George W. Romney

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For other persons of the same name, see George Romney.
George Wilcken Romney
George W. Romney
In office
January 22, 1969 – January 20, 1973
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Robert Coldwell Wood
Succeeded by James Thomas Lynn
In office
January 1, 1963 – January 22, 1969
Preceded by John Swainson
Succeeded by William Milliken
Born July 8, 1907(1907-07-08)
Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico
Died July 26, 1995 (aged 88)
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Political party Republican
Spouse Lenore Romney
Children Jane Romney, Lynn Keenan, G. Scott Romney, W. Mitt Romney
Profession Automobile industrialist
Politician
Religion The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)

George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was a Mexican-born American businessman and a politician. He was chairman of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962. He then served as the 43rd governor of Michigan for three terms from 1963 to 1969 and then was the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973. Romney was a candidate for President in 1968, ultimately losing the Republican nomination to Richard Nixon. He was the father of former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, and the husband of former Michigan Senate candidate Lenore Romney. George W. Romney was a kinsman of George Romney (1734-1802),[1][2] a noted portrait painter in Britain during the last quarter of the 18th century. Romney was born to American parents in Mexico. His family moved back to the United States when he was a child.

Contents

[edit] Family background

Romney's parents were Gaskell Romney (St. George, Utah, September 22, 1871 – Salt Lake City, Utah, March 7, 1955, bur. Wasatch Lawn Memorial Park, Salt Lake City, Utah) and wife (m. Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico, February 20, 1895) Anna Amelia Pratt (Salt Lake City, Utah, May 6, 1876 – Salt Lake City, Utah, February 4, 1926, bur. Wasatch Lawn Memorial Park, Salt Lake City, Utah).[3]

Romney's grandparents were polygamous Mormons who fled the United States because of the federal government's opposition to polygamy.[4] Anna's father Helaman Pratt was the son of early Mormon apostle Parley P. Pratt. Anna's mother was one of her father's wives, Anna Johanna Dorothy ("Dora") Wilcken. Helaman had served as president of the Mexican mission in Mexico City before moving to the state of Chihuahua, and George's uncle Rey L. Pratt would be president of the Mexican mission, president in exile, during the Mexican Revolution and on into the 1930s.

Gaskell's parents Miles Park Romney (Nauvoo, Illinois, August 18, 1843 – Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, February 26, 1904), a polygamist, and wife (m. Salt Lake City, Utah, May 10, 1862) Hannah Hood Hill (Tosorontio Township, Simcoe County, Ontario, July 9, 1842 – Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, December 29, 1928) were also LDS Church members, as were his mother Hannah's parents Archibald Newell Hill (Johnstone, Renfrewshire, August 20, 1816 – Salt Lake City, Utah, January 2, 1900), also a polygamist, and wife (m. Toronto, Ontario, February 21, 1840) Isabella Hood (Toronto, Ontario, July 8, 1821 – Winter Quarters, Florence, Nebraska, March 20, 1847). Finally, Miles' parents Miles Romney (Dalton-in-Furness, Lancashire, July 13, 1806 – St. George, Utah, May 3, 1877) and wife (m. Dalton-in-Furness, Lancashire, November 16, 1830) Elizabeth Gaskell (Dalton-in-Furness, Lancashire, January 8, 1809 – St. George, Utah, October 11, 1884) were also converts to the LDS Church.[3] Romney's parents married in 1895; they had three older sons, Maurice, Douglas, and Miles, and a younger son, Lawrence.

[edit] Early life and career

George Wilcken Romney was thus born to American parents in Colonia Dublán, Galeana, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua – one of the Mormon colonies in Mexico – on July 8, 1907.[3] The Mexican Revolution subsequently broke out, and the Mormon colonies became endangered during 1911–1912 with raids from marauders including Pancho Villa.[5] In 1912, when George was five, the Romney family returned to the United States.[5] (Some would later ask questions about Romney's eligibility to run for President due to his birth in Mexico, given the ambiguity in the United States Constitution over the phrase "natural-born citizen."[5])

