Glacier, British Columbia

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Glacier, which once comprised small communities, is on the western approach to Rogers Pass in southeastern British Columbia. The name derives from the Great Glacier, which in the 1880s was just over a mile from the original train station.[1]

Glacier House & Cheops Mountain (northwestward), 1897      0Wing, Glacier House & Illecillewaet Glacier (eastward), 1909

Initial settlement[edit]

Glacier is located in British Columbia
Glacier
Glacier
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Location in British Columbia

Glacier House[edit]

To avoid hauling additional weight up the significant gradient, Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) parked a dining car at this location for a passenger train meal stop. Already ruled out were the summit, with its avalanche paths,[2] and the steep river gorges of the eastern slope, which provided little space to develop facilities. This alpine meadow was an ideal setting for the Selkirk dining station.[1] In 1885, Thomas Charles Sorby, future architect of the first CP Hotel Vancouver, designed a chalet for this site.[3] The large dining room opened in November or December 1886, allowing the dining car to return to regular service.[4]

The 15-bedroom accommodation was ready for guests in January 1887, but staff occupied half these rooms. A sleeping car was soon parked permanently to accommodate overflows. A small two-storey station served the stop.[5] Bruce Price's 1889 design for a 22-room addition, was revised as the 32-room annex that opened in 1892.[6] Around 1898, the dining room was enlarged, and CP constructed a two-storey building with five bedrooms upstairs and a billiard room downstairs.[7] The 54-room wing, with elevator, and new reception area, opened in 1904. Around 1900, the station name changed from Glacier House[8] to Glacier.[9] Few guests stayed through the winter.[10] Francis Rattenbury designed a substantial hotel on the site, but construction never proceeded beyond the footings.[11]

The initial manager struggled to handle the limited time allotted for the dining stop. Acknowledging the whole facility required professional management, CP signed a lease agreement with Harry A. Perley in 1887 to run the enterprise, which appears to have been operating at a loss. Perley received all revenue, without contributing to the cost of capital improvements.[12] After alleging for years that Perley's other hotel interests had prevented sufficient attention being paid to the Glacier operation, Mr. Sheffield, CP manager of hotels, succeeded in Perley's ousting.[13]

Observation tower, Glacier House (northwestward), 1903.

Miss A.E. Mollison, formerly at the CP Mount Stephen House, Field, was manager March 1897–December 1899. Succeeding her from Field was Miss Julia Mary Young, who stayed until 1920. Few details survive of the final managers.[14]

Albert W. Sharp was the inaugural postmaster, serving only four months in 1899.[15]

The observation tower was likely built in 1890, but a telescope was not added until 1898 to view mountaineers climbing the glacier and peaks. The tower was demolished around 1910.[16] Other structures included a baggage room, ice house, laundry houses, bowling alley, employee and guide quarters, stables, and powerhouse.[17] Electric lighting came around the turn of the century.[18] Manager Young converted the bowling alley into a curio store. A Union Bank branch existed from 1912, primarily for the tunnel construction workers.[19]

After 1909, when dining car use extended to the mountains, the Glacier House catering staff worked only the summers.[20] George Vaux Sr., with children Mary, George Jr. and William Jr. first came in 1887, and regularly revisited. The children became noted for their photography and documentation of the area and glacier.[21] It is unclear whether a doctor permanently staffed the small hospital.[22] When Sir James Hector and son Douglas, New Zealand residents, stayed while on a cross-country tour of Canada in 1903, Dr. Schaeffer diagnosed Douglas as having appendicitis. Reaching Revelstoke hospital too late, Douglas died. Schaeffer and Edward Whymper attended the funeral procession. Sir James returned home, never to revisit Kicking Horse Pass, whose name recounts his explorations in 1858.[23]

Peter Sarbach, who came in 1897, was the first professional mountain guide. Proximity to the glacier resulted in the house having more Swiss guides than other mountain hotels. CP maintained hiking trails south of the railway track until 1926, while the Department of the Interior maintained those to the north.[24] Tourists would also visit the Nakimu Caves.[25]

Closed to the public in the fall of 1925, and guides the following year,[26] the rationale is confusing. Like Lake Louise, the ascent from the new station was onerous for horse-drawn vehicles. However, Lake Louise resolved this challenge with a gasoline-powered tramway (1912–1930). Rather than using the existing track infrastructure to replicate the concept, CP dismantled the bridge spans and track in 1917.[27] Despite this encumbrance, nearly 4,000 guests stayed in 1920.[28] The more popular Banff and Lake Louise destinations were the CP priorities, and destructive fires at those hotels, in 1924 and 1926 respectively, drained investment capital. However, CP prepared grandiose plans for Glacier as late as 1926,[29] indicating construction within years. After CP laid off the caretakers in 1927, the buildings were looted and vandalized. The company demolished the remainder in 1929.[30] Rebuilding proposals faded with the Great Depression.[31]

Interpretive plaques beside the walking trail around the site identify the buildings associated with the remaining footings.

