First presidency of Lula da Silva

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Lula da Silva
First presidency of Lula da Silva
1 January 2003 – 1 January 2011[1]
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
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PartyWorkers'
Election
SeatPalácio do Planalto

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Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
39th President of Brazil
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The First presidency of Lula da Silva corresponds to the period in Brazilian political history that began with the inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as President on January 1, 2003, in his fourth candidacy for this office and after defeating the PSDB candidate, José Serra, with 61.27% of the valid votes in a second round.[2] Lula was the first former worker to become president of Brazil, and he governed the country for two consecutive terms (2003 until 2007 , and from 2007 until 2011).[3] In October 2006, Lula was reelected to the presidency, defeating the PSDB candidate Geraldo Alckmin in the second round, obtaining more than 60% of the valid votes against 39.17% for his opponent.[4] His term in office ended on January 1, 2011. Lula's government ended with record approval from the population, with more than 80% positive ratings.[5][6][7]

Its main hallmarks were the maintenance of economic stability, the resumption of the country's growth, and the reduction of poverty and social inequality.[8] His first presidency registered the highest average GDP growth in two decades, around 4.1%, and total growth was 32.62%. Per capita income grew 23.05%, with an average of 2.8%.[9] The growth was driven by the rise in commodity prices, domestic demand, helped by programs like Bolsa Família and the reduction in international interest rates.[10][11][12] Despite economic growth, productivity has not increased along with it.[13] Lula took office with inflation at 12.53% and delivered at 5.90%.[14]

One of Lula's campaign platforms was the need for constitutional reforms.[15] A relevant reform that took place during Lula's government was the approval of Constitutional Amendment 45, in 2004, which became known as the "Judiciary Reform".[16]

His first presidency was also notable for the country's quest to host major sporting events. The 2007 Pan-American Games took place during his mandate. So did the choice of Brazil to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. The decisions generated controversy about the losses[17][18][19] and legacies of each event.[20][21][22]

In 2009, the penultimate year of the Lula administration, an annual study conducted by the NGO Transparency International reported that Brazil ranked 75th in a ranking of 180 countries on perceived corruption. The study gave Brazil a score of 3.7, which indicates corruption problems, according to the entity.[23] Brazil got worse in the ranking between 2002 (score 4.0, 45th in the ranking) and 2009 (score 3.7, 75th in the ranking), having dropped 30 places.[24] In 2008, the Democracy Index, elaborated annually by the British magazine The Economist, ranked Brazil as the 41st most democratic country in the world.[25]

Letter to the Brazilian people[edit]

Still during the election campaign, Lula wrote the "Letter to the Brazilian people" where he assured that in case of his victory his party, the Workers', would respect national and international contracts. The letter was read on June 22, 2002 during a meeting about the party's government program.[26]

Inaugurations[edit]

Alongside his vice-president José Alencar, Lula walks up the ramp of the Planalto Palace at the inauguration ceremony for his second term.
Main articles: First inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Second inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office on January 1, 2003, having been elected president in 2002. He was the second Brazilian president to take office on this date, the third president elected since the end of the military dictatorship, and the first socialist-oriented former worker to assume the Presidency of Brazil.[27][28]

The inauguration for Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's second term as president of the Federative Republic of Brazil took place on January 1, 2007. He was sworn in again with the vice-president, José Alencar. The ceremony began shortly after 4pm in the plenary of the National Congress in Brasilia and was presided over by then Senate President Renan Calheiros. As in the inauguration of the first mandate, the reelected president and vice-president read and signed the term of office, and then the national anthem was played by the Marine Band.[29]

Internal policy[edit]

Economy[edit]

Henrique Meirelles, president of Central Bank since the start of Lula's presidency.

Lula was elected in a difficult economic context,[12] and his administration began by following the economic policy of the previous government, FHC.[30] To this end, he nominated Henrique Meirelles, a federal deputy elected by the PSDB of Goiás in 2002, to head the Brazilian Central Bank, sending a strong signal to the market - especially the international market, where Meirelles is well known for having been the president of Bank Boston - that there would be no abrupt changes in the conduct of economic policy in his government.[31] He appointed Antônio Palocci, a sanitarian physician and former mayor of Ribeirão Preto, a member of the Workers' Party, as Minister of Finance. After repeated accusations against Palocci by the media, in the case known as "Scandal of the breach of the bank secrecy of Francenildo, the bank teller" [pt], Palocci resigned (on August 27, 2009, the STF dismissed the accusation against Palocci).[32] His replacement was the economist and university professor Guido Mantega, who took over the ministry on March 27, 2006.