Romney grew up under humble circumstances.[6] Once in America, the family subsisted on government relief in Texas for a while, the moved to Los Angeles, where Romney's father, who had been a potato farmer,[6] worked as a contractor.[7] Romney started working in sugar beet fields at the age of eleven.[8] Later he became skilled at lath-and-plaster work.[9] The 1921 recession hurt the family and they moved to Oakley, Idaho to start over.[7] They finally ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah. They were prospering when the Great Depression hit in 1929 and ruined them.[7] In all, George watched his parents go bankrupt twice in Idaho and Utah,[10] and seeing them struggle to overcome difficulties influenced his life and business career.[9]

Once living in Salt Lake, Romney attended Roosevelt Junior High School,[11] followed by the Latter-day Saints High School within Latter-day Saints University starting in 1922, while he worked to support himself.[9] In his senior year, he and junior Lenore LaFount became high school sweethearts.[12][10] He graduated in 1926, and then from 1926 to 1928 served as a Mormon missionary in England and Scotland.[6] His proselytizing from a soap box at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, London developed his gifts for debate and sales, which he would use the rest of his career.[10][9]

In 1929, Romney returned to the U.S. and studied briefly at the University of Utah.[9] Romney then followed LaFount to Washington, D.C., after her father had accepted a government position in the Coolidge administration.[10] He opened a dairy bar in nearby Virginia that soon failed.[10] Romney then became a typist and speechwriter for Massachusetts Democratic U.S. Senator David I. Walsh during 1929 and 1930, and also worked on tariffs and other legislative matters for him.[9][13] At the same time, he attended George Washington University for a while.[9][13] Romney did not graduate from or attend for long either college he was at, and has been described instead as an autodidact.[10]

Romney then moved on to become an apprentice for Alcoa in Pittsburgh in 1930.[9] When LaFount, an aspiring actress, began earning bit roles in Hollywood movies, Romney arranged to be transferred to Alcoa's office in Los Angeles as a salesman.[9] When LaFount had the opportunity to sign a $50,000, three-year contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios, Romney convinced her to return to Washington,[14] where he worked for Alcoa and the Aluminum Wares Association as a lobbyist.[9] He would consider his wooing of her his greatest sales achievement.[14] The couple married on July 2, 1931,[15] in Salt Lake City, Utah. They had four children: Lynn, Jane, G. Scott (born 1941), and Mitt (born 1947).[15] During 1937 and 1938, Romney was president of the Washington Trade Association Executives.[9]

[edit] Automobile executive

Romney on the cover of Time magazine in 1959

After nine years with Alcoa, Romney's career had stagnated. He gained the attention of people in the automobile industry[9] and in 1939, he moved to Detroit with his wife and their two daughters to become the local manager of the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA).[13] In 1942 he was promoted to general manager of the association, which he remained until 1948.[9] Romney also served as president of the Detroit Trade Association in 1941.[9]

During World War II, Romney helped to form and headed the Automotive Council for War Production,[9] which worked to optimize automotive companies' war production. He also helped create the Automotive Committee for Air Defense as well as the Detroit Victory Council, and served on the labor-management committee of the Detroit section of the War Manpower Commission.[9] Romney became the chief spokesman of the automobile industry during World War II, often testifying in Congressional hearings as to war production methods as well as labor and management matters.[9]

Romney was also director of the American Trade Association Executives in 1944 and 1947, and managing director of the National Automobile Golden Jubilee Committee in 1946.[9] From 1946 to 1949, he served as a U.S. employer delegate to metal trades industry conferences.[16]

As managing director of the AAMA, Romney became good friends with then-president George W. Mason. When Mason became chairman of the manufacturing firm Nash-Kelvinator in 1948, he invited Romney along "to learn the business from the ground up" as his roving assistant.[17] As Mason's protégé, Romney assumed executive assignment for the development of the Rambler. Under the strategy of Mason, Nash-Kelvinator merged on May 1, 1954, with Hudson Motor Car to become the American Motors Corporation (AMC), and Romney became Vice-President of the firm. In October 1954,[14] Mason suddenly died of acute pancreatitis and pneumonia. Romney was named AMC's Chairman and CEO.[14]