Arthur O Wheeler hut, 2007.

Stone arch bridge[edit]

The wooden railway trestle crossing the Glacier (Illecillewaet) Creek, 180 metres (590 ft) northeast of Glacier House, was replaced in 1900 with a stone arch bridge. Since that time, the current has severely eroded the southwestern riverbank, undermining the masonry. Repairs have been undertaken in recent decades.[32] In 2019, 470 tonnes of rock were placed to reinforce the concrete footings.[33] The Arthur O. Wheeler hut, a National Historic Site,[34] is 160 metres (520 ft) north of the stone bridge.

Illecillewaet Campground[edit]

Accessed from the highway and opened in 1963,[35][36] but about 120 metres (390 ft) northwest of the stone bridge, the campground comprises 59 sites, two kitchen shelters, flush toilets, and showers, but no laundry facilities, or water/electric/sewer hookups.[37][38]

Loop Brook[edit]

Pillars for lower loop viaduct (south of highway), Rogers Pass, 2007.

Loops[edit]

The switchback loop configuration, comprising bridging, embankments, and following the hillside, ensued because the preferred alternatives did not fit the terrain.[39] (see Rogers Pass for further detail) The Loop Brook trail includes the stone pillars for the crossings south of today's highway.[40] Formerly called Five Mile Creek,[41] the crossing was known as Five Mile Creek Bridge.[42] Water erosion undermining the footing has toppled one of the pillars on the upper crossing.[43] Remnants from the former crossings north of today's highway are inaccessible.

Loop Brook Campground[edit]

Accessed from the highway and opened in 1963,[35][36] the campground comprises 20 sites, a kitchen shelter, and flush toilets, but no shower or laundry facilities, or water/electric/sewer hookups.[37][44]

West portal[edit]

Community & construction[edit]

Initially called the village of West Portal, during tunnel construction, about 300 workers resided[45] in the buildings that lay across the slope immediately southeastward from above the portal.[46] Charles A. Procunier was the inaugural teacher when the school opened in 1918.[47] During the 1919–1925 lining operations, the workforce peaked at 500. About 50 children attended the school.[48]

Eastward, Glacier station, c.1920

After the tunnel route became operational, the Rogers Pass and Glacier House communities gravitated to the west portal locality in 1917. However, CP maintained the road up to Glacier House.[16] A new log station opened that year,[49] and the post office venue changed.[50] This coincided with the Morris family move from Rogers Pass, and the reestablishment of their store with Mrs. Ada E. Morris[51] as postmaster.[52] Curtis D. Morris[53] was a JP, secretary of the school board,[54] and established a store at Beavermouth. The largely Japanese section crew moved down from the pass, and with the watchmen, fan house employees, and telegraph operators, comprised the main population. Glacier had a 27-metre (90 ft) diameter turntable 1916–1929,[55] which was replaced by a wye.[56]

Following the completion of tunnel lining, the base population was about 100,[57] reducing to 50 by 1934.[58] Numbers reached 62 by 1941,[59] 66 by 1943,[60] and 93 by 1948. It is unclear whether the establishment of an inn replaced or absorbed the general store.[61] Neither existed a decade later.[62] After the school closed in 1952, students boarded at Albert Canyon to attend elementary school, or at Revelstoke to attend high school.[56] The post office closed in 1960.[15]

School Enrolment
Year Pupils Grade Ref. Year Pupils Grade Ref. Year Pupils Grade Ref. Year Pupils Grade Ref.
1918‍–‍19     7 [47] 1934‍–‍35      Operated [63] 1940‍–‍41    13 01–6 [64] 1946‍–‍47    16 01–8 [65]
1919–25      Operated [66] 1935–36    21 01–8 [67] 1941–42    12 02–7 [68] 1947–48    16 01–8 [69]
1926–28      Unknown 1936–37    16 01–8 [70] 1942–43    10 01–8 [71] 1948–49    15 01–6 [72]
1929–32      Operated [73] 1937–38    13 01–8 [74] 1943–44    13 01–9 [75] 1949–50    14 01–7 [76]
1932–33      Operated [77] 1938–39      7 03–8 [78] 1944–45    13 01–9 [79] 1950–51    11 01–8 [80]
1933–34      Unknown 1939–40      8 01–8 [81] 1945–46    12 01–7 [82] 1951–52      7 01–9 [83]

During the Rogers Pass highway construction, 1956–1962, the headquarters camp was at Glacier.[62]