The Lula administration was characterized by low inflation, which was under control,[33] reduction in unemployment and constant records in the balance of trade.[34] During President Lula's administration there was a record production in the automobile industry in 2005, the largest real growth in the minimum wage[35] and reduction of the Gini coefficient.[36]

In 2010, Alan Mulally, Ford's global president, stated that thanks to the incentive programs of Lula's government, it was possible for the country to effectively come out of the world crisis.[37] During the crisis the GDP retraction was only 0.2%, showing a better result than the major economies of the world.[33]

The economic growth was driven by the commodities boom, the reduction in international interest rates, and the increase in domestic consumption, supported by the increase in the minimum wage and income transfer programs such as Bolsa Família.[10][12][11]

Foreign affairs[edit]

Lula and Cuban leader Fidel Castro, 2003
Lula with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, 2005
Lula with Iranian president Ahmadinejad, 2009
Lula meeting with Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei, 2010
Lula and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, 2005

In 1979, Lula was asked in an interview which historical figures he admired most. He answered: Gandhi, Che Guevara, and Mao Zedong.[38] Upon being asked to give additional examples, he added Hitler, Castro, and Ayatollah Khomeini, saying: "I admire in a man the fire to want to do something, and then his going out to try to do it."[39][38]

Leading a large agricultural state, Lula generally opposed and criticized farm subsidies, and this position has been seen as one of the reasons for the walkout of developing nations and subsequent collapse of the Cancún World Trade Organization talks in 2003 over G8 agricultural subsidies.[40] Brazil played a role in negotiations regarding internal conflicts in Venezuela and Colombia, and made efforts to strengthen Mercosur.[41] During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade increased dramatically, changing from deficits to several surpluses after 2003. In 2004, the surplus was US$29 billion, due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil also provided UN peace-keeping troops and led a peace-keeping mission in Haiti.[42]

According to The Economist of 2 March 2006, Lula had a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue, a leader adept at reconciling opposites. As a result, he befriended both Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and U.S. President George W. Bush.[43] Former Finance Minister, and current advisor, Delfim Netto, said: "Lula is the ultimate pragmatist".[44]

He travelled to more than 80 countries during his presidency.[45] A goal of Lula's foreign policy was for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. In this he was unsuccessful.[45]

Cuba[edit]

Lula and Cuban president Fidel Castro were longtime friends.[46][47] Under Lula, Brazil provided money and corporate support to Cuba.[48][49] The state-controlled Brazilian oil company Petrobras studied the possibility of drilling for oil off of Cuba, while the Odebrecht construction firm headed a revamp of the Cuban port of Mariel into the island's main commercial port.[49][50] Brazil's state-run Brazilian Development Bank gave $300 million to Odebrecht to build new roads, rail lines, wharves, and warehouses at Mariel.[49] Brazil also offered Cuba up to $1 billion in credit lines to pay for Brazilian goods and services.[50]

Iran[edit]

In 2009, Lula warmly hosted Iranian president Ahmadinejad, who made a controversial visit to Iran.[51][52] Some demonstrators expressed displeasure over Ahmadinejad's positions on human rights and his denial of the Holocaust.[53]