Romney believed that the only way to compete with the "Big Three" (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) was to stake the future of AMC on a new small car line.[18] Together with chief engineer Meade Moore, Romney elected to phase out the Nash and Hudson brands whose sales had been lagging. The Rambler brand was selected for development and promotion,[19] as AMC pursued an innovative strategy: manufacturing compact cars exclusively. This approach led to unexpected financial success for AMC. It posted its first quarterly profit in three years in 1958, was the only car company to show increased sales during the recession of 1958, and moved from thirteenth to seventh place among worldwide auto manufacturers.[9] In contrast with the NASCAR racing success of the Hudson in the early 1950s[20] the Ramblers were frequent winners in the coast-to-coast Mobil Economy Run, an annual event on U.S. highways.

A believer in "competitive cooperative consumerism",[15] Romney testified before the United States Congress frequently and was effective before them.[14] He also discussed what he saw as the twin evils of “big labor” and “big business”; he also called for Congress breaking up the Big Three.[10] As the other Big Three automakers introduced ever-larger models, AMC undertook a "gas-guzzling dinosaur fighter" strategy,[21] using its CEO as its spokesperson in advertisements, public appearances, and commercials on the Disneyland television program.[15] Romney, who was known for his fast-paced, shirt-sleeved management style that ignored organization charts and levels of responsibility, often wrote the ad copy himself.[14] Romney thus became a "folk hero of the American auto industry",[22] and one of the first high-profile media-savvy business executives. His focus on small cars as a challenge to AMC's domestic competitors, as well as the foreign-car invasion, was documented on the April 6, 1959, cover story of Time magazine. In the earliest years of Rambler, the company had been on the verge of being taken over by corporate raider Louis Wolfson, but the company's resurgence made Romney a household name.[23] In the process, the company's stock had risen from $7 per share to $90 per share[10] and Romney had made a fortune for himself.[24] After initial wariness, he developed a good relationship with United Automobile Workers leader Walter Reuther,[14] and AMC workers also benefited via a then-novel profit-sharing plan.[24]

Religion was a paramount force in Romney's life.[14] He did not drink liquor or caffeinated beverages, smoke or swear.[14] At the same time he was serving as President of American Motors, George Romney also presided over the Detroit Stake of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[14] which included not only all of Metro Detroit, Ann Arbor, and the Toledo area of Ohio but also the western edge of Ontario along the Michigan border. In this role, Romney oversaw the religious work of some 2,700 church members, preached sermons on occasion, and participated in church construction projects.[15] Due to the stake covering part of Canada, he often interacted with Canadian Mission President Thomas S. Monson.[25]

Romney became deeply active in Michigan civic affairs.[26] He was on the board of directors of the Children's Hospital of Michigan and the United Foundation of Detroit, and was also chairman of the executive committee of the Detroit Round Table of Catholics, Jews, and Protestants.[15] He headed a citizen-based committee for improved educational programs in Detroit's schools.[21][26] He organized Citizens for Michigan, a nonpartisan group that sought to study Detroit's problems and build an informed electorate.[14] Moreover, Citizens for Michigan built upon Romney's core notion that assorted interest groups held too much influence and control in government, and that only the cooperation of informed citizens acting for the benefit of all could counter these forces.[26]

Based on his fame and accomplishments in a state where automobile making was a central topic of conversation, Romney was seen as a natural to enter politics.[26] Romney first became directly involved in this area in 1959, when he became a key force in the petition drive calling for a state constitutional convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution.[24][10] Romney's selling ability made Citizens for Michigan one of the most effective organizations calling for the convention.[26] Previously unaffiliated politically, Romney now declared himself a member of the Republican Party and gained election to the convention himself.[26] He then led, as one of its vice presidents,[27] the Constitutional Convention that revised the constitution from 1961 to 1962.

[edit] Governor of Michigan

Governor Romney meeting with German Secretary of State Freiherr von Guttenberg in December 1967.

