–1248. Bibcode:1968Sci...162.1243H. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17756331.
  5. ^ Acheson, James (2018-09-04). "Common Property". The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology: 1–11. doi:10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1339. ISBN 978-0-470-65722-5.
  6. ^ Kevenhörster, Paul (2007), "Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge 1965", Schlüsselwerke der Politikwissenschaft, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 345–348, doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90400-9_92, ISBN 978-3-531-14005-6, retrieved 2024-05-20
  7. ^ Casey, James (August 1990). "Brian Juan O'Neill, Social inequality in a Portuguese hamlet: land, late marriage and bastardy 1870–1978, Cambridge studies in social anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Pages 430, 25 figures and 24 half-tone photographs. £30". Continuity and Change. 5 (2): 307–309. doi:10.1017/s0268416000004021. ISSN 0268-4160.
  8. ^ Ostrom, Elinor (2008), "Tragedy of the Commons", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2047-1, ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5, retrieved 2024-06-03
  9. ^ "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", Wikipedia, 2024-05-15, retrieved 2024-05-20
  10. ^ Stineback, David; Johansen, Bruce E. (1989). "Forgotten Founders: How the American Indian Helped Shape Democracy". American Indian Quarterly. 13 (2): 192. doi:10.2307/1184060. ISSN 0095-182X. JSTOR 1184060.
  11. ^ "Indigenous peoples of Oceania", Wikipedia, 2024-05-10, retrieved 2024-05-20
  12. ^ Firth, Raymond (2012-11-12). Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori (Routledge Revivals). doi:10.4324/9780203145401. ISBN 978-1-136-50537-9.
  13. ^ LEVI, JEROME (November 1995). "Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia: An Ecological Anthropology of an Endangered World. LESLIE E. SPONSEL, ed". American Ethnologist. 22 (4): 1027–1028. doi:10.1525/ae.1995.22.4.02a00540. ISSN 0094-0496.
  14. ^ Kassam, A.; Derpsch, R.; Friedrich, T. (March 2014). "Global achievements in soil and water conservation: The case of Conservation Agriculture". International Soil and Water Conservation Research. 2 (1): 5–13. Bibcode:2014ISWCR...2....5K. doi:10.1016/s2095-6339(15)30009-5. ISSN 2095-6339.
  15. ^ Smith, C.D. (January 1998). "The PMF Does Have a Frequency". Canadian Water Resources Journal. 23 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:1998CaWRJ..23....1S. doi:10.4296/cwrj2301001. ISSN 0701-1784.
  16. ^ Wenzel, George (2004). "DAHL, Jens, 2000 Saqqaq: An Inuit Hunting Community in the Modern World, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 277 pages". Études/Inuit/Studies. 28 (1): 192. doi:10.7202/012650ar. ISSN 0701-1008.
  17. ^ Simond, Antoine E.; Houde, Magali; Lesage, Véronique; Michaud, Robert; Verreault, Jonathan (May 2020). "Metabolomic profiles of the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary beluga population and associations with organohalogen contaminants". Science of the Total Environment. 717: 137204. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.71737204S. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137204. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 32065898.
  18. ^ Parfitt, Tudor; Egorova, Yulia (June 2005). "Genetics, History, and Identity: The Case of the Bene Israel and the Lemba". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 29 (2): 193–224. doi:10.1007/s11013-005-7425-4. ISSN 0165-005X. PMID 16249950.
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