In May 2010, Lula and Turkey's prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan negotiated a preliminary fuel swap agreement with the Iranian government on uranium enrichment, that ultimately failed.[54] The preliminary agreement that they presented to the United Nations was at odds with what the International Atomic Energy Agency and other countries viewed as necessary actions to stop Iran from obtaining weapons grade materials.[54] And within hours of signing the agreement, Iran did an about-face and announced that it would continue to enrich some uranium.[55] The UN Security Council ultimately rejected it when permanent member country representatives argued that “the swap proposal negotiated by Brazil and Turkey would leave Iran with enough material to make a nuclear weapon,” and that “Iran intends to continue a new program of enriching uranium to a higher level.”[54][56] Moisés Naím, editor in chief of Foreign Policy magazine and former Minister of Trade in Venezuela, said "Lula is a political giant, but morally he has been a deep disappointment." In 2010, in addition, Brazilians largely disagreed with Lula as to how to handle Iran and Iran's nuclear weapons program.[57] While Lula opposed additional international economic sanctions against Iran, of the 85% of Brazilians who opposed Iran acquiring nuclear weapons, two-thirds approved of tighter international sanctions on Iran to try to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons.[57]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Resumo do Governo)". Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  2. ^ "Raio-X das eleições". UOL Eleições 2010 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  3. ^ "Após três eleições, Lula chega à Presidência da República". Folha poder (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2002-10-27. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  4. ^ "Com 100% das urnas apuradas, Lula é reeleito com 60,83%". Terra notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2006-10-30. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  5. ^ "Lula encerra governo com aprovação recorde, mostra CNI-Ibope". Correio Braziliense (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-16. Archived from the original on 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  6. ^ "Aprovação de Lula chega a 83%, diz Datafolha". R7 Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-19. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  7. ^ "Lula encerra governo com aprovação recorde de 87% da população". R7 Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  8. ^ "O país que ele construiu". IstoÉ Dinheiro. 2010-12-29. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  9. ^ "GDP growth (annual %) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  10. ^ a b Barbosa 2020, p. 155.
  11. ^ a b Araujo, Victor Leonardo de (2019). "O primeiro governo Lula (2003-2006): retomada do crescimento e bonança internacional" (PDF). Anais do XXIV Encontro Nacional de Economia Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  12. ^ a b c Biancarelli 2014, p. 275.
  13. ^ Giselle Garcia (2016-05-15). "Entenda a crise econômica". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  14. ^ "Inflação e Dívida Pública". R7 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  15. ^ Karenine Miracelly Rocha da Cunha. "Agora é Lula: Enquadramentos do Governo do PT pelo Jornal Nacional" (PDF). Universidade Estadual Paulista (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  16. ^ Andre Domingues Figaro (2005). Comentários à Reforma do Judiciário: Emenda Constitucional 45 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Premier Máxima. ISBN 8598290238.
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  19. ^ "Organizar Olimpíada dá prejuízo, menos para o COI". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  20. ^ "Gasto público com o Pan aumenta 684% em 5 anos". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  21. ^ "Arenas da Copa do Mundo se revelam 'elefantes brancos'". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  22. ^ "Um ano depois, Olimpíada do Rio continua polêmica". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  23. ^ "Brasil ocupa 75º lugar em ranking de corrupção, diz ONG". Estadão Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2009-11-17. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
  24. ^ "Brasil fica em 72º em ranking mundial de corrupção, diz ONG". G1 corrupção (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2007-06-26. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
  25. ^ "Brasil é "democracia falha"". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2009-05-03. Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
  26. ^ "Leia íntegra da carta de Lula para acalmar o mercado financeiro". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2002-06-24. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. Retrieved 2019-06-09.
  27. ^ "Lula toma posse em cerimônia com 'jeito de povo'". BBC Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2003-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  28. ^ "Lula assume o país diante de 200 mil pessoas. Posse foi marcada por festa popular". Revista Época (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2003-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-10-02. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  29. ^ "Cerimônia da posse de Lula começa com desfile em carro aberto". Alagoas 24 Horas (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2007-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  30. ^ Flávio Vilela Vieira; Michele Polline Veríssimo. "Crescimento econômico em economias emergentes selecionadas: Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China (BRIC) e África do Sul" (PDF). Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-07-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "Lula mantém Meirelles no BC e evita terrorismo de Serra". Conversa Afiada (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  32. ^ "Por cinco votos a quatro, STF arquiva denúncia contra deputado Antonio Palocci". Supremo Tribunal Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2009-08-27. Archived from the original on 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  33. ^ a b "Por que as eleições no Brasil importam no cenário internacional". O Globo País (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-09-28. Archived from the original on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  34. ^ "Apesar da crise". Litoral Virtual (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2005-08-22. Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  35. ^ "SALÁRIO MÍNIMO" (PDF). Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2006-01-24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  36. ^ Biancarelli 2014, p. 276.
  37. ^ "Ford planeja novo automóvel popular para crescer no Brasil". Brasil Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-08-24. Archived from the original on 2010-08-28. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  38. ^ a b "Folha de S.Paulo - Lula declarou admirar Hitler e Khomeini - 21/4/1994". www1-folha-uol-com-br.translate.goog.
  39. ^ Bearak, Barry (2004-06-27). "Poor Man's Burden" – via NYTimes.com.
  40. ^ Padgett, Tim (2004-04-26). "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva". Time. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
  41. ^ Lapper, Richard; Wheatley, Jonathan; Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da (2006-07-11). "Interview transcript: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva". The Financial Times. Brasília, Brazil. Archived from the original on 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  42. ^ Cirilo Junior (2010-01-16). "Tropas brasileiras ainda lideram missão no Haiti, diz Jobim". Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  43. ^ "Brazil: Lula's leap; The Economist talks to Brazil's president". The Economist. 2006-03-02. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  44. ^ Kraul, Chris; McDonnell, Patrick J. (2008-10-05). "Brazil's Lula takes center stage in Latin America". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
  45. ^ a b Davies, Rhodri (2010-05-22). "The axis of Brazil". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  46. ^ "Lula, Fidel Castro hold "emotional" meeting". Reuters.
  47. ^ Rohter, Larry (2002-10-28). "Leftist Handily Wins Brazilian Presidential Race". The New York Times.
  48. ^ "Brazil, Cuba Sign $200M in Business Deals". MercoPress.
  49. ^ a b c Siddique, Haroon (2010-02-25). "Fidel Castro holds 'emotional' meeting with Brazilian president". The Guardian.
  50. ^ a b "Brazil's Lula offers Cuba oil knowhow, credit". Reuters.
  51. ^ Maaike Warnaar (2013). Iranian Foreign Policy During Ahmadinejad; Ideology and Actions
  52. ^ "Why Iran's Ahmadinejad is warmly welcomed in Brazil". Christian Science Monitor.
  53. ^ "Ahmadinejad's visit to Brazil draws criticism". CNN.
  54. ^ a b c "Brazil in the Middle East". 2010-06-17.
  55. ^ "Obama administration tries to dampen dispute with allies over Iran". CNN.
  56. ^ Hanan Awarekeh. "Al-ManarTV: Iran 'Checkmated' US as It Awaits Quick Response to 3-Way Nuclear Deal 18/05/2010". Almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 2010-10-03.[permanent dead link]
  57. ^ a b Center, Pew Research (2010-09-22). "Brazilians Upbeat About Their Country, Despite Its Problems".

Bibliography[edit]

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