After considerable pained indecision and a 24-hour prayer fast, Romney decided to resign from AMC in 1962 and enter electoral politics.[21][23] His position as the leader of the moderate Republicans at the constitutional convention gained him the Republican nomination for Governor of Michigan.[27] He ran against incumbent Governor John B. Swainson. Romney campaigned on revising the state's tax structure, increasing the state's appeal to businesses and within the nation, and to get Michigan "rolling again".[13] Romney decried both the large influence of labor unions within the Democratic Party and the similarly large influence of big business within the Republican Party.[13] Romney won by some 80,000 votes and ended a fourteen-year stretch of Democratic rule in the state executive spot.[24] The win was attributed in part to Romney's appeal to independent voters, as well as to the increasing influence of suburban Detroit voters, who by 1962 were more likely to vote Republican than the heavily Democratic city. Additionally, Romney had appeal to labor union members that was unusual for a Republican.[21] Democrats won all of the other statewide executive offices in the election,[27] including Democratic incumbent Thaddeus Lesinski in the separate election for Lieutenant Governor of Michigan.

As Governor, Romney's initial concern was with implementing an overhaul of the state's financial and revenue structure, as authorized by the constitutional convention.[28] In 1963 he proposed a comprehensive tax revision package that included a flat-rate state income tax, but general economic prosperity alleviated pressure on the state budget and the Michigan Legislature rejected it.[28][29] Romney's early difficulties with the legislature helped undermine an attempted launch that year of Romney as a national political figure by former Richard Nixon associates.[30] One Michigan Democrat said of Romney, "He has not yet learned that things in government are not necessarily done the moment the man at the top gives an order. He is eager and sometimes impatient."[29] But over his first two years in office, Romney was successful in a number of his initiatives[29] and found himself able to work with Democrats – who often had at least partial control of the legislature – and an informal bipartisan coalition formed that allowed Romney to accomplish many of his goals.[27]

Romney also denounced and campaigned against "moral decay".[31] He opened his office in the Michigan State Capitol to visitors, spending five minutes with every citizen who wanted to speak with him on Thursday mornings.[29] He almost always eschewed political activities on Sundays, the Mormon Sabbath.[29]

Romney supported the American Civil Rights Movement while governor.[32] His hardscrabble background and subsequent life experiences had given him a different perspective from the LDS Church policy on blacks.[6] He reflected, "It was only after I got to Detroit that I got to know Negroes and began to be able to evaluate them and I began to recognize that some Negroes are better and more capable than lots of whites."[24] When Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Detroit in June 1963 to stage a civil rights march, Romney issued a proclamation in support of the event and sent two representatives to it on his behalf, but did not attend himself because it was on a Sunday.[32] Romney did participate in a smaller march protesting housing discrimination the following Saturday in Grosse Pointe, after King had left.[32]

In the 1964 U.S. presidential election, Senator Barry Goldwater quickly became the likely Republican Party nominee. Goldwater represented a new wave of American conservatism, and the moderate Romney was not in ideological agreement with him.[29] Romney also felt that Goldwater would be a drag on Republicans running in the all the other races that year, including himself[29] (at the time, Michigan had two-year terms for its governor). Finally, Romney disagreed strongly with Goldwater's views on civil rights; he would later say, "Whites and Negroes, in my opinion, have got to learn to know each other. Barry Goldwater didn't have any background to understand this, to fathom them, and I couldn't get through to him."[24] During the June 1964 National Governors' Conference, 13 of the 16 Republican governors present were opposed to Goldwater; the leaders were Jim Rhodes of Ohio, Nelson Rockefeller of New York, William Scranton of Pennsylvania, and Romney.[33] Romney appeared to seize the initiative by holding an unusual Sunday press conference[29] where he declared, "If [Goldwater's] views deviate as indicated from the heritage of our party, I will do everything within my power to keep him from becoming the party's presidential nominee."[33] Romney had, however, previously vowed to Michigan voters that he would not run for president in 1964.[34] Detroit newspapers indicated they would not support Romney in any such bid, and Romney quickly decided to honor his pledge stay out of the contest.[34] Scranton entered instead, but Goldwater prevailed decisively at the 1964 Republican National Convention. Romney's name was entered into nomination as a favorite son by U.S. Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan,[35] and he gained 41 delegates in the roll call voting .