The final year passenger trains used Glacier station was 1967.[55] Although listed in later timetables as a railway point, it is not marked even as a flag stop. However, in the pre-Via Rail era, it may have continued in use for pre-arranged stops. The train station, a National Historic Site,[84] which increasingly deteriorated throughout the 2000s, became picturesque only when a layer of snow covering the partially collapsed roof masked the derelict eyesore.[85] Concerned that the water-damaged structure would completely collapse upon the railway line, CP erected a trackside retaining framework around 2021.[86]

Although diesel generators had formerly provided electricity for residents, the CP hydroelectric substation in Revelstoke became operational in the mid 1980s, and a transmission line was extended from the Mount Macdonald Tunnel west portal.[56][87]

The Connaught Track crests 150 metres (500 ft) inside the tunnel mouth.[88] Glacier is a 2,078-metre (6,818 ft) siding at Mile 84.9 (formerly Mile 85.5), Mountain Subdivision.[89] CP maintains a small base for the operation and maintenance of the tunnel and tracks.

Train Timetables (Regular stop or Flag stop)
Mile 1919 1922 1929 1932 1935 1939 1943 1948 1954 1960 1964 1965
[90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [90] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101]
Albert Canyon 104.9 Both Both Both Both Both Both Both Both Both Regular Regular Flag
Illecillewaet  98.2 Flag Flag Flag
Flat Creek  93.2 Flag Flag
Glacier  85.5 Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Both
Connaught  79.0 a
Stoney Creek  76.8 Regular Flag Flag Flag Flag
Rogers  67.8 Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Beavermouth  63.0 Both Both Both Both Both Regular Regular Regular Regular Flag Flag

^a . During this era, an unofficial flag stop existed.[102]
^b . In April 1965, Golden was the next stop eastward.
^c . By November 1965, Glacier was a flag stop between Revelstoke and Golden,[103] which had closed by July 1966.[104]

Accidents[edit]

1918: A tunnel watchman, struck by a train at the station, lost both feet and died of his injuries.[105]

1919: About 3 kilometres (2 mi) to the west, a freight train fatally struck two section hands hauling a sleigh along the track.[106]

1937: When a freight hopper fell beneath a freight train near Glacier, the wheels amputated both legs and one arm.[107]