At the convention, Romney fought unsuccessfully for a strengthened civil rights plank in the party platform, and also failed to win support for a statement that condemned both left- and right-wing extremism.[36] Both of Romney's positions were endorsed by former President Dwight Eisenhower,[37] who had an approach to civic responsibilities similar to Romney's.[38] As the convention concluded, Romney neither endorsed nor repudiated Goldwater and vice presidential nominee William E. Miller, saying he had reservations about Goldwater regarding both civil rights and political extremism.[36] For the fall elections, Romney cut himself off from the national ticket, refusing to even appear on the same stage with them.[39] Romney was re-elected again in 1964 by an over 380,000 vote margin, despite Goldwater being trounced in a national landslide[24] that swept many other Republican candidates away.[40] Moreover, Romney gained 15 percent of the black vote in the state, compared to 2 percent for Goldwater.[24]

In 1966, Romney had his biggest electoral success, winning re-election again by some 527,000 votes.[24] His share of the black vote rose to over 30 percent, a virtually unprecedented accomplishment for a Republican.[24]

By 1967, a looming deficit provided the catalyst for the legislature to act on a tax overhaul, and a personal and corporate state income tax was finally created, while business receipts and corporation franchise taxes were eliminated.[28]

The massive 12th Street riot in Detroit began on the predawn hours of July 23, 1967, precipitated by a police raid of a blind pig in a predominantly black neighborhood.[41] As the day wore on and looting and fires got worse, Romney called in the Michigan State Police and the Michigan National Guard.[41] At 3 a.m. on July 24, Romney and Detroit Mayor Jerome Cavanagh called U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark and requested that federal troops be sent.[41][42] Clark indicated that do to so, Romney would have to declare a state of civil insurrection, which the governor was loathe to do from fear that insurance companies would not cover losses due to the riot.[42] Late on July 24, President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized U.S. Army paratroopers to enter Detroit.[42]

The riot continued until July 29, perhaps dimming Romney's chances for the presidency.

As a whole, Governor Romney was a technocrat who greatly expanded the size of state government.[31] The state budget had been around $500 million when Romney took office; it passed $1 billion quickly in Romney's governorship, and reached nearly $3 billion by 1968.[43]

[edit] 1968 presidential campaign

Main article: George Romney presidential campaign, 1968

After deciding to wait out the 1964 election, Romney announced on November 18, 1967, that he had "decided to fight for and win the Republican nomination and election to the Presidency of the United States".[44] Polls in 1967 showed him the leader among rank and file Republicans, especially among the "moderates." Romney’s membership in the Mormon church was a factor in his campaign, with attention focusing on his church’s policy at the time of not allowing blacks to participate fully.[10]

On August 31, 1967, Governor Romney made a statement that ruined his chances for getting the nomination.[45] In a taped interview with Lou Gordon of WKBD-TV in Detroit, Romney stated: "When I came back from Viet Nam [in November 1965], I'd just had the greatest brainwashing that anybody can get." He then shifted to opposing the war: "I no longer believe that it was necessary for us to get involved in South Vietnam to stop Communist aggression in Southeast Asia," he declared. Decrying the "tragic" conflict, he urged "a sound peace in South Vietnam at an early time." Thus Romney disavowed the war and reversed himself from his earlier stated belief that the war was "morally right and necessary".

The connotations of brainwashing, following the experiences of American prisoners of war (highlighted by the 1962 film The Manchurian Candidate), made Romney's comments devastating to his status as the GOP front-runner. The topic of brainwashing quickly became newspaper editorial and television talk show fodder, with Romney bearing the brunt of the topical humor. Republican Congressman (later U.S. Senator) Robert T. Stafford of Vermont sounded a common concern: "If you're running for the presidency, you are supposed to have too much on the ball to be brainwashed."[45]

Romney announced his withdrawal as a presidential candidate on February 28, 1968. At his party's national convention in Miami Beach, Romney finished a weak sixth with only fifty votes on the first ballot (44 of Michigan's 48, plus six from Utah).

[edit] Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

After Nixon's election, Romney was named to the cabinet as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). He was confirmed by the Senate without opposition.[46] He served in that office until the beginning of Nixon's second term in January 1973.

One of Romney's initiatives was "Operation Breakthrough", which was intended to increase the amount of housing available to the poor.[47] During his four years at HUD, Romney slightly increased the amount of federally-subsidized housing, but was prevented from expanding the concept to suburban areas.[21] Romney was largely outside the president's inner circle and had minimal influence within the Nixon administration.[21]

[edit] Public service and volunteerism

Romney was known as an advocate of public service, and volunteerism was a passion of his.[10] At the first meeting of the National Center for Voluntary Action, on February 20, 1970, he said:

Americans have four basic ways of solving problems that are too big for individuals to handle by themselves. One is through the federal government. A second is through state governments and the local governments that the states create. The third is through the private sector - the economic sector that includes business, agriculture, and labor. The fourth method is the independent sector - the voluntary, cooperative action of free individuals and independent association. Voluntary action is the most powerful of these, because it is uniquely capable of stirring the people themselves and involving their enthusiastic energies, because it is their own - voluntary action is the people's action. As Woodrow Wilson said, "The most powerful force on earth is the spontaneous cooperation of a free people." Individualism makes cooperation worthwhile - but cooperation makes freedom possible.

The George W. Romney Institute of Public Management in the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University, so named in 1998, honors the legacy left by Romney.[48]

The Governor George Romney Lifetime Achievement Award is given annually in Michigan, to recognize citizens who have demonstrated a commitment to community involvement and volunteer service throughout their lifetimes.

[edit] Retirement

For much of the next two decades, Romney was out of the public eye.[21] He was however prominent within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints holding the office of regional representative of the Twelve, where he was also a patriarch.

He re-emerged to the general public in 1994 when he helped campaign for his son, Mitt Romney, during the younger Romney's unsuccessful bid to unseat Senator Edward M. Kennedy in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts. That same year, Ronna Romney, Romney's ex-daughter-in-law (formerly married to G. Scott Romney), decided to seek the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate from Michigan.

On July 26, 1995, Romney died of a heart attack at the age of eighty-eight while he was exercising on his treadmill at his home in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; he was discovered by his wife Lenore but it was too late to save him.[21] He was buried at the Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.