1974: A freight train fatally struck two section hands working on the track about 2 kilometres (1.3 mi) to the west.[108][109]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Finch 1987, p. 65.
  2. ^ Finch 1987, p. 64.
  3. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 66–67.
  4. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 67, 69.
  5. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 68–70.
  6. ^ Finch 1987, p. 74.
  7. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 76–77.
  8. ^ "Timetable". babel.hathitrust.org. 18 Mar 1898. p. 91 (49).
  9. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 11 Oct 1903. p. 16 (12).
  10. ^ Finch 1987, p. 87.
  11. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 78–79.
  12. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 94–95.
  13. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 99–102.
  14. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 103–104.
  15. ^ a b "Postmasters". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  16. ^ a b Finch 1987, p. 114.
  17. ^ Finch 1987, p. 80.
  18. ^ Finch 1987, p. 90.
  19. ^ Finch 1987, p. 73.
  20. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 110–111.
  21. ^ "BC Local News, 4 Aug 2011". www.bclocal news.com.
  22. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 111–112.
  23. ^ Booth 1991, p. 25.
  24. ^ Finch 1987, pp. 112–114.
  25. ^ Finch 1987, p. 115.
  26. ^ Finch 1987, p. 104.
  27. ^ Booth 1991, p. 32.
  28. ^ Booth 1991, p. 26.
  29. ^ Finch 1987, p. 117.
  30. ^ Finch 1987, p. 118.
  31. ^ Finch 1987, p. 119.
  32. ^ Finch 1987, p. 28.
  33. ^ "Revelstoke Review, 11 Dec 2019". www.revelstokereview.com.
  34. ^ "Canada's Historic Places, Arthur O. Wheeler hut". www.historicplaces.ca.
  35. ^ a b "Calgary Herald, 27 Oct 1962". www.newspapers.com. p. 51. Planned….are camp grounds at Loop Creek and Illecillewaet….
  36. ^ a b "Calgary Herald, 22 Jul 1963". www.newspapers.com. p. 16. …. continuing activity in developing facilities at Illecillewaet and Loop creek camp grounds.
  37. ^ a b "Selkirk Summit" (PDF). www.parkscanadahistory.com. 1990.
  38. ^ Downs 1968, p. 42.
  39. ^ Finch 1987, p. 121.
  40. ^ "Loop Brook Trail". www.pc.gc.ca.
  41. ^ Finch 1987, p. 29.
  42. ^ "Five Mile Creek Bridge". www.sfu.ca.
  43. ^ Finch 1987, p. 124.
  44. ^ Downs 1968, p. 40.
  45. ^ "Mail Herald, 15 Nov 1913". www.ubc.ca. p. 4.
  46. ^ Booth 1991, p. 28.
  47. ^ a b "Public Schools annual report, 1918–19". library.ubc.ca. pp. A33, 192 (Alxviii).
  48. ^ "The Daily Colonist, 10 Sep 1924". www.archive.org. p. 16.
  49. ^ Bohi, Charles W.; Kozma, Leslie S. (1993). Canadian Pacific's Western Depots. South Platte Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-942035-25-9.
  50. ^ Finch 1987, p. 111.
  51. ^ "Death Certificate (Ada Elizabeth MORRIS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  52. ^ "1918 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  53. ^ "Death Certificate (Curtis Dexter MORRIS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  54. ^ "1919 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  55. ^ a b Booth 1991, p. 30.
  56. ^ a b c Mason, Phil (2011). "A Tale of Glacier". www.okthepk.ca.
  57. ^ "1927 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  58. ^ "1934 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  59. ^ "1941 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  60. ^ "1943 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  61. ^ "1948 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  62. ^ a b "Prince George Citizen, 17 Oct 1957". www.pgpl.ca. p. 11.
  63. ^ "1934 BC Directory". bccd.vpl.ca.
  64. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1940–41". library.ubc.ca. p. 218 (D212).
  65. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1946–47". library.ubc.ca. p. Y155.
  66. ^ "1919 BC Directory". bccd.vpl.ca.
    to "1925 BC Directory". bccd.vpl.ca.
  67. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1935–36". library.ubc.ca. p. H213.
  68. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1941–42". library.ubc.ca. p. 222 (B214).
  69. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1947–48". library.ubc.ca. p. 145 (JJ143).
  70. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1936–37". library.ubc.ca. p. 189 (I183).
  71. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1942–43". library.ubc.ca. p. 226 (B220).
  72. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1948–49". library.ubc.ca. p. N151.
  73. ^ "1929 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
    to "1932 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  74. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1937–38". library.ubc.ca. p. 189 (J183).
  75. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1943–44". library.ubc.ca. p. 249 (B243).
  76. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1949–50". library.ubc.ca. p. O145.
  77. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1932–33". library.ubc.ca. p. 37 (M35).
  78. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1938–39". library.ubc.ca. p. 201 (H191).
  79. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1944–45". library.ubc.ca. p. 264 (Y260).
  80. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1950–51". library.ubc.ca. p. K150.
  81. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1939–40". library.ubc.ca. p. 211 (B200).
  82. ^ "Public Schools annual report 1945–46". library.ubc.ca. p. 165 (MM163).
  83. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1951–52". library.ubc.ca. p. N155.
  84. ^ "Canada's Historic Places, Glacier CP railway station". www.historicplaces.ca.
  85. ^ "CPR Glacier Station". www.flickr.com. 7 Feb 2020.
  86. ^ "Revelstoke Review". www.revelstokereview.com. 20 Jun 2021.
  87. ^ "Province, 12 Dec 1984". www.newspapers.com. p. 24. CP Rail has opened a hydroelectric substation and 83 kilometres of transmission lines to….the….Rogers Pass work project….BC Hydro's Revelstoke Dam will eventually be used to operate ventilation systems and lighting in three tunnels.
  88. ^ Steed, Roger G. (1993). Canadian Pacific in the Selkirks (Volume Two). BRMNA, Calgary, Alberta. p. 21. ISBN 0-919487-44-0.
  89. ^ "Mountain Subdivision" (PDF). www.mapleleaftracks.com. 6 Feb 2003. p. 3 (13).
  90. ^ a b "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 28 Apr 1935. p. 3 (TT 70).
  91. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 30 Nov 1919. p. 170 (TT10).
  92. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 1922. p. 5 (TT9).
  93. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 1929. p. 11 (TT9).
  94. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 25 Sep 1932. p. 461 (TT78).
  95. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 5 Feb 1939. p. 89 (TT7).
  96. ^ "Timetable" (PDF). streamlinermemories.info. 27 Jun 1943. p. 9 (TT7).
  97. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 5 Dec 1948. p. 9 (TT7).
  98. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 25 Apr 1954. p. 9 (TT7).
  99. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 30 Oct 1960. p. 7 (TT7).
  100. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 26 Apr 1964. p. 93 (TT7).
  101. ^ "Timetable". library.ubc.ca. 25 Apr 1965. p. 128 (TT7).
  102. ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. 25 Apr 1919. p. 3.
  103. ^ "Official Guide". timetableworld.com. Nov 1965. p. 803 (TT1).
  104. ^ "Official Guide". timetableworld.com. Jul 1966. p. 761 (TT1).
  105. ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. 25 May 1918. p. 2.
  106. ^ "Revelstoke Review". www.revelstokereview.com. 24 Mar 2019.
  107. ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. 9 Apr 1937. p. 6.
  108. ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. 15 Nov 1974. p. 19.
  109. ^ "Death Certificate (Ceko CEKOV)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.

References[edit]

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