The building housing the main office of the Michigan governor in Lansing is known as the George W. Romney Building.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ "Pedigree Chart". FamilySearch. http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/search/AF/pedigree_view.asp?recid=1874486&familyid=230671&frompage=99. Retrieved on November 11, 2008. 
  2. ^ "Individual Record". FamilySearch. http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=6362184&frompage=99. Retrieved on November 11, 2008. 
  3. ^ a b c "Ancestry of Mitt Romney". Wargs.com. http://www.wargs.com/political/romney.html. Retrieved on July 5, 2008. 
  4. ^ "Romney Family Tree Has Polygamy Branch". Associated Press. The Boston Globe. February 24, 2007. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/24/romney_family_tree_has_polygamy_branch. Retrieved on February 26, 2007. 
  5. ^ a b c Caldwell, Earl (May 15, 1967). "Celler Suggests G.O.P. Name Group to Investigate Romney's Eligibility" (fee required). The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0B14FA3458137A93C7A8178ED85F438685F9. 
  6. ^ a b c d White, The Making of the President, 1968, pp. 36.
  7. ^ a b c Current Biography Yearbook 1958, p. 366.
  8. ^ Sobel, Robert. Biographical Dictionary of the United States Executive Branch, 1774-1977 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1977) p. 290
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Current Biography Yearbook 1958, p. 367.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 18, 2007). "For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/us/politics/18romney.html. Retrieved on December 19, 2007. 
  11. ^ Fuller, George Romney and Michigan, p. 15.
  12. ^ Harris, Romney's Way, p. 53.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Politician in High Gear; George Wilcken Romney Wants a Citizen Party" (fee required). The New York Times. February 10, 1962. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F40B1EF73F55107A93C2A81789D85F468685F9. 
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Raskin, A.H. (February 28, 1960). "A Maverick Starts a New 'Crusade'" (fee required). The New York Times Magazine. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60E15F6345D1A728DDDA10A94DA405B808AF1D3. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f Current Biography Yearbook 1958, p. 368.
  16. ^ Sobel. Biographical Directory. p. 290
  17. ^ "Changes of the Week". Time. October 25, 1954. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823618,00.html. 
  18. ^ "Gamble on the Rambler". Time. December 19, 1955. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861782,00.html. 
  19. ^ "1950-1952 Rambler: The Low-Priced Rambler". Auto Editors of Consumer Guide. 28 August 2007. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1950-1952-rambler1.htm. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  20. ^ Adler, Dennis (2004). Fifties Flashback. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 101. ISBN 9780760319277. http://books.google.com/books?id=kexmjJbrA5oC&pg=PA101&dq=Hudson+NASCAR&lr=&ei=FMj8SePdGZ6GyASX98W-BA&client=safari. 
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Rosenbaum, David E. (July 27, 1995). "George Romney Dies at 88; A Leading G.O.P. Figure". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/27/obituaries/george-romney-dies-at-88-a-leading-gop-figure.html. 
  22. ^ Sherman, Joe (1994). In the rings of Saturn. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780195072440. http://books.google.com/books?id=yZk2f6sQv6MC&pg=PA67&dq=%22American+Motors%22+dinosaur+sized&lr=&ei=qMX8SZ-NH4SSzQS7rtSWDA&client=safari. 
  23. ^ a b Peterson, Kathleen Lubeck (Fall 2007). "The Making of George Romney". Marriott Alumni Magazine: 16. 
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j White, The Making of the President, 1968, p. 37.
  25. ^ Statements by Monson in Stake Conference Broadcast, May 2006
  26. ^ a b c d e f Dunbar and May, Michigan, p. 575.
  27. ^ a b c d Dunbar and May, Michigan, p. 576.
  28. ^ a b c Dunbar and May, Michigan, p. 577.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h "An Impatient Politician: George Wilcken Romney" (fee required). The New York Times. June 8, 1964. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20A16F73F581B728DDDA10894DE405B848AF1D3. 
  30. ^ White, The Making of the President, 1964, p. 88.
  31. ^ a b Issenberg, Sasha (January 13, 2008). "Romney name's faded familiarity". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/01/13/romney_names_faded_familiarity/. Retrieved on June 14, 2009. 
  32. ^ a b c Dobbs, Michael (December 23, 2007). "Four Pinocchios for Romney on MLK". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/12/four_pinocchios_for_romney_on_1.html. Retrieved on July 9, 2009. 
  33. ^ a b White, The Making of the President, 1964, pp. 154–155, 157.
  34. ^ a b White, The Making of the President, 1964, p. 160.
  35. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ZyNnemM0-osC&pg=PA372
  36. ^ a b "Romney's 'Reservations'" (fee required). United Press International. The New York Times. July 17, 1964. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00E16FC3E581B728DDDAE0994DF405B848AF1D3. 
  37. ^ Belair Jr., Felix (July 16, 1964). "Eisenhower Chides Senator's Forces" (fee required). The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10D12FF3E581B728DDDAF0994DF405B848AF1D3. 
  38. ^ White, The Making of the President, 1964, p. 148.
  39. ^ White, The Making of the President, 1964, p. 351.
  40. ^ White, The Making of the President, 1964, p. 405.
  41. ^ a b c Dunbar and May, Michigan, p. 583.
  42. ^ a b c http://books.google.com/books?id=mQcrpqn0124C&pg=PA168
  43. ^ Dunbar and May, Michigan, p. 578.
  44. ^ "1967 Year In Review, UPI.com"
  45. ^ a b Andrew L. Johns; "Achilles' Heel: The Vietnam War and George Romney's Bid for the Presidency, 1967 to 1968" Michigan Historical Review, Vol. 26, 2000 pp 1+
  46. ^ "Cabinet Approved Except for Hickel" (fee required). The New York Times. January 21, 1969. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20F13FE3F5E147493C3AB178AD85F4D8685F9. 
  47. ^ Sobel. Biographical Directory. p. 290-291
  48. ^ "About the Romney Institute". Marriott School of Management. http://marriottschool.byu.edu/empa/about.cfm. Retrieved on June 14, 2009. 

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John Swainson		 Governor of Michigan
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